Fuel 

TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.

TL;DR: In this article, a unified correlation for computation of higher heating value (HHV) from elemental analysis of fuels is proposed, which has been derived using 225 data points and validated for additional 50 data points.

TL;DR: An extended overview of the chemical composition of biomass was conducted in this article, where reference peer-reviewed data for chemical composition was used to describe the biomass system, including traditional and complete proximate, ultimate and ash analyses.

TL;DR: In this article, the applicability and perspectives of various desulfurization technologies are evaluated taking into account the requirements of the produced fuels, and the progress achieved during recent years in catalysis-based HDS technologies (synthesis of improved catalysts, advanced reactor design, combination of distillation and HDS) and in non-HDS processes of sulfur removal (alkylation, extraction, precipitation, oxidation, and adsorption) is illustrated through a number of examples.

TL;DR: In this paper, small-angle and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS), low-pressure adsorption (N2 and CO2), and high-pressure mercury intrusion measurements were performed on a suite of North American shale reservoir samples providing the first ever comparison of all these techniques for characterizing the complex pore structure of shales.