Showing papers in "Foreign Affairs in 2001"

States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control

Abstract: Preface to the New Paperback Edition xi Introduction 3 PART ONE: THE CHALLENGE OF STATE-BUILDING IN AFRICA 9 1 The Challenge of State-Building in Africa 11 PART TWO: THE CONSTRUCTION OF STATES IN AFRICA 33 2 Power and Space in Precolonial Africa 35 3 The Europeans and the African Problem 58 4 The Political Kingdom in Independent Africa 97 PART THREE: NATIONAL DESIGN AND DOMESTIC POLITICS 137 5 National Design and the Broadcasting of Power 139 6 Chiefs, States, and the Land 173 PART FOUR: BOUNDARIES AND POWER 199 7 The Coin of the African Realm 201 8 The Politics of Migration and Citizenship 227 PART FIVE: CONCLUSION 249 9 The Past and the Future of State Power in Africa, Revised for the New Paperback Edition 251 Index 273

The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939

Abstract: The Soviet Union was the first of Europe's multiethnic states to confront the rising tide of nationalism by systematically promoting the national consciousness of its ethnic minorities and establishing for them many of the institutional forms characteristic of the modern nation-state. In the 1920s, the Bolshevik government, seeking to defuse nationalist sentiment, created tens of thousands of national territories. It trained new national leaders, established national languages, and financed the production of national-language cultural products. This was a massive and fascinating historical experiment in governing a multiethnic state. Terry Martin provides a comprehensive survey and interpretation, based on newly available archival sources, of the Soviet management of the nationalities question. He traces the conflicts and tensions created by the geographic definition of national territories, the establishment of dozens of official national languages, and the world's first mass "affirmative action" programs. Martin examines the contradictions inherent in the Soviet nationality policy, which sought simultaneously to foster the growth of national consciousness among its minority populations while dictating the exact content of their cultures; to sponsor national liberation movements in neighboring countries, while eliminating all foreign influence on the Soviet Union's many diaspora nationalities. Martin explores the political logic of Stalin's policies as he responded to a perceived threat to Soviet unity in the 1930s by re-establishing the Russians as the state's leading nationality and deporting numerous "enemy nations."

The Great Disruption

Abstract: The booming Japanese economy from the 1960s through the mid-1980s was one of the most thoroughly studied and admired phenomena of modern times. From steel to automobiles, consumer electronics to watches, Japanese companies easily overran the fortifications of their American and European competitors. Western scholars praised Tokyo's careful economic planning and the focus of Japan's keiretsu?massive, interlocked networks of companies such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Matsushita, and Sumitomo?on building long-term competitive advantages. Other analysts attributed Japan's economic momentum to its workers' selfless dedication to improving produc tivity and to the extraordinarily high savings rates of its consumers. Scholars cited the absence of similar factors in Europe and North America, meanwhile, to explain the stagnation afflicting those countries. In the United Kingdom, for example, the huge share of gnp taken up by government spending was seen as crippling economic growth because it crowded out private investment capital. The fortunes of these economies, of course, have now reversed. America has experienced the longest unbroken economic expansion in its history, and the United Kingdom has achieved levels of prosperity that few could have imagined 30 years ago. Japan, in contrast, has

Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime and Militancy

Abstract: From the Publisher: Book Introduction: The fight for the future makes daily headlines. Its battles are not between the armies of leading states, nor are its weapons the large, expensive tanks, planes and fleets of regular armed forces. Rather, the combatants come from bomb-making terrorist groups like Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda, drug smuggling cartels like those in Colombia and Mexico, and militant anarchists like the Black Bloc that ran amok during the Battle of Seattle. Other protagonists are civil-society activists fighting for democracy and human rights-from Burma to the Balkans. What all have in common is that they operate in small, dispersed units that can deploy niimbly-anywhere, anytime. They know how to penetrate and disrupt, as well as elude and evade. All feature network forms of organization, doctrine, strategy, and technology attuned to the information age. And, from the Intifadah to the drug war, they are proving very hard to beat; some may actually be winning. This is the story we have to tell. Author Bios: DAVID F. RONFELDT (Ph.D., Political Science, Stanford University) is a senior social scientist at RAND whose research focus includes information revolution, netwar, cyberocracy, strategic swarming and the rise of transnational networks of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). JOHN ARQUILLA (Ph.D., Political Science, Stanford University) is a RAND consultant and a professor of foreign policy at the United States Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.

The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society

Abstract: From the landmines campaign to the Seattle protests against the WTO, to the World Commission on Dams, transnational networks of civil society groups are seizing an ever-greater voice in how governments and corporations are managed. This volume addresses the issues raised by this change.

