Showing papers in "Foreign Affairs in 1993"
TL;DR: This paper argued that culturally based "civilizations" exert stronger holds on people than economic systems, levels of development, or even political systems, arguing that culture and civilization are distinct from economic and political life, a view that many scholars of political culture would dispute.
Abstract: Huntington contends that culturally based “civilizations” exert stronger holds on people than economic systems, levels of development, or even political systems. Clearly, he views culture and civilization as, at least partially and importantly, distinct from economic and political life, a view that many scholars of political culture (e.g., Inglehart 1997; Putnam with Leonardi and Nanetti 1993; Thompson, Ellis, and Wildavsky 1990; Eckstein 1988) would dispute. In his later expansion of this article’s themes, Huntington focuses particularly on language and religion as clear indices of the distinctiveness of various civilizations (1996).
3,708 citations
TL;DR: Barakat, an expatriate Syrian who is both scholar and novelist, emphasizes the dynamic changes and diverse patterns that have characterized the Middle East since the mid-nineteenth century as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This wide-ranging examination of Arab society and culture offers a unique opportunity to know the Arab world from an Arab point of view. Halim Barakat, an expatriate Syrian who is both scholar and novelist, emphasizes the dynamic changes and diverse patterns that have characterized the Middle East since the mid-nineteenth century. The Arab world is not one shaped by Islam, nor one simply explained by reference to the sectarian conflicts of a "mosaic" society. Instead, Barakat reveals a society that is highly complex, with many and various contending polarities. It is a society in a state of becoming and change, one whose social contradictions are at the root of the struggle to transcend dehumanizing conditions. Arguing from a perspective that is both radical and critical, Barakat is committed to the improvement of human conditions in the Arab world.
431 citations
TL;DR: The concept of multilateralism was introduced by John Gerard Ruggie as mentioned in this paper, who described the anatomy of an institution as a "theory of an Institution" and the search for foundations as a way to regulate the world.
Abstract: Part 1 THE CONCEPT: John Gerard Ruggie, Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution. Part 2 THEORETICAL DEBATES: James A. Caporaso, International Relations Theory and Multilateralism: The Search for Foundations Lisa L. Martin, The Rational State Choice of Multilateralism. Part 3. DOMESTIC CONTENT: Anne-Marie Burley, Regulating the World: Multilateralism, International Law, and the Projection of the New Deal Regulatory State Peter F. Cowhey, Elect Locally-Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateral Co-operation, Judith Goldstein Creating the GATT Rules: Politics, Institutions, and American Policy Steve Weber, Shaping the Post-war Balance of Power: Multilateralism in NATO. Part 4. INTERNATIONAL CHANGE: Miles Kahler, Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers Patrick M. Morgan, Multilateralism and Security: Prospects in Europe Geoffrey Garrett, International Co-operation and Institutional Choice: The European Community's Internal Market Mark W. Zacher, Multilateral Organizations and the Institution of Multilateralism: The Development of Regimes for Non-Terrestrial Spaces. Part 5 THEORETICAL REPRISE: Friedrich Kratochwil, Norms Versus Numbers: Multilateralism and the Rationalist and Reflexivist Approaches to Institutions - A Unilateral Plea for Communicative Rationality.
391 citations
TL;DR: In fact, it overlooks the true linkages and synergies that exist among often disparate populations by combining important measures of human activity at the wrong level of analysis as discussed by the authors, and it ignores the reality of an industrial north and a rural south, each vastly different in its ability to contribute and in its need to receive.
Abstract: THE NATION STATE has become an unnatural, even dysfunctional, unit for organizing human activ ity and managing economic endeavor in a borderless world. It represents no genuine, shared community of eco nomic interests; it defines no meaningful flows of economic activity. In fact, it overlooks the true linkages and synergies that exist among often disparate populations by combining important measures of human activity at the wrong level of analysis. For example, to think of Italy as a single economic entity ignores the reality of an industrial north and a rural south, each vastly different in its ability to contribute and in its need to receive. Treating Italy as a single economic unit forces one?as a private sector manager or a public sector official?to operate on the basis of false, implausible and nonexistent averages. Italy is a country with great disparities in industry and income across regions. On the global economic map the lines that now matter are those defining what may be called "region states." The bound aries of the region state are not imposed by political fiat. They are drawn by the deft but invisible hand of the global market for goods and services. They follow, rather than precede, real flows of human activity, creating nothing new but ratifying existing patterns manifest in countless individual decisions. They represent no threat to the political borders of any nation, and they have no call on any taxpayer's money to finance military forces to defend such borders. Region states are natural economic zones. They may or may not fall within the geographic limits of a particular
361 citations
TL;DR: In his essay, Huntington asserts that civilizations are real and important and predicts that "conflict between civiliza tions will supplant ideological and other forms of conflict as the dominant global form of conflict" He further argues that institutions for cooperation will most often arise between groups in different civilizations.
