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Showing papers in "Fuel in 2004"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: The surface area of lignin char was measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and surface morphology obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

848 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of using an oxygen carrier based on oxides of iron, nickel, copper, copper and manganese was investigated for a chemical-looping combustion (CLC) with inherent separation of CO2.

616 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the physical and chemical structures of biomass char were studied to gain insight into the role of heating rate and pressure on the gasification characteristics of biomass chars generated in a suite of reactors.

472 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction energies of adsorbates (CO2, CH4, and N2) and micropores with various widths are investigated using a slit-shape pore model.

457 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the transesterification of sunflower oil was investigated in supercritical methanol and supercritical ethanol at various temperatures at 200 bar and the rate coefficients and activation energies of the reaction were determined.

384 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of copper-oxide as an oxygen carrier for a chemical-looping combustion (CLC) process has been analyzed in a thermogravimetric analyser.

384 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was carried out on the influence of cavitation on the internal flow and the macroscopic behavior of the spray in Diesel injection nozzles, and the results of this hydraulic characterisation, together with the predetermined dimensional characterization, enable the discharge coefficient and the critical cavitation conditions to be determined.

366 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of cetane number improver on heat release rate and emissions of a high-speed diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blend fuel was investigated, and the results showed that: the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased, the diesel equivalent BSFC decreased, the thermal efficiency improved remarkably, and NOx and smoke emissions decreased simultaneously.

341 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the fraction of the stacking structure (P s ) and the average number of aromatic layers ( N ave ) in several raw coals were estimated by X-ray diffraction analysis (Standard Analysis of Coal by XRD: STAC-XRD).

327 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the storage stability of crumb tire rubber modified bitumen has been investigated at in-service and handling temperatures (i.e., pumping, mixing, compaction, etc.) and the authors concluded that the use of rubber particle sizes lower than 0.35 mm and high shear rates during manufacturing operations is highly recommended.

288 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of primary air flow rate and moisture level in the fuel have been assessed over wide ranges for the combustion of wood chips and the incineration of simulated municipal solid wastes in a bench-top stationary bed.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of individual component fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) on diesel fuel lubricity were examined and an attempt was made to correlate FAME chain length, saturation and hydroxylation to lubricity enhancement.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated co-combustion of sewage sludge together with coal or wood in two circulating fluidized bed (CFB) plants, a laboratory scale plant and a pilot scale 12MWth CFB boiler, in both of which the gas residence times are comparable to those in commercial plant.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the viscous properties of modified bitumens (PMBs) in a wide range of temperatures were investigated using a four- blade propeller and optical microscopy.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of ZnCl2 impregnation on the adsorption of vapour-phase elemental mercury (Hg0) from pulverised-coal combustion flue gas by commercially available granular activated carbons treated with zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) impregnation was investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of mineral matter in coal on reactivity and kinetic characteristics of coal pyrolysis was investigated by using thermogravimetry, and the results showed that inherent mineral in coal had no evident effect on the reactivity or kinetic characteristics.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed characterization of five samples of different type of ashes, collected from two types of municipal solid waste incinerators located in Shenzhen (southern China), was carried out in terms of chemical composition, morphology, mineralogy and leaching behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of support material and metal precursor on sintering is elucidated, and measures for preventing catalyst deactivation are discussed, with the main focus on supported platinum and palladium catalysts.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the main agricultural residues of Crete are considered to be of premium importance for local energy production through combustion, and the thermal behavior of ashes was predicted by chemical, mineralogical, microscopical and thermal analyses, while the removal of troublesome elements to reduce slagging and fouling in furnaces was tested by leaching these biomass fuels with water.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the aggregation tendency of asphaltenes in crude oil using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and showed that the aggregation process starts at low concentration regime.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, a set of nine coal fly ashes, obtained from various US utilities, were fractionated by standard dry-sieving techniques, and the carbon contents of the different size fractions were measured and the nature of the carbon particles was examined.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the pyrolytic characteristics of biomass/coal mixtures were investigated under conditions pertinent to pulverised fuel boilers, and it was found that the mixtures of biomass and coal follow the behaviour of their parent materials in an additive manner.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, a byproduct fly ash from oil shale processing was converted into zeolite by alkali hydrothermal activation using sodium hydroxide, which was used as an ion exchanger for the treatment of wastewater for metal ions.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, a temperature-programmed pyrolysis of a Victorian brown coal was performed under flow of atmospheric He or CO 2 in a wire-mesh reactor, in which extent of the secondary reactions of volatiles was minimised.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of coal gas fueled chemical-looping combustion is experimentally investigated by means of a fixed-bed reactor operated at elevated pressure, which may lead to a breakthrough in clean coal technology by simultaneously allowing efficient use of energy and greenhouse gas control.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a blend containing 20% soybean methyl ester in heating No. 2 fuel was examined using a residential-scale hot water boiler and the blend burned satisfactorily with no modifications to the appliance and fuel delivery system.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of dilute gas on burning velocities have been studied at the equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.2, and the explicit formula of laminar burning velocity for dilute mixtures is achieved.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: Two demineralised coals: Mequinenza and Illinois No. 6 have been subjected to reduction and reductive methylation in the potassium/liquid ammonia system and to non-reductive methylation by the Liotta method as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, co-combusting of different biomass fuels in a fluidized bed boiler can result in useful interactions that decrease or totally inhibit Cl deposition and bed agglomeration.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2004-Fuel
TL;DR: The phase-mineral and chemical composition of ceramic cenosphere (CCCs) and water-soluble salt concentrates recovered from five fly ashes (FAs) produced in four large Spanish thermo-electric power stations was characterized as mentioned in this paper.