Tomorrow's Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospects for a Cleaner Planet

Abstract: Hydrogen is the quintessential eco-fuel. This invisible, tasteless gas is the most abundant element in the universe. It is the basic building block and fuel of stars and an essential raw material in innumerable biological and chemical processes. As a completely nonpolluting fuel, it may hold the answer to growing environmental concerns about atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide and the resultant Greenhouse Effect. In this book Peter Hoffmann describes current research toward a hydrogen-based economy. He presents the history of hydrogen energy and discusses the environmental dangers of continued dependence on fossil fuels.Hydrogen is not an energy source but a carrier that, like electricity, must be manufactured. Today hydrogen is manufactured by \"decarbonizing\" fossil fuels. In the future it will be derived from water and solar energy and perhaps from \"cleaner\" versions of nuclear energy. Because it can be made by a variety of methods, Hoffmann argues, it can be easily adapted by different countries and economies. Hoffmann acknowledges the social, political, and economic difficulties in replacing current energy systems with an entirely new one. Although the process of converting to a hydrogen-based economy would be complex, he demonstrates that the environmental and health benefits would far outweigh the costs.

The corporate ethics crusade

Abstract: Are multinational enterprises getting religion? So it seems. Around the world, corporate codes of conduct on human rights, labor standards, and environmental performance are proliferating. These codes reflect the growing pressure being placed on firms by nongovernmental organizations (ngos), activist shareholders, and the portfolio managers of "socially responsible" investment funds. A veritable corporate ethics crusade has been launched, and it has been surprisingly successful in forcing executives to take its concerns into account.

Toward Global Parliament

Abstract: One crucial aspect of the rising disaffection with globalization is the lack of citizen participation in the global institutions that shape people's daily lives. This public frustration is deeper and broader than the recent street demonstrations in Seattle and Prague. Social commentators and leaders of citizens' and intergovernmental organiza tions are increasingly taking heed. Over the past 18 months, President Clinton has joined with the secretary-general of the United Nations, the director-general of the World Trade Organization (wto), the managing director of the International Monetary Fund (imf), and the president of the World Bank to call for greater citizen participation in the international order.

The New Geography of Conflict

Abstract: In October 1999, in a rare alteration of US military geography, the Department of Defense reassigned senior command authority over American forces in Central Asia from the Pacific Command to the Central Command This decision produced no headlines or other signs of interest in the United States but nevertheless represented a significant shift in American strategic thinking Central Asia had once been viewed as a peripheral concern, a remote edge of the Pacific Command's main areas of responsibility (Chinajapan, and the Korean Peninsula) But the region, which stretches from the Ural Mountains to China's western border, has now become a major strategic prize, because of the vast reserves of oil and natural gas thought to lie under and around the Caspian Sea Since the Central Command already controls the US forces in the Persian Gulf region, its assumption of control over Central Asia means that this area will now receive

Oil in Nigeria: conflict and litigation between oil companies and village communities.

Abstract: This well-researched book on the oil industry in Nigeria deals with the major consequences of foreign oil operations in village communities. The study gives a comprehensive overview of the environmental and social impact of oil operations, which have so far been little understood. In addition, a wide range of background data is presented on oil companies and their conflicts with village communities and government policy in Nigeria. Statistical tables, allow the book to be used as a reference for scholars and non-scholars alike.Frynas describes the interaction between oil companies and village communities, and discusses the economic, social and legal problems that may be encountered in this context. He derives important conclusions regarding the involvement of multinational companies in developing countries. Drawing on a large number of court cases, he uses a new approach to illustrate the social and environmental impact of multinational companies. Using exemplary cases from Nigerian courts on topics such as oil spills and compensation payments for land acquisition, Oil in Nigeria demonstrates how legal materials can be used to understand conflicts between multinational companies and indigenous people. The court cases deal with large multinational companies such as Shell, in addition to smaller oil company subcontractors such as Seismograph Services. It provides a wealth of information on issues such as land conflicts, loss of property and life, as well as oil company compensation efforts. This information is supplemented by recent political inside material related to Shell's Nigerian operations.

Will the Nation-State Survive Globalization?

Abstract: A specter is haunting the world's governments?the specter of globalization Some argue that predatory market forces make it impossible for benevolent governments to shield their populations from the beasts of prey that lurk beyond their borders Others counter that benign market forces actually prevent predatory governments from fleecing their citizens Although the two sides see different villains, they draw one common conclusion: omnipo tent markets mean impotent politicians Indeed, this formula has become one of the clich?s of our age But is it true that govern ments have become weaker and less relevant than ever before? And does globalization, by definition, have to be the nemesis of national government? Globalization is a journey But it is a journey toward an unreachable destination?"the globalized world" A "globalized" economy could be defined as one in which neither distance nor national borders impede economic transactions This would be a world where the costs of

Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue about the Future with Nongovernment Experts

Abstract: of the United States, 1998. Other data are der ived from the State Fai lure Project .

