Showing papers in "Health Policy in 1990"

TL;DR: In this paper, the roles of the hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1 in the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) in a cohort of 7917 men aged 25 to 64 yr old in southern Guangxi, China, where the incidence of PHC is among the highest in the world.

TL;DR: A population-based case-control interview study of 309 childhood leukemia cases and 618 healthy population control children in urban Shanghai, China found an excess of leukemia, primarily ANLL, occurred among second or later-born rather than firstborn children.

TL;DR: The unique ethical aspects of liver transplantation with parents as living donors are described and a liver lobe from a living donor — the parent of the recipient — is proposed to transplant to a noncritically ill infant with advanced liver disease.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that making these products available from the pharmacy without a prescription has resulted in substantial benefits by reducing costs to consumers and saving general practitioners' time.

TL;DR: The Cooperative Medical System (CMS) and its barefoot doctors have been in decline in rural China for nearly a decade as mentioned in this paper, and in order to explore the reasons for this, in 1987, Wang et al. carried out a survey of villagers, doctors, and local administrators in Fengxian, Shanggoa, and Loaan counties, where incomes are good, fair, and low, respectively.

TL;DR: In an attempt to address the neglect of political, economic and socio-cultural factors, a group of interdisciplinary and international experts from industrial countries were invited to prepare individual country case studies analysing the political context and the non-health systems variables which, in the final analysis, shape and constrain physician manpower and plans.

TL;DR: The path of successful organ transplants has been sown with considerable ethical, legal, social, and moral dilemmas as discussed by the authors, but many questions are left to be answered.

TL;DR: Chinese and American investigators are conducting interdisciplinary field and laboratory investigations to quantify the lung cancer risk attendant on indoor air pollution relative to other factors, to measure and compare the characteristics of pollution from different Xuan Wei fuels, to determine the relative etiologic importance of pollution composition and concentration, and to develop quantitative relationships between air pollution dose and lung cancerrisk.

TL;DR: The National Hospital Discharge survey data presented here demonstrate that for-profit hospitals serve significantly lower percentages of uninsured discharges than secular or church-affiliated non-profits and public hospitals, and the same pattern of differentials is observed with respect to Medicaid.

TL;DR: Sex-specific aetiological exposures, or sex-specific susceptibilities to common exposures, among Chinese-Americans are suggested, with elderly Chinese-American men having roughly double the rates in China, and with women exhibiting little variation between continents or ethnic groups.

TL;DR: Issues of fairness in the allocation of scarce economic and social resources, the role of religion and ethics in organ donation and transplantation decision, and the impact of the media are considered.

TL;DR: An ethical analysis and assessment of various actual and proposed policies of organ procurement and distribution in light of moral principles already embedded in U.S. institutions, laws, policies, and practices is provided.

TL;DR: A strategy to address changes would include a sustained emphasis on preventive care, a need to train its healthcare workers to focus on appropriate treatment technology, and continued experimentation in varying insurance schemes and reimbursement procedures to hospitals and individuals.

TL;DR: To further reduce the maternal mortality rate and reduce morbidity, China needs to provide basic maternal health care in the poorest regions, and needs to experiment with innovative planning and management methods, such as the ‘risk approach’, to match Interventions with priority health problems.

TL;DR: Different concepts and motives for privatisation in general are dealt with and how these can be applied to changes in health care policy are shown.

TL;DR: New achievements in traditional Chinese medicine prove that this new field is worthy of further exploration, and a new policy of integrating Chinese with Western medicine is a right orientation for development in China.

TL;DR: Data on hospital admissions and autopsy material provide evidence for an increase in CHD incidence and prevalence in the last three to four decades, and a low mean serum total cholesterol is considered to be the main cause underlying low CHD mortality rates in China.

TL;DR: A survey carried out in 17 countries on behalf of the Council of Europe shows how prison doctors and administrations have reacted to the AIDS epidemic in ways that are not always scientifically and ethically sound.

TL;DR: The study shows that prostatic cancer screening by rectal-digital examination can be organized as an integral part of primary health care, with high acceptance by the public, and the total economic burden of screening on the health care sector will be high.

TL;DR: The hospital of the future will probably be smaller and more intensive in the nature of its care, because many present and future clinical technologies can be delivered outside of the hospital setting.

TL;DR: Risks of stomach cancer were increased by 2- to 3-fold among persons with prior chronic gastritis or gastric ulcer, by 80% among those with stomach cancer in a family member, and by 50% among men who smoked one or more packs of cigarettes/day.

TL;DR: A system of data collection, which provides a detailed cost record of each patient, showed that for a patient with HIV infection treated in a university hospital over a two-year period, the mean cost of inpatient and outpatient hospital services was $19,507 per person-year.

TL;DR: The cumulative incidence of bronchitis or pneumonia increased significantly with increasing cigarette smoking of family members, which persisted when sex, birthweight, nursery care, father's education, coal for cooking, and adult cases with chronic respiratory disease were taken into account.

TL;DR: It is suggested that British consumers lack the knowledge needed to make market-style choices and that policy makers applying the market model to health care should explicitly address the problem of how to create a better informed public.

TL;DR: The Food and Drug Administration has established new procedures to make promising investigational drugs available for treatment of patients with immediately life-threatening or serious diseases as early in the drug development process as possible and well before general marketing begins.

TL;DR: The cost-effectiveness of hemodialysis and renal transplantation is analysed, predicted economic gains under expected changes in variables and described attitudes of the Japanese hampering cadaveric kidney transplantation are described.