Showing papers in "Food and Chemical Toxicology in 1996"

TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest the following standard values for the United States: coffee (5oz) 85 mg for ground roasted coffee, 60 mg for instant and 3 mg for decaffeinated; tea (5 oz): 30 mg for leaf/bag and 20 mg for Instant; colas: 18 mg/6 oz serving; cocoa/hot chocolate: 4 mg/5 oz; chocolate milk: 4mg/6oz; chocolate candy: 1.5-6.0 mg/oz.

TL;DR: The authors found no evidence of a positive association between total dietary fat intake and the risk of breast cancer, even among women whose energy intake from fat was less than 20 percent of total energy intake.

TL;DR: The relationship between chemical structure and toxicity was explored through the compilation of a large reference database consisting of over 600 chemical substances tested for a variety of endpoints resulting in over 2900 no-observed-effect levels (NOELs), supporting the contention that chemical structure defines toxicity.

TL;DR: It is hoped that this review of previous studies of the activity of isracidin action will revive interest in milk as an antibiotic source.

TL;DR: Both extracts show good antioxidant activity in the Rancimat test, especially in lard, and possess antioxidant properties that may make them useful in the food matrix.

TL;DR: The authors find that OS deserve much more attention than cholesterol itself in terms of research activity but that unfortunately the reverse is true with regard to funding.

TL;DR: Daily intake of genistein and genistin by the Japanese is calculated to be 1.5-4.3 mg/person, much higher than those for Americans or Western Europeans, whose mortality rates for breast, colon and prostate cancers are greater than the Japanese.

TL;DR: Findings in the literature of studies testing mutagenicity and tumorigenicity of capsaicin are examined and a possible mechanistic basis for the dual effects exerted by the compound is presented.

TL;DR: It is shown that the LLNA has been validated successfully by five interlaboratory assessments as well as by comparisons with guinea pig tests and human data, and offers clear advantages to the user in terms of objectivity, time and cost, and delivers important animal welfare benefits.

TL;DR: The findings of this analysis can be enhanced by factoring into the algorithm paramenters such as toxicity, source contribution, and likelihood of human exposure similar to that used for the Agency's priority list of 275 single substances.

TL;DR: The history of using peroxides for tooth whitening, the toxicology of H2O2 and carbamide peroxide, and available information on the safety of whiteners are reviewed.

TL;DR: In this introduction, it is stressed that environmental toxicologists should focus on the low-dose region of the dose-effect curves, as it appears that interactions are less plausible at low doses.

TL;DR: It is shown that LOEWE additivity leads to good predictions of mixture Toxicities for most combinations, whereas BLISS independence tends to underestimate mixture toxicities, reaffirmed that there is a solid basis for forthcoming regulatory activities on mixtures of chemicals.

TL;DR: The diversity of novel foods and novel ingredients covered by the scope of the EU regulation is such that a check list approach to safety evaluation is inappropriate and a case-by-case approach is required taking into account the composition of the novel food, its intake, its role in the diet and the intended target group.

TL;DR: These oils are enriched in only a single bioactive fatty acid, and they have been shown to be safe, they may offer a new source of these fatty acids in speciality foods such as infant formula.

TL;DR: The CTFA Evaluation of Alternatives Program is an evaluation of the relationship between data from the Draize primary eye irritation test and comparable data from a selection of promising in vitro eye irritation tests to predict in vivo response using in vitro data.

TL;DR: The organ-specific effects of nixtamalizedculture material, containing no detectable FB1, were similar to those of the FB1-containing diet prepared from untreated culture material, and nixtAMalization was not as effective as water extraction as a detoxification method.

TL;DR: Pot culture experiments were conducted to study the effects of selenite and selenate treatment on the uptake and translocation of root-absorbed mercury in radish plants irrigated with 2 and 5 microg/ml Hg in sand and soil culture, suggesting that no selenium toxicity or salt injury occurred in the plants.

TL;DR: The studies indicate that the BN rat is a sensitive model for the investigation of allergic reactions to food and has the potential to determine the impact of other dietary factors on the development of oral sensitization.

TL;DR: Spirulina maxima, an edible micro-organism useful in human nutrition, was examined for its effect on general reproductive performance and for peri- and postnatal toxicity in rats at levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30% incorporated into the diet.

TL;DR: Data suggested that the protective effect of DAS is mainly at the metabolic activation step of APAP, and the possibility that DAS may also have effects on other drug metabolism systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and glutATHione S-transferases, cannot be ruled out.

TL;DR: The toxicity of mixtures of chemicals with the same target organ was examined in rats using nephrotoxicants with similar or dissimilar modes of action and the additivity assumption was tested, indicating absence of synergism and probably also of additivity.

TL;DR: In contrast to these subchronic oral studies, repeated topical exposure to white mineral oils has not been found to produce liver granulomas, histiocytosis in the mesenteric or other lymph nodes, or any local or systemic toxicity including tumour formation in Fischer 344 rats, C3H mice, New Zealand White rabbits or beagle dogs at similar or higher exposures (mg/kg/day).

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that tamarind seed polysaccharide is not carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice of either sex.

TL;DR: The results show that it is possible to prepare grilled products with reduced mutagenicity without compromising their sensory quality and it was also evident that marinades can have a reducing effect on the Mutagenicity of grilled chicken.

TL;DR: The FB1-induced changes to cellular membranes, specifically those related to FA changes in the major membrane phospholipids, and the altered FA content of the hepatocytes are likely to be key events in explaining the cytotoxic effects and altered growth responses induced by fumonisins in primary hepatocytes.

TL;DR: The consumption of moderate quantities of potato tops (2-5 g/kg body weight/day) is likely to represent an acute health hazard to humans and cytotoxic PGA was found in some potato tops, but their effect in laboratory animals was minimal.

TL;DR: The results suggest the participation of ROS, generated by a Fenton-like reaction, in the lethal effect induced by SnCl2.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the effect of eugenol on genotoxicity induced by established mutagens is not univocal; in vivo treatment of rats with e Eugenol resulted in a reduction of the mutagenicity of B[a]P in the S. typhimurium mutagenic assay, while in the UDS assay no effect of Eugenol was found.

TL;DR: The results of this study indicate that the chemicals left in the skin after surface washing eventually enter the systemic circulation and should be considered as part of the total dose absorbed, and that the hair follicle may play an important role in percutaneous penetration.