Abstract: he once again raises new questions In his essay, Huntington asserts that civilizations are real and important and predicts that "conflict between civiliza tions will supplant ideological and other forms of conflict as the dominant global form of conflict" He further argues that institutions for cooperation will be more likely to develop within civilizations, and conflicts will most often arise between groups in different civilizations These strike me as interesting but dubious propositions Huntingtons classification of contem porary civilizations is questionable He identifies "seven or eight major civiliza tions" in the contemporary world: Western (which includes both European and North American variants), Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American "and possibly African" This is a strange list If civilization is defined by common objective elements such as language, his tory, religion, customs and institutions and, subjectively, by identification, and if it is the broadest collectivity with which persons intensely identify, why distin guish "Latin American" from "Western" civilization? Like North America, Latin America is a continent settled by Euro peans who brought with them European languages and a European version of Judeo-Christian religion, law, literature and gender roles The Indian component in Latin American culture is more important in some countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador and Peru) than in North America But the African influ ence is more important in the United States than in all but a few Latin Ameri can countries (Brazil, Belize and Cuba) Both North and South America are
326 citations
TL;DR: Tzvetan Todorov as discussed by the authors argues that the Enlightenment belief in the universalities of human nature has fallen into disrepute; critics allege that such notions have had disastrous consequences in the 20th century, ranging from prejudice to persecution and outright genocide.
Abstract: How can we think about people and cultures unlike our own? In the early modern period, the fact of human diversity presented Europeans with little cause for anxiety: they simply assumed the superiority of the West During the 18th century this view was gradually abandoned, as thinkers argued that other peoples possessed reason and sensibility, and thus deserved the same respect that Westerners accorded themselves Since that time, however, Enlightenment belief in the universalities of human nature has fallen into disrepute; critics allege that such notions have had disastrous consequences in the 20th century, ranging from prejudice to persecution and outright genocide Tzvetan Todorov, aims in this book to salvage the good name of the Enlightenment so that its ideas can once more inspire humane thought and action The question he poses is of relevance to the conflicts of our age: How can we avoid the dangers of a perverted universalism and scientism, as well as the pitfalls of relativism? Since the French were the ideologues of universalism and played a pre-eminent role in the diffusion of Enlightenment ideas in Europe, Todorov focuses on the French intellectual tradition, analyzing writers ranging from Montaigne through Tocqueville, Michelet, and Renan, to Levi Strauss He shows how theories of human diversity were developed in the 18th century, and later systematically distorted The virtues of Enlightenment thought became vices in the hands of 19th century thinkers, as a result of racism, nationalism, and the search for exoticism Todorov calls for us to reject this legacy and to strive once again for an acceptance of human diversity, through "critical humanism" prefigured in the writings of Rousseau and Montesquieu This is a work that can help us think incisively about the racial and ethnic tensions confronting the world today
237 citations
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TL;DR: The rise of china, if it continues, may be the most important trend in the world for the next century as discussed by the authors, which is particularly likely if many of the globe's leading histo rians and pundits a century from now do not have names like Smith but rather ones like Wu.
Abstract: The rise of china, if it continues, maybe the most important trend in the world for the next century. When historians one hun dred years hence write about our time, they may well conclude that the most significant development was the emergence of a vigorous market economy?and army?in the most populous country of the world. This is particularly likely if many of the globe's leading histo rians and pundits a century from now do not have names like Smith but rather ones like Wu.
TL;DR: The conventional wisdom about Ukraine's nuclear weapons is wrong as mentioned in this paper, and the United States and its European allies have been pressing Ukraine to transfer all of the nuclear weapons on its territory to the Russians who naturally think this is an excellent idea.
Abstract: Most Western observers want Ukraine to rid itself of nuclear weapons as quickly as possible. In this view, articulated recently by President Bill Clinton, Europe would be more stable if Russia were to become "the only nuclear-armed successor state to the Soviet Union." The United States and its European allies have been press ing Ukraine to transfer all of the nuclear weapons on its territory to the Russians, who naturally think this is an excellent idea. President Clinton is wrong. The conventional wisdom about Ukraine's nuclear weapons is wrong. In fact, as soon as it declared independence, Ukraine should have been quietly encouraged to fash ion its own nuclear deterrent. Even now, pressing Ukraine to become a nonnuclear state is a mistake.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of state terror on the social fabric in Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay from the 1960s to the mid-1980s is examined, revealing disturbing insights into how fear is generated, legitimized, accommodated, and resisted among people living under dictatorship.
