Showing papers in "Fuel in 1995"
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the costs and technologies involved in an integrated system for the production of electricity from biomass in general and wood in particular are reviewed, and the main conclusions are that wood handling, storage, drying, comminution and screening are well established and present no uncertainties in operation and performance.
992 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, a correlation was developed to predict the influence of ash on volatile yield, initial decomposition temperature and rate of pyrolysis in wood and twelve other types of biomass.
762 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the algal cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta with a moisture content of 78.4 wt% were converted directly into oil by thermochemical liquefaction at around 300°C and 10 MPa.
550 citations
••
TL;DR: In this article, the role of anhydrite (CaSO4) in the sorption of trace elements such as As, B, Ge, Se, Pb, Mo, Zn and Tl from flue gas and in the reduction of emissions of potentially toxic elements was investigated.
544 citations
••
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory apparatus and measurement procedures for accurate determination of the relatively small amounts of condensed phase typical of Devonian shale samples have been designed, and a temperature control system was developed so that selected temperatures can be maintained precisely.
314 citations
••
TL;DR: In this article, three samples of known rubber composition were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser under nitrogen at heating rates from 5 to 80 K min−1.
251 citations
••
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a laboratory study aimed at measuring the changes in the coal matrix volume with release of gas, and estimating the resulting changes in cleat porosity and permeability of coal.
240 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of raw materials for activated carbon production is not determined by general material-specific features (elemental composition) but by type specific features such as temperature and burnoff.
175 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, surface area and pore structure characterization of the resultant char was evaluated using an accelerated surface and porosimetry system (ASAP 2000), and the effects of process parameters, temperature and hold time were found to be significant.
168 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, used tyres were thermally decomposed under vacuum in a process development unit, and the process yielded 50 wt% oil, 25 wt%, carbon black, 9 wt%.
149 citations
••
TL;DR: The solute-solid adsorption isotherms (SSA) of asphaltenes and resins were measured using the inorganic fraction (97% SiO2) of the deposit that plugged the tubing of a production well as an inorganic adsorbent.
••
TL;DR: In this article, a general NOx index was proposed to predict NOx levels based on the relation between the functional forms of coal nitrogen and the yields of nitrogen-containing species, which involves the proportion of quaternary, pyrrole- and pyridine-type nitrogen.
••
TL;DR: In this article, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen in Creswell coal and showed that the dominant form of tar sulfur is thiophenic.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed characterization of eight carbon-containing fly ash samples acquired from commercial scale combustion systems was performed, which included measurement of joint carbon-size distribution and determination of the combustion reactivity of the residual carbon.
••
TL;DR: In this article, a characterization of pyrolysis behavior of different refuse derived fuels (RDFs) under heating rates typical of conventional pyroolysis processes is presented, based on the assumption that the RDF degradation rate is the weighed sum of the rates of primary reacting species: cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, PE.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the applicability of the reflectance micro-Fourier transform infrared (FT-i.r.) technique to analyze the distribution of functional groups in coal is discussed.
••
TL;DR: In this article, high-Fe fly ash from the Teruel power station in NE Spain was used to synthesize zeolites from fly ash by alkaline hydrothermal activation.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of 2 and 4 wt% of pure paraffins in a crude oil matrix and 14 crude oils were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) and thermomicroscopy at a cooling rate of 2 K min−1 in the temperature range from +80 to −20°C.
••
TL;DR: A suite of petroleum polymantanes, including tetramantane, pentamantane and hexamantanes were discovered in a gas condensate produced from a very deep (∼ 6800 m below the surface) petroleum reservoir located in the US Gulf Coast as mentioned in this paper.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the sand interaction with bitumen as a function of pH, particle size, temperature and solvent addition to bitumen and found that sand particles can be easily detached from the bitumen surface at pH > 6.
••
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis oils were analysed for their content of sulfur-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PASH), using a series of liquid column chromatography fractionations with oxidation and reduction to produce a PASH-enriched sample.
••
TL;DR: In this article, the composition of oils derived from the on-line, low pressure zeolite upgrading of biomass pyrolysis oils from a fluidized bed pyrolynsis unit have been investigated in relation to the regeneration of the catalytic catalyst.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the rheological properties of coal-water mixture, including the coal properties, the volume fraction of solids and the mean size and size distribution of the coal particles.
••
TL;DR: Chlorine XAFS spectra were also obtained for Illinois No. 6 coal before and after aqueous leaching and conventional coal cleaning and during low-temperature ( as discussed by the authors ).
••
TL;DR: In this paper, relatively large fuel pieces of peats, bark and coal were pyrolysed in an inert gas atmosphere at a slow heating rate, and the conversion of fuel nitrogen to HCN was 5-11 wt% for coals and considerably less for the other fuels.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed physical characterization of six ashes from coals representative of those burned in US power plants was reported. And the influence of particle structure on this large variation (up to sixfold) in size is discussed.
••
TL;DR: The morphology and bulk physicochemical properties of residual carbon in eight fly ash samples from commercial power plants were investigated in this article, where fuel-related mechanisms that can contribute to carbon carryover in boilers are discussed, including inertinite persistence, mineral matter encapsulation and char deactivation by pregraphitization.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the tar-decomposing activities of dolomites and limestones in calcined and carbonated forms, and found that the calcined rocks decomposed toluene efficiently, but activity was almost totally lost in the carbonated form.
••
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of coal and car tire combustion was conducted at a gas temperature of 1450 K, in air, in a thermogravimetric analyser, at low heating rates, and in an electrically heated drop-tube furnace, at high heating rates.
••
TL;DR: In this article, the accuracy of the loss-on-ignition (LOI) test to determine the content of unburned carbon in fly ash samples was evaluated by thermogravimetry.