Showing papers in "Food and Nutrition Bulletin in 1996"
TL;DR: It is plausible that among stunted children, being relatively overweight (by the weight-for-height index) poses a cognitive risk that can be partially reversed by a school breakfast, as indicated by a positive and significant weight x treatment interaction.
Abstract: A randomized, controlled trial measured the short-term impact of the Peruvian school breakfast programme on the diet, school attendance, and cognition of fourth- and fifth-graders. Ten schools on the rural outskirts of the Andean city of Huaraz were randomly assigned to a control or a treatment group. The programme significantly increased (p <.01) dietary intakes of energy by 15.2%, protein by 16.1%, and iron by 60%, and improved rates of attendance. Analysis of covariance also showed improved performance on a vocabulary test among heavier children, as indicated by a positive and significant weight x treatment interaction (parameter = 0.37; F = 4.97; p < .05). It is plausible that among stunted children, being relatively overweight (by the weight-for-height index) poses a cognitive risk that can be partially reversed by a school breakfast.
124 citations
TL;DR: The largest difference was in households with guests eating at home, where fat intake was significantly higher, and an adjustment for household cooking oil consumption used to modify the recall results greatly expanded differences in the two methods.
Abstract: We compared two dietary survey methods using the 1991 nationwide China Health and Nutrition Survey. Data were collected over three consecutive days by 24-hour dietary recall and a household invento...
93 citations
TL;DR: Breastmilk can continue to be a valuable nutrient source and to provide non-nutritional factors even for older children, and breastfeeding for one to two years as part of a mixed diet has many advantages, particularly for children living in impoverished circumstances.
Abstract: Breastmilk contains all the nutrients required by the newborn baby. It also contains non-nutritional components that may promote infant health, growth, and development, such as antimicrobial factor...
75 citations
TL;DR: Women: The Key to Food Security brings together the latest evidence on the key roles that women play in ensuring food security and examines ways to strengthen the three pillars of food security through policies and programmes that enhance women’s abilities and resources to fulfill their roles.
68 citations
TL;DR: In children with low baseline iron stores, iron fortification was associated with increases in haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and serum ferritin, compared with children who received unfortified soup and significant positive effects of the anthelmintic therapy were found.
Abstract: The effect of iron fortification of soup in a school feeding scheme (20 mg iron and 100 mg vitamin C per portion) and anthelmintic therapy on haematological and iron status and on growth was studie...
61 citations
TL;DR: It is confirmed that breastfeeding promotion is an essential child survival strategy and in regions where breastfeeding durations are longer, the emphasis should be on maintaining these high rates and increasing the proportion of young infants who are exclusively breastfed.
Abstract: Although the protective effect of breastfeeding against infectious diseases has been long suspected, it has only recently been adequately quantified This article reviews the available epidemiologic...
50 citations
TL;DR: The prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia remains especially high in developing countries, despite large-scale iron-supplementation programmes, and studies among pre-school children and non-pregnant women proved the effectiveness of once-weekly and twice-weekly supplementation.
Abstract: Werner SchultinkAbstractThe prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia remains especially high in developing countries, despite large-scale iron-supplementation programmes. The reasons for the lack of success of these programmes are discussed based on the results of original research conducted in Indonesia. Studies among pregnant women in rural Sulawesi and urban Jakarta demonstrated that besides insufficient coverage of the target group, women's compliance with tablet intake was a serious problem. Compliance may be improved when it is not necessary to take tablets on a daily basis. Studies among pre-school children and non-pregnant women proved the effectiveness of once-weekly and twice-weekly supplementation. These supplementation schedules should also be investigated in pregnant women.IntroductionIron-deficiency anaemia is still a major public health problem in developing countries. Its prevalence among pregnant women and pre-school children is particularly high; for example, in South-East Asia it is estimated to be between 50% and 70% [1, 2]. Iron deficiency occurs if the amount of iron absorbed is too little to meet the body's demands. This may be due to insufficient iron intake, reduced bioavailability of dietary iron, chronic blood loss, or increased iron requirements, as occurs during pregnancy or a period of growth [3]. The most appropriate way to improve iron status on a short-term basis is by taking iron tablets as supplements.To reach large parts of a population, programmes have been designed to distribute iron supplements through the public health-care system. Such programmes proved to be efficient under field trial conditions [4, 5], and many countries, such as Indonesia, started similar interventions. However, as opposed to other micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin A, limited progress has been made in solving the problem of iron-deficiency anaemia during the past decade [1]. This paper reviews some possible reasons for the lack of success of iron-supplementation programmes, specifically programmes for pregnant women. The contents are based on research carried out in Indonesia at the Regional SEAMED Centre for Community Nutrition.