Abstract: Despite the emergence of fragile democracies in Latin America in the 1980s, a legacy of fear and repression haunts this region. This provocative volume chronicles the effect of systematic state terror on the social fabric in Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay from the 1960s to the mid-1980s. The contributors, primarily Latin American scholars, examine the deep sense of insecurity and the complex social psychology of people who live in authoritarian regimes. There is Argentina, where the brutal repression of the 1976 coup almost completely smothered individuals who might once have opposed government practices, and Uruguay, where the government forced the population into neutrality and isolation and cast a silent pall on everyday life. Accounts of repression and resistance in Chile and Brazil are also vividly presented. The denial and rationalization by citizens in all four countries can only be understood in the context of the generalized fear and confusion created by the violent military campaigns, which included abductions, torture, and disappearances of alleged terrorists. The recent transition to civilian rule in these countries has spotlighted their powerful legacy of fear. These important essays reveal disturbing insights into how fear is generated, legitimized, accommodated, and resisted among people living under totalitarian rule.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors aim to answer the many questions that still remain about the events of late 1990 and early 1991 - why did Saddam Hussein invade Kuwait, was a combination of sanctions and diplomacy a viable alternative to war, was the air campaign really precise and how was Saddam Hussein able to survive such a catastrophic defeat?
Abstract: This is an updated account of the events which led up to and followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The authors aim to answer the many questions that still remain about the events of late 1990 and early 1991 - why did Saddam Hussein invade Kuwait, was a combination of sanctions and diplomacy a viable alternative to war, was the air campaign really precise and how was Saddam Hussein able to survive such a catastrophic defeat?
TL;DR: Pagonis as mentioned in this paper described the Gulf War as "the largest military logistics operation in history", entailing an unprecedented deployment of troops and supplies halfway around the world, and he made a strong case for better leadership and better logistics, both in the military and in the private sector.
Abstract: "Business Week" described the Gulf War as "the largest military logistics operation in history", entailing an unprecedented deployment of troops and supplies halfway around the world. Here is a firsthand account of the supply effort that led to the dramatic Allied victory in the Gulf, written by the general who spearheaded the remarkable undertaking. General Pagonis recounts the Gulf War from the first fateful telephone call, to the mobilization of 550,000 troops and the shipment of 7,000,000 tons of supplies, to the enormously complex challenge of bringing home a half million soldiers and their equipment. Numerous leadership and logistics lessons can be gleaned from his experience. Pagonis describes his battlefield innovations as well as his inspirational leadership style. Using historical examples and current business practice, he makes a strong case for better leadership and better logistics, both in the military and in the private sector. In the Gulf War, leadership and logistics came together, and extraordinary goals were achieved. Pagonis demonstrated what senior managers of world-class companies now recognize: good logistics is an important source of competitive advantage. "Moving Mountains" offers lessons for all organizations facing major operational challenges.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the history of the development of the world cable network and its role in the development and evolution of the international telecommunications industry, including the role of the U.S. Navy in World War I and World War II.
