Showing papers in "Historical Research Letter in 2014"

Archeological and Historic Survey of Ga Costumes: 15th-18thcentury

Abstract: This paper surveys the archaeological discoveries of Ga costumes and adornments from the 15 th -18 th century. It also highlights the historical and the socio-cultural evidence of their costumes and adornments, make-up, headdresses/hairstyles, in terms of sex, status and so on. An important way of looking at the strength and dynamics of a creative art is by examining its earliest periods. This allows the researcher or reader to get a glimpse of the ‘life’ or chronology of that creative work, in order to draw tangible conclusions and provide helpful suggestions. In this pursuit this paper employs interviews, as well as historical and archaeological accounts by some early European travelers to the Guinea Coast around 1600, in addition to some oral traditions. Even though scanty, it was observed that clothing differentiated the poor from the rich, and also designated occupation, mood and the status of royals. The paper concludes by recommending further research, documentation and also calls on traditional leaders to help sensitize the people through seminars, workshops and durbars. Key Words : Ga people, history, clothing, costume, adornment, century

The Ethnic Factor in International Politics: Constructing the Role of the Nawuri in the Pan-Ewe Nationalist Movement

Abstract: This paper examines the German colonial project in Alfai in Northern Ghana as well as the roles the Nawuri played in the political activism of the 1940s and 1950s that sought to define the administrative status of the two Trust Territories of former German Togoland. Described as the “Togoland Question” or the “Ewe Problem”, the political activism has been labeled an Ewe affair, and examined largely within the framework of the pan-Ewe nationalists seeking to project an Ewe identity and establish an Ewe-dominated state. This study shifts focus to the roles that the Nawuri, a non-Ewe ethnic group, played in the pan-Ewe nationalist movement, and argues that the pan-Ewe nationalist movement was not entirely an Ewe affair; Nawuri association with and participation in its activities were conspicuous. Keywords: Alfai, British, Ghana, Gold Coast, German, Gonja, Kanankulaiwura, Kete-Krachi, nationalist, Nawuri, Nawuriwura, Northern Territories, Trust Territories, Togo, Togoland Question

The Impact of Military Rule on Nigeria’s Nation Building, 1966-1979

Abstract: For a significant part of its post independence existence, Nigeria was under military rule The military rule that firstly brought new hopes however did little to salvage the precarious situations that collapsed the first republic It has to be stated that the army was already contaminated by one of the viruses that brought down the civilian government---regionalism Therefore it could be said that the ‘doctor’ himself was ill, and who could cure him but himself Consequently, there was a ‘self surgery’ which resulted in the thirty month civil war This paper assesses the first phase of military rule in Nigeria (1966-1979) in relation to the country’s nation building The paper examines problems and prospects of nation building during this phase of military rule The paper however concludes that the military rule, 1966-79 contributed both positively and negatively to the building a viable and united Nigerian nationhood

Challenges In Managing Entrepreneurial Small Firm’s Growth And Transition In Nigeria

Abstract: Growth can be simply referred to as advancement from less complicated level to more complex level, very essential in business and its one of the major objectives of entrepreneurship. It is the movement of the business into bigger premises, taking on more staff, significant increases of turnover, taking on a new product line or lines, buying another business, and so on. This paper critically assess the new venture creation; what it takes to be an entrepreneur; different dimension of business growth; significance of growth; types of opportunities new venture can consider; barriers to firm growth; managing transition and sustaining growth among others. The paper examines the skills and traits required by an entrepreneur to survive in a recession period. Most importantly, the paper highlights framework conditions required for effective operations of small business and acknowledges a case of Dangote Group of Company, in Nigeria to discuss evolution of growth, transition management and growth sustenance. In this review, it is clearly shown that entrepreneurship growth is not limited to small firm alone, it is also common among larger firm. Evolution of company takes many efforts and shortcomings, and the survival of any firm is also part of growth. Keywords : Growth theory; Growth barriers; Small business; Transition management, Dangote group of company.

Boko Haram: A Race between Amnesty and Criminal Tribunal

Abstract: From 2002 an insurgent group declared war on Nigeria To advance understanding of the challenges to Nigeria’s security, this article analyses the radical Islamic sect popularly called “Boko Haram” This was done by addressing the question: What is the best measure in handling the Boko Haram insurgency Current literature is inconclusive On the one hand, some canvass conciliatory measures like amnesty; on the other hand are those that re-emphasize the realist axiom: war is a continuation of policy It is in the midst of this uncertainty, that this article recommends the establishment of a criminal tribunal Boko Haram insurgency has claimed thousands of lives Key w ords: Sectarian Conflict, Ethnicity, Corruption, Terrorism, Amnesty, Criminal Tribunal

“There Was A Country”: The Reminiscence of Nigeria-Biafra Civil War And Elites’ Perception of Nation and Nationalism in Nigeria

Abstract: Much debates and controversy surround the Nigerian civil war The most recent could be described as an intellectual war and ethnocentrism These were characteristics of the responses and reactions to the book, “THERE WAS A COUNTRY…” by Chinua Achebe Over the years, scholars and political analysts have written books narrating different versions of the civil war, from the remote to immediate causes of the bloody thirty months war To some, these efforts are exaggerated accounts of the war; hence, they promote ethnic bigotry The question is how national integration can be achieved amidst continued ethnic dichotomy in Nigeria Chinua Achebe has used his literary prowess to express in varying degree; the quantum of disappointment experienced by Nigerians due to ethnic cleavages It is conspicuous that ethnic diversity has spurred criticisms to and underplayed the clarion call for nationalism of Achebe’s memoir This paper uses historical analysis with a synopsis of the book, “THERE WAS A COUNTRY”, in the discussion of Chinua Achebe’s conception of nationalism on account of the civil war In this paper, I argue that the memories of the Nigeria-Biafra civil war disenchant the spirit of nationalism in Nigerians They (the Nigerian masses) relying on perception of their ethnic political elite are lead to pursue ethnic nationalism The malaise of ethnicity is detrimental to nation building, which is a common nostalgia Hence, the understanding of nationalism by the followers is based on the definition the political leaders give it