The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction

Abstract: In less than a decade, an unprecedented movement has emerged to submit international politics to judicial procedures. It has spread with extraordinary speed and has not been subjected to systematic debate, partly because of the intimidating passion of its advocates. To be sure, human rights violations, war crimes, genocide, and torture have so disgraced the modern age and in such a variety of places that the effort to interpose legal norms to prevent or punish such outrages does credit to its advocates. The danger lies in pushing the effort to extremes that risk substituting the tyranny of judges for that of governments; historically, the dictatorship of the virtuous has often led to inquisitions and even witch-hunts. The doctrine of universal jurisdiction asserts that some crimes are so heinous that their perpetrators should not escape justice by invoking doctrines of sovereign immunity or the sacrosanct nature of national frontiers. Two specific approaches to achieve this goal have emerged recently. The first seeks to apply the procedures of domestic criminal justice to violations of universal standards, some of which are embodied in United Nations conventions, by authorizing national prosecutors to bring offenders into their jurisdictions through extradition from third countries. The second approach is the International Criminal

China's Leaders: The New Generation

Abstract: Chapter 1 Coming of Age: A New Generation of Leaders Chapter 2 The Rise of Technocrats: Elite Transformation in the Reform Era Chapter 3 The Fourth Generation of Leaders: A Biographical Analysis Chapter 4 The "Qinghua Clique": School Networks and Elite Recruitment Chapter 5 Taizi and Mishu: Informal Networks and Institutional Restraints Chapter 6 Collective Characteristics: Attitudes and Outlooks of the New Generation of Elites Chapter 7 Intra-Generational Diversity and Its Implications

The World Bank's Mission Creep

Abstract: The World Bank and the global community have learned a lot about development in the past 50 years. The bank is justly proud of its commitment to being a knowledge-based institution and has consistently responded to development setbacks with thoughtful analysis followed by new areas of lending. At the same time, critics have repeatedly faulted the bank for overlooking certain issues and constituencies, from environmental concerns in the 1980s to civil society in the 1990s. Along the way, the bank has added new tasks to its mandate. In recent years, it has been called on for emergency lending in the wake of the Asian financial crisis, for economic manage ment as part of Middle East peacekeeping efforts, for postwar Balkan reconstruction, and for loans to combat the aids tragedy in Africa. By now, its mission has become so complex that it strains credulity to portray the bank as a manageable organization. The bank takes on challenges that lie far beyond any institutions operational capabilities. The calls for greater focus through reform seem to produce little beyond conferences and consternation, since every program has a dedicated constituency resisting change. To counter these problems, the countries that own the bank?its shareholders?need to elaborate a worthwhile

The Future of the American Pacifier

Abstract: Th ecentralaim of American foreign policy has traditionally been to dominate the western hemisphere while not permitting another great power to dominate Europe or Northeast Asia. The United States has not wanted a peer competitor. In the wake of the Cold War, U.S. policymakers remain firmly committed to this goal. An important Pentagon planning document stated in 1992, "Our first objective is to prevent the reemergence of a new rival... that poses a threat on the order ofthat posed formerly by the Soviet Union. ... Our strategy must now refocus on precluding the emergence of any potential future global competitor." In pursuit of this goal, the United States has behaved as an offshore balancer, committing troops to Europe and Northeast Asia only when there was a potential hegemon in those neighbor hoods that the local powers could not contain by themselves. In effect, the United States has followed a "buck-passing" strategy? remaining on the sidelines while getting others to bear the burden of deterring or fighting aggressors?until it could no longer do so safely. Unless this realist pattern of behavior changes radically, the future of the U.S. military commitments to Europe and North east Asia can thus be expected to hinge on whether a potential hegemon emerges in either region that can be contained only

Rights beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights

Abstract: 1. Introduction PART I: THE SETTING 2. The Evolution of the Global Human Rights Regime 3. The Global Consequences of Chinas Economic Reforms PART II: THE PROCESS 4. The Generating of Attention, 1976-1989 5. Tiananmen and its Aftermath, June 1989 to November 1991 6. The Shift to Multilateral Venues, 1992 to 1995 7. From Public Exposure to Private Dialogue, 1996 to 1998 8. Betting on the Long Term, 1998-1999 9. Conclusion - Rights Beyond Borders?

Mercenaries : an African security dilemma

Abstract: This powerful book critiques mercenary involvement in post-Cold War African conflicts. The contributors investigate the links between the rise in internal conflicts and the proliferation of mercenary activities in the 1990s; the distinction in the methods adopted by Cold War mercenaries and their contemporary counterparts; the convoluted network between private armies; business interests and sustained poverty in Africa's poorest countries; and the connection between mercenary activities and arms proliferation. Countries discussed include Sierra Leone, Zaire, Angola, Uganda and Congo.