45 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that the essential amino acid lysine may be relatively lacking in many areas of the world where diets heavily based on cereals are consumed, and strategies to alleviate possible global problems of low lysines supply must include improving dietary diversity as well as consideration of cereal nutrient fortification.
Abstract: On the basis of calculations using regional and country food balance sheets, dietary surveys from Pakistan and India, and amino acid composition data, it is proposed that the essential amino acid lysine may be relatively lacking in many areas of the world where diets heavily based on cereals are consumed. By combining food balance sheet and gross national product data, it can be demonstrated that as wealth increases, not only are more food energy and protein available, but there are also major changes in the pattern of foods selected. When dietary and health data are stratified by gross national product, the poorest countries, with a combined population of nearly 3,000 million, have the highest proportion of their protein originating from plant sources. These are also the countries with the lowest life expectancy and the highest mortality rate among children under five years of age. Rich countries, in contrast, obtain much of their protein from animal sources. Such different dietary patterns of the rich and the poor lead to very different daily availabilities of lysine Although large differences also exist for all other essential amino acids, the difference is considered to be nutritionally significant only for lysine The coefficient of variation (CV %) in lysine content in some 100 dietary calculations was more than three times the average CV % of the other essential amino acids. The amino acid compositions of animal, pulse, and cereal proteins are also sufficiently different from each other to allow food group data to be used to predict the lysine value of diets. Dietary survey data from both India and Pakistan showed wide intra-country variations of lysine availability. Average lysine values were low in both countries and would indicate a considerable risk of inadequate levels of intake in many subsections of the population. Strategies to alleviate possible global problems of low lysine supply must include improving dietary diversity as well as consideration of cereal nutrient fortification.
45 citations
TL;DR: Two Mauritian potato cultivars were turned into flour and used to prepare mash, gulab jamuns, and paratha, three traditional Mauritian foods, and most of the functional properties were comparable.
Abstract: Potato flour is a highly versatile raw material that can be used in several processed food products. Two Mauritian potato cultivars were turned into flour and used to prepare mash, gulab jamuns, an...
39 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that these less familiar wild seed plants should not be ignored, but further investigation into possible toxic and antinutrient factors, amino acid patterns, digestibility, and fatty acid composition is still required before recommendations are made.
Abstract: As part of the search for alternative sources of food to alleviate hunger, this study reports the approximate total contents of soluble sugars, starch, and gross energy of nine lesser-known wild-gathered plant seeds. High crude protein levels occurred in Lonchocarpus sericeus (28.03%), Albizia zygia (32.90%), and Gliricidia septum (34.15%). High levels of fat occurred in Entandrophragma angolense (59.30%), L. sericeus (34.15%), and Millettia thonningii (30.66%). Low levels of crude protein but high levels of total carbohydrate were found in Diospyros mespiliformis (77.21% carbohydrate), Daneillia ogea (74.32% carbohydrate), and Afzelia belle (53.96% carbohydrate). Starch contents were high in A. zygia (40.46%), D. ogea (69.62%), and A. belle (51.43%). The seeds with high fat content invariably showed high gross energy levels: E. angolense (30.9 kJ/g), L. sericeus (24.37 kJ/g), and M. thonningii (25.12 kJ/g). The results are compared to those for soya bean and other common staples. It is concluded that the...
33 citations
TL;DR: The optimum conditions for malting barley and chickpea were standardized, and a malted weaning food (MWF) formulation was prepared by blending 48-hour germinated barley and 24-hour Germinated chickpeas flours to indicate good growth-promoting quality of the food proteins.
