Showing papers in "Fuel in 1980"

TL;DR: In this paper, reflectance data for vitrinite occurring in torbanites indicate that the mean maximum reflectance and the range of reflectance values are significantly lowered by the presence of alginite.

TL;DR: In this paper, several petroleum-derived materials have been structurally characterized in terms of their hypothetical averae moleule using a combination of 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy.

TL;DR: In this paper, off-gas ethene/ethane and propene propane ratios are used for monitoring retort performance, and a relation between elevated ratios and oil loss via conversion to gaseous hydrocarbons is demonstrated for retorting of shale blocks immersed in a bed of smaller shale particles.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that molecular hydrogen can participate directly in free radical reactions under coal liquefaction conditions, and that the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the hydrogen pressure.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the devolatilization behavior of ten bituminous coals under rapid heating conditions using a small-scale fluidized-bed pyrolyser.

TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of cations on the pyrolysis behavior of brown coals under flash heating conditions was investigated by means of a small fluidized-bed Pyrolyser.

TL;DR: In this paper, a stoichiometric representation of kerogen pyrolysis was developed and a simple mechanistic model of oil shale pyrolysis between 25 and 900 °C was derived.

TL;DR: In this article, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was applied to a quantitative analysis of the low-temperature ash from ten consecutive channel samples along an exploration adit through a high-volatile coking coal seam.

TL;DR: In this article, the conversion of 104 high volatile bituminous coals at 400 °C with tetralin has been determined in duplicate with the aid of a new reactor system.

TL;DR: In this article, the rate of evolution of CH4, CO, CO 2, CO 2 and CO 3 during pyrolysis of Colorado oil shale between 25 and 900 °C was reported.

TL;DR: In this article, the processes of coal liquefaction and co-carbonization of coal/pitch blends in terms of physical and chemical properties of the fluid phases found in both pyrolysis systems are outlined.

TL;DR: In this article, the results of a thermogravimetric study of the catalytic effects of alkaline earth carbonates in the CCO2 reaction are described.

TL;DR: The structure and composition of tars from flash pyrolysis of one brown and two bituminous Australian coals were investigated by 1 H n.m. spectroscopy as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis phase cannot be treated separately from the hydropyrolyse phase, and three key process variables, hydrogen pressure, temperature, and particle diameter, are seen to have major effects on the total yields of products.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess coal rank of the maceral groups exinite, vitrinite and inertinite in terms of maximum reflectance and identify a single exinite coalification break at 0.4 to 0.5% R V max.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of preoxidation of two highly caking coals in the temperature range 120-250 °C on weight loss during pyrolysis in a N2 atmosphere up to 1000 °C and reactivity of the resultant chars in 0.1 MPa air at 470 °C has been investigated.

TL;DR: In this paper, a method was presented of evaluating the kinetic parameters for the ignition reaction of coal based on the Semenov's thermal ignition theory adopted to coal particle ignition, which was made by comparing the measured induction periods for the coal particles with those calculated numerically.

TL;DR: In this article, the maximum degree of benzene and tetralin-induced swelling occurred in a coal of 75 wt% carbon content and the size and/or flexibility of the chain segments between crosslinks in coal are at a maximum.

TL;DR: In this paper, a Fourier transform analysis of coal samples from a test pile of a bituminous coal which was subject to spontaneous heating was performed. But the results showed that macropore oxidation (a diffusion-limited process across the macroscopic interface of the particle) predominates, and that removal of a small proportion of fines with a relatively large surface area would result in a reduction of spontaneous heating.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of various sweep gases (N2, CO2, and H2O) on the decomposition and reaction of calcite and dolomite (ankerite) in Colorado oil shale is reported.

TL;DR: Fourier Transform infrared analysis has been examined as a technique for evaluating the oil-yielding potential of raw oil shales The technique was developed recently for analysing coals, and gives a quantitative measure of aliphatic, aromatic and hydroxyl hydrogen.

TL;DR: In this article, a benzene/methanol reflux of Green River oil shale (GROS) before and after treatment with HCl, HF, and HCl/HF.

TL;DR: In this article, the structural parameters derived from carbon distribution agreed with those derived from p.m.r. spectra, and an average structural model was deduced using the information about the aliphatic region of the c.m., which indicated that the methylene chain contained in vacuum residues is much longer than has been considered previously.

TL;DR: In this article, changes in structures of minerals taking place in lignitic coals during combustion were investigated by first concentrating the mineral matter in the coal by low-temperature ashing and then heating the mineral matters at 100 °C intervals from 200 °C-1200 °C and analysing the major mineral phases by X-ray powder diffraction.

TL;DR: In this paper, a method is given for the production of pyrrhotites of known stoichiometry by the reduction of the pyrite, and theoretical calculations for this reduction by H 2 and CO are provided.

TL;DR: In this article, the solubility parameters of 6 coal coals were determined using the thermodynamic expression "solubility parameter" (a common expression in polymer chemistry) and compared with calculated parameters which were found in the literature.

TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the apparent viscosities of mesophase pitches were invariant over a wide range of shear rate, but the same pitches also exhibited the Weissenberg effect and die swell.

TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of very wet Victorian brown coal was examined in a bed of sand fluidized, at temperatures around 1000 K, with either air or nitrogen, and the times required for devolatilization and total combustion were recorded.

TL;DR: The influence of iron oxide additions on coal pyrolysis has been studied by thermogravimetry and the analysis of the evolved gases as mentioned in this paper, showing that the presence of iron oxides reduces the primary devolatilization rate of coal, between 300 and 600 °C.