Abstract: Contents 1 Telecommunications and International Relations Characteristics of Electrical Communications Telecommunications and World History International Telecommunications as a Field of Study 2 New Technology Origins of the Telegraph International Telegraphic Cooperation The First Submarine Telegraph Cables The Mediterranean Cables The First Atlantic Cables The Red Sea Cable Telegraphs to India Conclusion 3 The Expansion of the World Cable Network, 1866-1895 The Technology of Cables The Atlantic Cables The Cable Companies Cables to India and Australia Cable Rivalries in the West Indies and Latin America Across Russia to Japan Commercial Codes and the International Telegraph Union Conclusion 4 Telegraphy and Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century The Telegraph in India The Telegraph in Indochina Cables and News in the French West Indies The Telegraph in China The East African Cables The West African Cables Cables and Colonial Control Conclusion 5 Crisis at the Turn of the Century, 1895-1901 Telegraphy and Diplomacy British Cable Strategy to 1898 Telegraphic Delays and French Imperialism Germany and the Azores Affair The Spanish-American War The Fashoda Incident The British Strategic Cable Report of 1898 The Boer War 6 The Great Powers and the Cable Crisis, 1900-1913 The British Pacific Cable and the "All-Red" Routes British Cable Strategy, 1902-1914 The American Cables France and the Cable Crisis Germany and the Cable Crisis Conclusion 7 The Beginnings of Radio, 1895-1914 Marconi and the Birth of Wireless Telegraphy The Marconi Monopoly and the Reaction of the Powers Technological Change and Commercial Rivalries The U.S. Navy and Radio to 1908 The Continuous Ware, 1908-1914 French Colonial Wireless German Long-Distance and Colonial Radio The British Imperial Wireless Chain Conclusion 8 Cables and Radio in World War I The Jitters of July 1914 Allied Attacks on German Communications German Attacks on Allied Communications Allied Communications during the War Censorship Propaganda Conclusion 9 Communications Intelligence in World War I Government Cryptology before 1914 Communications Intelligence on Land British Naval Interception and Direction-Finding German Codes and British Cryptanalysis in 1914 British Naval Intelligence, 1915-1916 The U-Boat War, 1917-1918 German Communications Intelligence The Zimmerman Telegram 10 Conflicts and Settlements, 1919-1923 The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 The Washington Conferences of 1920-1922 The Struggle over Cables to Latin America The Radio Corporation of America British Radio, 1919~1924 German and French Radio to 1924 Radio in Latin America and China Conclusion 11 Technological Upheavals and Commercial Rivalries, 1924-1939 The Distribution of Cables in the World in 1923 Cable Technology in the 1920s The New Cables, 1924-1929 ITT and the Telephones The British Reaction French Colonial Shortwave The International Impact of Shortwave The British Communications Merger Responses to the British Merger The British Dilemma: Profits versus Security Conclusion 12 Communications Intelligence in World War II British and German Communications Intelligence to 1936 Cipher Machines The Approach of War, 1936-1939 The Outbreak of War, 1939-1940 British Communications Intelligence in Wartime German Communications Intelligence in Wartime The Battles of Britain and North Africa German Spies and Allied Radio Deception Funkspiele, Resistance, and the Normandy Landing The Soviet Rings Conclusion 13 The War at Sea The Cable War Communications and Naval Warfare in the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1944 American Communications Intelligence before Pearl Harbor From Pearl Harbor to Midway After Midway 14 The Changing of the Guard The American Expansion Strategic Cables to North Africa and Europe The Retreat of Britain The Organization of Postwar Communications Conclusion 15 Telecommunications, Information, and Security Bibliography Essay Books on Submarine Telegraph Cables Books on Radio and Telecommunications Communications Intelligence Primary Sources Index
TL;DR: In this paper, Durch et al. discuss the role of political-military contexts in the MEDITERRANEAN and the MIDDLE EAST - Special Committee on the Balkans (UNSCOB) and the UNFICYP (The Force in Cyprus).
Abstract: Preface - Acknowledgements - Introduction - PART I LESSONS LEARNED - Getting Involved: Political-Military Contexts - Paying the Tab: Financial Crises - Running the Show: Planning and Implementation - PART II PEACEKEEPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE MIDDLE EAST - Special Committee on the Balkans (UNSCOB) K.Th. Birgisson - Truce Supervisory Organization (UNTSO) M.Ghali - Emergency Force I (UNEF I) M.Ghali - Emergency Force II (UNEF II) M.Ghali - Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) M.Ghali - Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) M.Ghali - Interim Force in Lebanon (UNFIL) M.Ghali - Yemen Observation Mission (UNYOM) K.Th. Birgisson - The Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) K.Th. Birgission - Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIMOG) B.D.Smith - Iraq-Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM) W.J.Durch - PART III PEACEKEEPING IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA - Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) K.Th.Birgisson - Transitional Executive Authority in West New Guinea (UNTEA) W.J.Durch - Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) K.Th.Birgisson - PART IV PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA - Operation in the Congo (ONUC) W.J.Durch - Transitional Assistance Group for Namibia (UNTAG) V.Page Fortna - Angola Verification Mission I (UNAVEM I) V.Page Fortna - Angola Verification Mission II (UNAVEM II) V.Page Fortna - Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) W.J.Durch - PART V PEACEKEEPING IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE - Observer Mission in Central America (ONUCA) B.D.Smith & W.J.Durch - Epilogue: Peacekeeping in Uncharted Territory - Bibliography - Index - About the Authors
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TL;DR: A new U.S.-European strategic bargain is needed, one that extends nato s collective defense and security arrangements to those areas where the seeds for future conflict in Europe lie: the Atlantic alliance's eastern and southern borders as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Three years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Europe is headed toward crisis. Memories of democracy's triumph have faded. The immense problems facing the new democracies in the East are increasingly compounded by political gridlock, economic recession and resurgent nationalism. The revolutions of 1989 not only toppled communism; they unleashed a set of dynamics that have unraveled the peace orders of Yalta and Versailles. War in the Balkans, insta bility in East-Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, growing doubts about the European Community's future as well as the future role of the United States?all underscore the lack of any stable post Cold War European security order. Nationalism and ethnic conflict have already led to two world wars in Europe. Whether Europe unravels for a third time this century depends on if the West summons the political will and strategic vision to address the causes of potential instability and conflict before it is too late. A new U.S.-European strategic bargain is needed, one that extends nato s collective defense and security arrangements to those areas where the seeds for future conflict in Europe lie: the Atlantic alliance's eastern and southern borders.
