Showing papers in "Fuel in 2005"

TL;DR: A two-step transesterification process is developed to convert the high free fatty acids (FFA) oils to its mono-esters in this article, where the important properties of biodiesel such as specific gravity, flash point, cloud point and pour point are found out and compared with that of diesel.

TL;DR: In this article, the kinematic viscosity of various fatty compounds as well as components of petrodiesel were determined at 40°C (ASTM D445) as this is the temperature prescribed in various biodiesel and petro-diesel standards.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduced a general correlation, based on proximate analysis of solid fuels, to calculate higher heating value (HHV) using 450 data points and validated further for additional 100 data points.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the reasons for and technical challenges associated with co-combustion of biomass and coal in boilers designed for coal (mainly pulverized coal) combustion.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of curing conditions on the nature of reaction products and the kinetics of reactions is discussed. But the authors focus on the alkaline activation of fly ashes for the production of a novel cementitious material.

TL;DR: In this article, a review of the development and deployment of coal-based gasification technologies for power generation is provided, including the advantages and disadvantages of this means for coal utilisation.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of cavitation on Diesel spray behavior was investigated in two bi-orifices nozzle geometries, a cylindrical nozzle and a convergent one, by means of two fundamental spray parameters: mass flux and momentum flux.

TL;DR: In this article, a co-solvent was added to the reaction mixture in order to decrease the operating temperature, pressure and molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, which made the production of biodiesel using supercritical methanol viable as an industrial process.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared coal combustion in air and the mixtures of O2/CO2 mixtures in a 20kW down-firing combustor and found that coal combustion with 30% CO2/70% O2 can produce matching gas temperature profiles.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the distribution of products from wood (sawdust) and non-wood biomass (rice husk), and major biomass components, i.e. liquid, gas and solid from wood and nonwood biomass, and analysis of liquid hydrocarbons (oils) for differences in the hydrocarbon composition with respect to feed material.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of Si/Al molar ratio of the fly ash source on the type of formed zeolite, which also is affected by the alkaline condition, was investigated.

TL;DR: In this article, fly ashes sourced from European pulverised coal burning power plants (from Spain, The Netherlands, Italy and Greece) were characterised in terms of their chemical composition, mineralogy and physical properties.

TL;DR: The behavior of gaseous chlorine and alkali metals of three sorts of biomass (Danish straw, Swedish wood, and sewage sludge) in combustion or gasification is investigated by the chemical equilibrium calculating tool as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this paper, temperature dependent vapor pressures of the methyl esters of fourteen fatty acids that are commonly present in biodiesel fuels were predicted by the Antoine equation and a group contribution method.

TL;DR: In this paper, a stationary engine test bed, together with the instrumentation for chemical and morphological analysis, allowed to study the effect of these fuels on the engine emissions, soluble organic fraction of the particulate matter, origin of adsorbed hydrocarbons, sulphate content, particle number per unit filter surface, and mean particle diameter.

TL;DR: In this article, the catalytic properties of Al-MCM-41 type mesoporous catalysts were modified by pore enlargement that allows the processing of larger molecules and by introduction of Cu cations into the structure.

TL;DR: In this article, a blend of 20% ethanol/methyl soyate was added to diesel fuel as an oxygenated additive at volume percent levels of 15 and 20% (denoted as BE15 and BE20).

TL;DR: In this article, low cost carbon materials derived from fly ash, are presented as effective CO 2 sorbents through impregnation these with organic bases, for example, polyethylenimine aided by polyethylene glycol.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of wateroil emulsions on the engine performance and on the main pollutant emissions, NOx, total hydrocarbons (THC), soot, particulate matter (PM) and its composition, was studied.

TL;DR: In this paper, gas adsorption was measured for methane, nitrogen, CO2 and their binary and ternary mixtures on a wet Tiffany coal sample at 3276 K (1300 F) at pressures to 138 MPa (2000 psia) and the expected uncertainties in the amounts adsorbed vary with pressure and composition.

TL;DR: In this paper, the physicical and chemical properties of pyrolytic oils were characterized by means of GC-FID, GC-MS, 1 H NMR and simulated distillation curves in comparison with commercial diesel fuel.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the experience gained on ash, deposit and corrosion formation in thermal fuel conversion systems fired with solid non-fossil fuels, and focus attention on how these results fit into our current understanding of this subject.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) method to measure the lubrication properties of diesel fuel and found that the unrefined biodiesels showed higher lubricity properties than refined diesel fuel.

TL;DR: In this article, a one-dimensional unsteady heterogeneous mathematical model has been developed and experiments have been carried out for straw combustion in a fixed bed, which provides detailed information of the structure of the ignition flame front.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of pyrolysis pressure and heating rate on the char structure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, digital cinematography, and surface area analysis.

TL;DR: In this article, mathematical models of a packed bed system were employed to simulate the effects of four fuel properties on the burning characteristics in terms of burning rate, combustion stoichiometry, flue gas composition and solid phase temperature.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of microwave irradiation on the zeolite formation was investigated with emphasis on the change in yield of Zeolite during the reaction, which is due to the stimulated dissolution of SiO2 and Al2O3 from coal fly ash.

TL;DR: In chemical looping combustion (CLC), a solid oxygen carrier circulates between two fluidized bed reactors and transports oxygen from the combustion air to the fuel as mentioned in this paper, thus, the fuel is not mixed with the fuel.

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, intake charge temperature, coolant temperature, and engine speed on the HCCI combustion characteristics and its emissions were evaluated.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of injection pressure on the macroscopic spray characteristics for a wide pressure range (up to 250 MPa) was investigated and a measurement technique was developed to extract these characteristics both quickly and reliably.