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JournalISSN: 1437-4781

Forest Pathology 

Wiley-Blackwell
About: Forest Pathology is an academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Picea abies & Heterobasidion annosum. It has an ISSN identifier of 1437-4781. Over the lifetime, 2538 publications have been published receiving 43747 citations. The journal is also known as: Zeitschrift für Forstpathologie (Internet) & Zeitschrift für Forstpathologie (Print).


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A conceptual model of the interaction of abiotic and biotic factors responsible for the onset of oak decline is suggested and, on the basis of the model, the appearance of the most recent oak decline in North-western Germany can be adequately explained.
Abstract: Summary Incidences of oak decline have occurred repeatedly during the past three centuries as well as in the most recent decades. On the basis of historical records and dendrochronological measurements, oak decline in Central Europe has been attributed to the single or combined effects of climatic extremes (winter frost, summer drought), defoliating insects, and pathogenic fungi. Starting from a literature review, we discuss the possible roles of various abiotic (air pollution, nitrogen eutrophication, soil chemical stress, climatic extremes, site conditions) and biotic factors (insect defoliation, borer attack, infection by pathogenic fungi, microorganisms) that have been related to oak decline. On the basis of investigations on Quercus petraea and Quercus robur at three different levels (from experiments with young trees to monitoring on a supraregional scale), we suggest a conceptual model of the interaction of abiotic and biotic factors responsible for the onset of oak decline. This model should be valid for Central European oak stands at more acidic sites (soil pH (H2O) £ 4.2; on soils with higher pH, pathogenic Phytophthora species may contribute to oak decline). The combination of severe insect defoliation in at least two consecutive years with climatic extremes is the most significant complex of factors in the incidence of oak decline. Combined with defoliation, summer drought or winter ⁄ spring frost or both have to occur within the same year or in consecutive years to trigger major outbreaks of decline. Important additional stress factors are the following: (1) hydromorphic site conditions which, particularly in the case of Q. robur, render the trees more susceptible to drought stress as a result of an impairment of root growth in the subsoil; and (2), possibly, excess nitrogen which, in combination with drought stress, results in distinct decreases in the foliar concentrations of allelochemicals in Q. robur, thereby probably making the trees more susceptible to insect defoliation. Air pollution, soil chemical stress (including excess manganese), and nitrogen-induced nutritional imbalance do not seem to be important causal factors in the complex of oak decline. On the basis of the model, the appearance of the most recent oak decline in North-western Germany can be adequately explained.

421 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Well-lighted plants may contain considerable amounts of ascorbic acid particularly in their chloroplasts, known to be a strong reductant which fulfils several functions in photosynthesis and deserves more attention in physiological air pollution research.
Abstract: Well-lighted plants may contain considerable amounts of ascorbic acid (AA) particularly in their chloroplasts. AA is known to be a strong reductant which fulfils several functions in photosynthesis. AA may also influence detoxification of polluted plants, e.g. by reducing SO2. AA contents of forest tree species were distinctly decreased by shading, particularly in light demanding species. Continued SO2 fumigation depressed AA contents long before visible symptoms of injury appeared. AA thus deserves more attention in physiological air pollution research.

400 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It could be shown in vitro that Phytophthora gonapodyides and Pythium group P were able to produce a wilting toxin.
Abstract: Summary Within the scope of a research project on the condition of roots of declining oaks (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea), samples of fine roots and surrounding soil, specimens of stripe cankers on the stem base, and samples of stream water were examined for the presence of Phytophthora species using both baiting methods and selective agar media. At 27 sites in Germany (Bavaria, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein), Switzerland, Hungary, Italy and Slovenia the following species were isolated (mainly from soil): Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cambivora, Phytophthora gon-apodyides, Phytophthora undulata, a species with affinity to Phytophthora drechsleri, and two additional species with close affinity to the Phytophthora cactorum group. Moreover, Pythium group P, Pythium anandrum, Pythium chamaehyphon, and many other Pythium species that have not yet been identified could be recovered. In a soil infestation test most isolates induced dieback of long root tips and necrotic lesions in the root cortex and at the root collar of Quercus robur seedlings. All Phytophthora species tested and Pythium group P caused cortical necrosis after stem inoculation of young Quercus robur trees. It could be shown in vitro that Phytophthora gonapodyides and Pythium group P were able to produce a wilting toxin. Nitrogen input and climatic changes are discussed as predisposing factors for root damage observed in the field.

319 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new species of the hyphomycete genus Chalara is described that has been frequently isolated from stems and branches and sometimes also from roots of wilting and dying Fraxinus excelsior in Poland.
Abstract: Summary A new species of the hyphomycete genus Chalara is described It has been frequently isolated from stems and branches and sometimes also from roots of wilting and dying Fraxinus excelsior in Poland It differs from previously described species of Chalara by its small, short cylindrical phialoconidia extruded in chains or in slimy droplets, morphological features of the phialophores and by colony characteristics It is non-tolerant to cycloheximide

310 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries or plantings in Europe.
Abstract: An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 37 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host-Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora-host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discussed.

265 citations

Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Journal in previous years
YearPapers
202337
202264
202162
202064
201989
201883