Abstract: The optimum conditions for malting barley and chickpea were standardized, and a malted weaning food (MWF) formulation was prepared by blending 48-hour germinated barley and 24-hour germinated chickpea flours. Decorticated barley was mixed with 7% additional water, tempered for four hours, and popped in hot sand medium. Popped barley was mixed with popped chickpea to formulate popped weaning food (PWF). Flours from decorticated and mild toasted barley and chickpea were mixed with water and the slurry was roller dried to prepare the roller-dried weaning food (RWF). The food formulations consisted of 60% processed barley, 30% chickpea, 5% skim milk powder, and 5% cane sugar. Popped and roller-dried weaning foods were mixed with 5% malted barley flour to prepare the low-dietary-bulk formulations of popped weaning food with malt (PWFM) and roller-driea weaning food with malt (RWFM). The protein content of the formulations ranged from 14.8% to 15.6%. The viscosity of the cooked paste of MWF, MWFM, and RWFM, was...
TL;DR: From the measurement of circadian changes in breast volume, it was concluded that infants rarely emptied the breasts at a single breastfeeding and that short-term variation in the rate of synthesis during the day and between the left and right breasts was closely related to the degree of breast fullness.
Abstract: We have developed a computerized breast measurement system that can quantitate both long-term (lactation cycle) and short-term (between breastfeedings) changes in breast volume. The increase in bre...
TL;DR: It is concluded that improvement in vitamin A status may contribute to the control of anaemia in pregnant women.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of iron and vitamin A deficiencies in 318 pregnant women revealed that 50.7% had iron deficiency and 21.3% had marginally deficient or deficient vitamin A ...
TL;DR: It is proposed that it would be prudent to apply the MIT amino acid requirement pattern, rather than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU adult amino acid requirements pattern, in the design and implementation of sound nutrition policies and programmes that include considerations of the amount and quality of the protein component of national and regional diets.
Abstract: The most recent internationally stated estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult humans are those given in the 1985 report of the Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements. In this review we present, in brief a number of scientific concerns and problems that lead us to conclude that these current recommendations for amino acid requirements are not valid and that the appropriate values are likely to be considerably higher. Following a short review of the C-labelled amino acid tracer studies carried out at the Massachusetts of Technology (MIT) and designed to reassess the requirements for specific indispensable amino acids, we focus particular attention on the lysine requirement in adults. When various criteria and methods are used to estimate this requirement, it appears that a cohesive body of data indicates the mean requirement value for lysine in healthy adults to be about 30 mg/kg/day or 50 mg/g protein. Although this value contrasts with the FAO/WHO/UNU value of 12 mg/kg/day or 16 ma/g protein, this new, tentative requirement value is consistent with findings from studies carried out earlier at MIT on the nutritional quality of wheat proteins. We propose that it would be prudent to apply the MIT amino acid requirement pattern (see Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1990;12:298–300), rather than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU adult amino acid requirement pattern, in the design and implementation of sound nutrition policies and programmes that include considerations of the amount and quality of the protein component of national and regional diets.
TL;DR: The findings appear to validate the importance of soya bean in the diet of children, especially in this period of economic recession when animal protein sources are very expensive.
Abstract: The nutritional status of 240 children between the ages of 2 and 15 years in communities that use or do not use soya beans was evaluated by conventional methods. There were significant differences (p <.05) in the nutritional status of pre-school (2–5 yr) and school-age children (6–15 yr) in the three communities. Using weight-for-height as an index of acute malnutrition, 32.5%, 25.5%, and 22.6% of preschool children were normal in Kurmin Masara, Kaya, and Makera, respectively, as were 44.6%, 24.4%, and 21.7% of school-age children. Kurmin Masara, a community producing and using soya beans, had a significantly higher percentage (p < .05) of nutritionally normal and a lower percentage of severely malnourished children than the other two villages. Generally, malnutrition was more pronounced in school-age children in the three communities. Soya bean accounted for 34.4%, 28.5%, and 1.3% of the protein intake of children 2 to 15 years of age in Kurmin Masara, Kaya, and Makera, respectively. Our findings appear to validate the importance of soya bean in the diet of children, especially in this period of economic recession when animal protein sources are very expensive. Extension service efforts are necessary in Nigeria and other African countries to increase soya bean production and use to improve the nutritional status of the population, particularly young children.
