Showing papers in "Fuel in 1978"

TL;DR: In this paper, isothermal and nonisothermal methods have been used to investigate the kinetics of oil generation during decomposition of 91.7 ml/kg (22 U.S. gal/short ton) Colorado oil shale.

TL;DR: An overview of the fundamental reactions of the sulphur-containing groups in coal during pyrolysis and gasification is presented in this paper, where the available experimental data on the redistribution of the sulfur (ROS) among the gaseous, liquid, and solid products of the reactions are discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the reaction rates per unit area of pore surface in the absence of any mass transfer restrictions, for combustion of a wide range of carbons have been calculated from published data.

TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed study has been conducted of the effects of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl and K2CO3 on the steam gasification of char produced from a western sub-bituminous coal.

TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of fuel nitrogen in the devolatilization products of a lignite and 12 bituminous coals has been observed experimentally, and the results suggest that coal nitrogen is contained almost entirely in tightly bound rings which are released without breakage in the tar during the initial stage of coal deformation; the remainder is released at higher temperatures when rings are ruptured.

TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the organic constituents of three coal types (lignite, bituminous, and anthracite coal) was carried out and the essential aromatic character of coal was demonstrated, with condensation of aromatic rings increasing with increasing rank.

TL;DR: In this paper, the low-temperature ash of coal is analyzed by means of absorbance spectral subtraction of individual components, stored in digital form on computer memory, multiplied by appropriate weighting factors and subtracted from the spectrum of the low temperature ash, so that the characteristic bands of the mineral are removed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the bond-breaking processes by determining what kinds of bonds rupture when each of a large number of carefully selected model compounds was subjected to the conditions of asphaltene formation.

TL;DR: Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to analyse the included minerals and mineral-derived phases of a large suite of coal, coke, and other coal-related samples as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, a pyrolysis of subbituminous coal was investigated from 383 to 1273 K in an inert gas at 0.1 MPa (1 bar).

TL;DR: The thermal decomposition of Athabasca asphaltene at relatively low ( 350 °C) temperatures was achieved in this paper, where the authors achieved the same result for the same species.

TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the chemical mechanisms involved in the conversion of fuel-nitrogen compounds to nitric oxide during combustion, fossil fuels and model nitrogen compounds were pyrolysed in helium in a small quartz flow reactor.

TL;DR: In this paper, the shape of the characteristic curve has been explained qualitatively on the basis of changes in porosity and surface area occurring during gasification of microporous chars.

TL;DR: In this paper, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the in situ accessory minerals in polished blocks and pellets of petrographically analyzed samples of the Waynesburg coal (hvb).

TL;DR: Using the cross polarization/dipolar decoupling method, 13C n.m. spectra have been obtained on twenty oil shales and kerogens from around the world.

TL;DR: The carbon aromaticities of vitrinite, exinite, micrinite and fusinite from a high-volatile A bituminous coal have been determined by 13C1H cross-polarization nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this article, a kinetic study of catalysed and non-catalysed pyrolysis of Douglas fir bark was conducted using a DuPont 951 Thermogravimetric Analyzer.

TL;DR: In this paper, six vitrinites of bituminous and anthracitic rank were carbonized in nitrogen at three heating rates (1, 10 and 60 ° C/min) to temperatures between 20 and 950 ° C.

TL;DR: In this paper, the absorption coefficient has been measured for the various bands present in the infrared spectra of series of natural kerogens and of shallow kerogens pyrolysed at increasing temperatures, in order to investigate the effect of both natural evolution and heat treatment on the chemical composition.

TL;DR: A mixture of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) dissolves coals to give colourless solutions as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: A method for estimation of aromatic content in oil shales is demonstrated in this paper, where magic-angle spinning at 2 kHz is shown to remove chemical shift anisotropy to a sufficient degree to resolve aromatic and aliphatic 13 C n.m.r. spectral regions for a lithic oil shale specimen.

TL;DR: In this paper, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to derive linear equations relating conversion simultaneously to coal characteristics, which can provide a basis for accurately predicting liquefaction behavior and confirm that wise selection of appropriate feedstocks will have an important economic value.

TL;DR: In this article, asphaltene from Japanese Akabira coal was hydrogenated at 400 or 370 °C under initial pressures of 9.8 or 10.4 MPa using red-mud and sulphur catalyst.

TL;DR: In this article, the same reaction conditions were applied to coal in an autoclave with sodium hydroxide in ethanol, and the results showed that the younger the coal the greater the extraction.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the catalytic effects of inherent mineral matter in coal during hydrogenation and found that the mineral matter appears to be acting in a physical capacity as an internal diluent, reducing agglomeration of the coal particles.

TL;DR: In this paper, coal liquids from five major coal processing processes were separated reproducibly into five fractions by solvent fractionation, and the coal liquids were first separated into three fractions: pentane-soluble, pentaneinsoluble, and benzene-insolate.

TL;DR: In this paper, the reduction and reductive alkylation with potassium in tetrahydrofuran and sodium in liquid ammonia have been applied to sulphur-rich, highly fluid (in carbonization) Rasa lignite.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the oxygen atoms on the chemical shift of adjacent 13 C atoms are considered and the integrated intensities characterizing ring junction or substituted and unsubstituted carbon atoms are no longer determined on a chemical shift basis but are calculated by using parameters extracted from 1 H and 13 C spectra.

TL;DR: In this article, the straight-chain alkane content of each fractionated fuel was determined by gas chromatography and combined GC-mass spectrometry, and the average parameters of the aromatic fractions of these fuels were obtained by p.m.r. spectroscopy.