Showing papers in "Foreign Affairs in 1985"

The Second Industrial Divide

Abstract: This is a book unlikely to be read by historians. Or rather, they may read it, but in their capacity as citizens concerned as the book's subtitle puts it about "Possibilities for Prosperity." The Second Industrial Divide is indeed a work of contemporary analysis. Like other books this publishing season, it is intended to give us the lowdown about the economic crisis of the 1980s. But this one is also very much a work of history. The book is remarkable in general for its intellectual breadth, but in particular for its reliance on recent scholarship in American social and economic history. More than that, it is deeply historical in perspective and sensitive to the contingent, complex nature of industrial change. Historians are accustomed to draw on the social sciences. In this book, the terms of trade have shifted. Historical scholarship contributes crucially to the making of The Second Industrial Divide. What it offers in return are not the standard commodities of socialscience industry not conceptual and methodological tools that can be appropriated for the historian's use but lessons in the art of sweeping historical analysis and conclusions about the nature of industrial change worth pondering by historians. Michael Piore is a labor economist, well known for his work on labormarket segmentation and labor migration. Charles Sabel, the younger of the two, is the author of Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry (1982), a highly original comparative analysis of shop-floor relations in modern industrial systems. Both are MacArthur Fellows and members of a notable assemblage of MIT social scientists working on industrial relations and technological change. Piore and Sabel can perhaps best be characterized as modern-day institutionalists and, like John R. Commons in his time, contemporary empirical analysis has led them to a serious engagement with history. The key concept of their book is that of "industrial divides" the moments at which choices are made that fix the future course of industrial develop-

Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation

Abstract: The description for this book, Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation, will be forthcoming.

Pioneers in Development

Abstract: The 'pioneers in development' are those whose articles, reports, and books came to dominate thinking about economic development in the late 1940s and 1950s. They shaped the subject by introducing concepts, deducing principles, and modeling the process of development. The 'pioneers' included in this book include: Lord Bauer, Colin Clark, Albert O. Hirschman, Sir Arthur Lewis, Gunnar Myrdal, Raul Prebisch, Paul N. Rosenstein-Rodan, Walt Whitman Rostow, H.W. Singer, and Jan Tinbergen. They have each contributed a chapter in which they have reassessed the main themes of their early work and reconsidered their assumptions, concepts, and policy prescriptions in relation to the way the course of development has preceded since their pioneering days. Each chapter also contains comments by contemporary development economists. Taken as a set, these chapters offer an opportunity for a retrospective view of what has happened to development economics with implications for assessing the present and looking to the future.

The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan

Abstract: \"The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict\" illuminates the controversial course of America's Middle East relations from the birth of Israel to the Reagan administration. Skillfully separating actual policymaking from the myths that have come to surround it, Spiegel challenges the belief that American policy in the Middle East is primarily a relation to events in that region or is motivated by bureaucratic constraints or the pressures of domestic politics. On the contrary, he finds that the ideas and skills of the president and his advisors are critical to the determination of American policy. This volume received the 1986 National Jewish Book Award.

African women south of the Sahara.

Abstract: Introduction. Part One: African Women in the Economy 1. Women in the rural economy past, present and future 2. Women in the rural economy contemporary variations 3. Women in the urban economy Part Two: African Women in Society and Culture 4. Women in the changing African Family 5. Case Study: Women and inheritance law in Zambia 6. Women in religion and secular ideology 7. Women in the arts 8. Women in African Literature 9. Women's Voluntary Associations Part Three: Women in Politics and Policy 10. African Women in Politics 11. Women in the National Liberation 12. The Impact of Development Policies on Women 13. Women and Health Issues 14. Case Study Appendix.

Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security

Abstract: Combining vast scholarship and a deep understanding of Arab culture, Nadav Safran has written a sophisticated book about the politics of Saudi Arabia. In a narrative that emphasizes the Saudis' sense of the precariousness of their state and of their position in the Middle East, Safran demystifies the behavior of the Kingdom's rulers. Security has long been the predominant concern of Saudi Arabia. In 1981, the Kingdom's defense and security budget was an immense $25 billion, the fourth largest in the world, after the United States, the Soviet Union, and China, and the highest in the world on a per capita basis. Safran traces the roots of Saudi preoccupation with security through half a century, discerning political struggles and policy differences in the Saud family and how they have affected the position of the country. His treatment provides an enlightening perspective on the interplay of the politics of the elite; shifting inter-Arab alignments and rivalries; war, revolution, and other cataclysmic events in the Persian Gulf; the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict; and the involvement of the United States in the Middle East.

Strategic command and control : redefining the nuclear threat

Abstract: During the past twenty-five years, U.S. strategists have argued that avoiding nuclear war depends on deterring a Soviet first strike by ensuring that U.S. forces could survive a surprise attack in numbers sufficient to inflict unacceptable damage in retaliation. U.S. military and political leaders have thus emphasized acquiring more powerful and accurate weaponry and providing better protection for it, while defense analysts have focused on assessing the relative strength and survivability of U.S. and Soviet forces. In the process neither has given sufficient attention to the vulnerability of the U.S. command, control, and communications system that would coordinate warning of an attack in progress and the response to it. In this study Bruce G. Blair examines accepted assumptions about mutual deterrence, force strength, and survivability, and concludes that the vulnerability of command, control, and communications not only precludes an effective retaliatory strike but also invites a preemptive Soviet first strike. After summarizing the assumptions and evaluative methodology behind mainstream strategic theory, the study describes the current decentralized command and control system that, under conditions of surprise attack, could be unable to communicate with decisionmakers or with units responsible for executing the decisions. Blair traces in detail the development of the system over three decades; the attempts to improve it through the use of procedural guidelines, alternative and redundant communications channels, and survival tactics; and the continuing vulnerabilities from improved Soviet weapons and the environmental forces engendered by massive nuclear detonations. Blair also analyzes the probable effects of proposals by the Reagan administration to strengthen command, control, and communications systems and provides recommendations for further strengthening and for altering related policies, deployments, and strategies to improve the stability of deterrence.

Pretoria's Praetorians: Civil-Military Relations in South Africa

Abstract: Introduction: Analysing the South African military 1. The South African Defence Force: the institutional and historical framework 2. The rise of the garrison state and the development of total strategy 3. Exterior manoeuvre: the dynamics of militarisation 4. Militarisation and conflict in the siege culture 5. Quo vadis? Praetorianism and political change Notes Select bibliography on the South African forces Index.

The breaking of bodies and minds: Torture, psychiatric abuse, and the health professions.

Abstract: We are inclined to regard torture and deliberate psychiatric abuse as matters that fall in the other fellow's backyard and of little concern to the practicing physician. The extent, however, of torture practices throughout the world as well as the known atrocities by German physicians during the Holocaust have produced ripples that engulf us all. This volume, resulting from the efforts of the Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is an impressive collection of detailed and well-

Latin American Democracies: Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela

Abstract: Using the cases of Columbia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela, Peeler compares the evolution and maintenance of liberal democratic regimes in the Latin American context. These regimes are shown to be products of the normal Latin American political processes, under particular conditions that have permitted accommodation between rival political and economic elites. The author argues that these liberal democracies are fundamentally similar to those in other parts of the world.|Using the cases of Columbia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela, Peeler compares the evolution and maintenance of liberal democratic regimes in the Latin American context. These regimes are shown to be products of the normal Latin American political processes, under particular conditions that have permitted accommodation between rival political and economic elites. The author argues that these liberal democracies are fundamentally similar to those in other parts of the world.