TL;DR: If iron-supplementation, iron-fortification, and diet-modification programmes were fully implemented in a community, the expected reduction in the prevalence of anaemia would be greater.
Abstract: Iron-deficiency anaemia is one of the main nutritional problems in Indonesia, with a prevalence of 63.5% in pregnant women and 55.5% in pre-school children. Its frequency is related to low iron and...
TL;DR: The effects of giving breakfast on classroom behaviour were examined in undernourished and adequately nourished children from four rural Jamaican schools and it is suggested that school breakfast may only benefit children's behaviour in the presence of satisfactory classroom infrastructure.
Abstract: The effects of giving breakfast on classroom behaviour were examined in 57 undernourished (<= - 1 SD weight-for-age) and 56 adequately nourished (L-I SD weight-forage) children, selected from four rural Jamaican schools. Using a time-sampling method of observation, the children's behaviour was observed twice, once after receiving breakfast and once after receiving a piece of fruit. The impact of breakfast varied among the schools but not between nutritional groups. In the school that was best equipped and organized, the children were more attentive (p <.005) and moved less (p <.05) when they received breakfast than when they had no breakfast. In the other three schools there was no improvement; in two of these schools, the children were less on task when given breakfast (p <.02 and p < .01), and they talked more in one school (p <.05). This suggests that school breakfast may only benefit children's behaviour in the presence of satisfactory classroom infrastructure.
TL;DR: The problems associated with the establishment of lactation can be viewed primarily from the mother's perspective but should also be viewed from that of the caregiver supporting her and the maternity facility providing her with care.
Abstract: The problems associated with the establishment of lactation can be viewed primarily from the mother's perspective but should also be viewed from that of the caregiver supporting her and the materni...
TL;DR: Protein requirements are re-evaluated in this paper on the basis of new data on protein digestibility and on protein quality, recognized in a 1991 FAO/WHO expert consultation and a 1994 International Dietary Energy Consultative Croup (IDECG) workshop.
Abstract: In the 1950s and 1960s the risk of protein deficiency in the diets of most developing country populations, both in absolute terms and relative to calories, was considered to be high. An FAO/WHO exp...
TL;DR: It is concluded that the data on the effectiveness of vegetables to improve the levels of both nutrients are inconclusive and the bioavailability of both iron and provitamin A carotenoids might be lower than expected.
Abstract: Theoretically, vegetable consumption could improve iron status. First, vegetables contain iron. Second, when the provitamin A carotenoids in vegetables improve vitamin A status, the result could be...
TL;DR: The Erlangen microlight-guide spectrophotometer is a non-invasive instrument that can assess both capillary blood oxygenation and relative haemoglobin concentration.
Abstract: Traditionally, anaemia has been determined and interpreted by the magnitude and severity of iron deficiency and the impact of intervention strategies. Internationally, it is defined as a state in which the quality and/or quantity of circulating red cells are reduced below a normal level The body employs several mechanisms during the development of anaemia to maintain the oxygen supply to the tissues. Thus, applying any quantitative cut-off point as an indicator for anaemia may lead to misclassification, since haemoglobin concentration does not necessarily reflect the level of tissue oxygen supply. Ideally, an assessment strategy should be able to determine both the degree of haemoglobin oxygenation and the haemoglobin concentration at a tissue level. The Erlangen microlight-guide spectrophotometer is a non-invasive instrument that can assess both capillary blood oxygenation and relative haemoglobin concentration.
TL;DR: A new dry-mixing process for producing iodine- and iron-fortified salt on a large scale was developed in salt factories at Valinokkam and Hyderabad, India, and the acceptability of the fortified salt is satisfactory, as various food preparations using the product are indistinguishable in colour, taste, and flavour from those containing unfortify salt.