TL;DR: In the most general level, ethnic cleansing can be understood as the expulsion of an undesirable population from a given territory due to religious or ethnic discrimination, political, strategic or ideological considerations, or a combination of these as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: T H E SERBIAN CAMPAIGN to "cleanse" a territory of another ethnic group, while gruesome and tragic, is historically speaking neither new nor remarkable. Population removal and transfer have occurred in history more often than is generally acknowledged. The central aim of the Serbian campaign—to eliminate a population from the "homeland" in order to create a more secure, ethnically homogeneous state—is in some ways as old as antiquity. Moreover, despite greater international attention and condemnation, such campaigns have only intensified in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Despite its recurrence, ethnic cleansing nonetheless defies easy definition. At one end it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population exchange while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing can be understood as the expulsion of an "undesirable" population from a given territory due to religious or ethnic discrimination, political, strategic or ideological considerations, or a combination of these. Under this definition, then, the slow dispersal and annihilation of North America's indigenous population was indeed ethnic cleansing. In their efforts to gain and secure the frontier, American settlers
TL;DR: The dominant force in the 21st century, as it has for the past four or five centuries, is giving way to a sense of foreboding that forces like the emergence of fundamentalist Islam, the rise of East Asia and the collapse of Russia and Eastern Europe could pose real threats to the West as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: dominant force in the 21st century, as it has for the past four or five centuries, is giving way to a sense of foreboding that forces like the emergence of fundamentalist Islam, the rise of East Asia and the collapse of Russia and Eastern Europe could pose real threats to the West. A siege mentality is develop ing. Within these troubled walls, Samuel P. Huntingtons essay "The Clash of Civiliza tions?" is bound to resonate. It will there
TL;DR: The cutting edge - the extreme right in post-war Western Europe and the USA, Paul Hainsworth the extreme Right in post war France -the emergence and success of the National Front and the future for Right extremism in West Germany as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The cutting edge - the extreme Right in post-war Western Europe and the USA, Paul Hainsworth the extreme Right in post-war France - the emergence and success of the National Front, Paul Hainsworth a future for Right extremism in West Germany?, Eva Kolinsky The Netherlands - irritants on the body politic, Christopher T. Husbands Belgium - Flemish legions on the march, Christopher T. Husbands the extreme Right in Italy, Francesco Sidoti why has the extreme Right failed in Britain?, Roger Eatwell Denmark - the Progress Party-populist neoliberation and welfare state chauvinism, Jorgen Goul Andersen the extreme Right in Spain - Blas Pinar and the spirit of the nationalist uprising, John Gilmour Portugal - the marginalization of the extreme Right, Tom Gallagher Greece - the virtual absence of an extreme Right, Panayote Elias Dimitras after Stalinism - the extreme Right in Russia, East Germany and Eastern Europe, Michael Cox beyond the fringe - the extreme Right in the United States of America, Michael Cox.
TL;DR: Gordon analyzes military doctrines, strategies, and budgets from the 1960s to the 1990s, and also the evolution of French policy from the early debates about NATO and the European Community to the Persian Gulf War as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: As France begins to confront the new challenges of the post-Cold War era, the time has come to examine how French security policy has evolved since Charles de Gaulle set it on an independent course in the 1960s. Philip Gordon shows that the Gaullist model, contrary to widely held beliefs, has lived on--but that its inherent inconsistencies have grown more acute with increasing European unification, the diminishing American military role in Europe, and related strains on French military budgets. The question today is whether the Gaullist legacy will enable a strong and confident France to play a full role in Europe's new security arrangements or whether France, because of its will to independence, is destined to play an isolated, national role.Gordon analyzes military doctrines, strategies, and budgets from the 1960s to the 1990s, and also the evolution of French policy from the early debates about NATO and the European Community to the Persian Gulf War. He reveals how and why Gaullist ideas have for so long influenced French security policy and examines possible new directions for France in an increasingly united but potentially unstable Europe.