Abstract: A new dry-mixing process for producing iodine- and iron-fortified salt on a large scale (20 30 metric tons per shift) was developed in salt factories at Valinokkam and Hyderabad, India. Common salt...
TL;DR: The demand for iron varies throughout the life cycle, and the bioavailability of iron varies over a wide range because of a number of factors, such as the species of iron compound, the molecular linkage, the amount of nutrient consumed in a meal, the matrix in which the nutrient is incorporated, the absorption modifiers, the nutrient status of the host, genetic factors, other host-related factors, and interactions among factors.
Abstract: Anaemia is associated with increased perinatal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, behavioural changes and impaired mental development, decreased work performance, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and impaired immune competence. Iron-deficiency anaemia is an intractable problem, as indicated by the goal set by world leaders of reducing nutritional anaemia to one-third of 1990 levels by the year 2000, compared with the goals of virtually eliminating deficiencies of vitamin A and of iodine during the same period. To a large extent, this is because intake is less associated with status for iron than for iodine and vitamin A. The demand for iron varies throughout the life cycle, and the bioavailability of iron varies over a wide range because of a number of factors, such as the species of iron compound, the molecular linkage, the amount of nutrient consumed in a meal, the matrix in which the nutrient is incorporated, the absorption modifiers, the nutrient status of the host, genetic factors, other host-related factors, and interactions among factors.
TL;DR: While breastfeeding has the potential for contributing to the healthy development of infants, it may also be capable of transferring toxic substances known to interfere with normal development.
Abstract: The literature reviewed in this article suggests that breastfeeding positively influences cognitive development. Studies comparing the effects of early feeding methods on cognition consistently sho...
TL;DR: Africa is moving rapidly towards the elimination of iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000 largely because of the availability of affordable, cost-effective technology and an unprecedented alliance among governments, the private sector, and international agencies.
Abstract: While Africa ranks third among all regions of the world most affected by iodine-deficiency disorders (IDDs) the continent is moving rapidly toward eliminating IDDs by 2000 mainly because of the availability of affordable cost-effective technology and an unprecedented alliance among governments the private sector and international agencies. Remarkable progress has been made toward achieving universal salt iodation. By the end of 1995 there were IDD control programs using iodated salt as the long-term strategy in almost all countries on the continent where the World Health Organization estimates that IDDs are a problem of public health significance. As of February 1996 an estimated more than 50% of all salt consumed in Africa was iodated. If trends continue the mid-decade goal of universal salt iodation could be achieved by the end of 1996 and IDDs may be eliminated throughout Africa by the beginning of the next century. Major obstacles do however remain to achieving universal and sustained salt iodation.
TL;DR: Guatemalan law mandates an iodine concentration from 30 to 700 parts per million (ppm) in all table salt offered in local commerce as mentioned in this paper, which is a violation of international standards.
Abstract: Guatemalan law mandates an iodine concentration from 30 to 700 parts per million (ppm) in all table salt offered in local commerce. Forty-four specimens of salt were collected in urban and rural sectors of a county on the outskirts of the capital of Guatemala and analysed for their iodine content by an iodate titration method. The concentrations ranged from 1 to 117 ppm, (mean ± SD 26.6 ± 21.7 ppm, median 24 ppm). Salt samples with iodine in both the adequate and the inadequate ranges were found in each of five subjurisdictions (township and four hamlets), and the median concentration was equivalent at all sites, without an urban-to-rural gradient. Similarly, the mandated iodine concentration was no more likely to be found in salt packaged under a brand name with a commercial label than in salt in a plain, unlabelled package. The findings place in relief the continuing difficulties in Guatemala in the effort to provide a universally protective level of iodine in table salt.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Evaluated knowledge, understanding, and use of the bubble chart by 85 mothers living in a rural area of central Mexico showed an increase between pre-intervention and post-interventions, with a statistically significant increase in knowledge, interpretation, and application.
Abstract: The bubble chart is a growth chart that has a vertical layout rather than the more common horizontal one, and bubbles instead of cries-crossing lines. The present project aimed to evaluate knowledg...