Auditing and Corruption in Nigeria: A Review of the Legal Weight of the Audit Act of 1956

Abstract: This paper proceeds on the proposition that the Nigerian Audit Act of 1956, which is the only extant statutory provisions for auditing and reporting on Federal Government financial transactions is weightless both in arresting corruption and in the prevention of wastes in the use of public financial resources. The paper argues that the Act is not punitive enough to discourage official corruption and that with increasing sophistry with which corrupt acts are perpetrated in government, it is completely bereft of the legal teeth to bite and make appropriable impact on the public desire to promote transparency and accountability. The paper analyses the important provisions of the Act and suggests what is considers remedial provisions that should be inserted in the Act by way of an amendment to make it better positioned to be used as an instrument for curbing corruption and wastes in the public sector.

Intra-tribal Conflicts and the split of Birifoh Sila Yiri: A multiple Approach towards Indigenous Knowledge Management and Tourism in Ghana

Abstract: The study sought to reconstruct the Birifoh migration and intra-tribal conflict stories that were gathered mainly through sociological methods. Using a multiple approach consisting of ethnography, documented evidence and archaeology, this study found that the Sila (hawk) patriclan finally settled in Birifoh after a long sojourn from Wa. Evidence of rapid population growth at Birifoh was established as the presence of huge compound sizes were reported. As a result, coordinating human activities was constrained which led to a serious intra-tribal conflict that also caused loss of human life and property. The ethno-archaeology and history provided enough clues about bloodbath as there was evidence of multiple burials/pile of bones and some of the instrument that were widely used during that period. It is therefore concluded that this reconstruction is relevant for the, local community to remember their past, academics to do further research and promotion of dark tourism to improve the local economy in Ghana. Keywords : Intra-tribal conflict, Ethno-archaeology, Lobi, Dagaaba, Birifoh

Governance and Under-Development of Sub-Sahara Africa

Abstract: Sub-Sahara Africa SSA countries have generated vast literatures from many authors and corporate bodies. What accounts for this interest is the persistence of government inflicted tragedies, that have caused avoidable mass poverty, illiteracy, low political culture, escalation of preventive killer diseases, grinding hunger, economic and political crisis, terror, civil wars, insurgency, preponderance of weak institutions, insecurity, low industrial absorption capacity, rising human frustration, abuse of human rights, endemic corruption, and all manners of unimaginable human induced miseries. Endowed with abundant natural resources and bail out aids from the west, one is piqued at the reason and explanation for continuity of under development and deplorable living conditions in SSA countries. This paper attempts at factoring the causes for the persistence of under-development in SSA, and its attendant unstoppable rise in mass poverty, insurgency, civil war and socio- economic unrest. The methodology used is historical empiricism. What emerged from the finding shows that weak institutions, purposeless and inappropriate leadership, politicization of the diverse human population, abuse of electoral process, absence of well articulated development policies, corruption, all of which are indices of poor governance, account for the retarded economic growth and peace necessary for nation building and sustainable development. Keywords – Sub-Saharan Africa SSA, governance, development, dependency and debt crisis.

Kashmir Peasant Economy under Dogra’s: A Case study of Agrarian produce and Livestock 1885-1925 A.D.

Abstract: Just as the Indian economy which is mainly agrarian based, the economy of the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir was/is primarily agricultural. The bulk of the people in the state lived on agriculture. Agriculture therefore, constituted the backbone of the Kashmir’s economy and prosperity of the state depends up on the well-being of its peasant. The socio-economic life in Kashmir has always been very deeply rooted in agrarian sector, the peasant’s main domain. The present study entitled “ Kashmir Peasant Economy under Dogra’s: A Case study of Agrarian produce and Livestock 1885-1925 A.D.” , is a humble yet sincere attempt by the researcher to critically examine the agricultural produce and livestock of peasant economy and to assess the validity of the statement of ‘the dawn of modernism’. The Third study is devoted for assessment of the peasant economy in the light of rural produce and livestock. It elaborates on a wide variety of crops (both Kharif and Rabi ) cultivated by Kashmiri peasant. Furthermore makes it clear how the nature of agrarian produce, the productivity of land and yield per acre was significantly controlled and determined by the regimes, and also discusses the role of animal husbandry, the backbone of rural economy. The study is based on sources both conventional and non-conventional. A good use of primary sources like archival material, contemporary works , biographies, travel accounts, poetic literature have been made use of for putting the history of this period into proper perspective and to formulate the conceptual framework for this study. Keywords: Livestock, Rabi, Kharif, Production, Acre, Cultivation, Kashmir

Nigeria History: A Panacea for National Integration and Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria

Abstract: Nigeria, a country with an estimated population of about 140 million attained independence in 1960. Since then there has been the challenge of incorporating the diverse peoples into a stable and single national community and sustainable democracy in order to achieve the utmost goal of sustainable development. This paper thus with particular focus on happenings in the country since 1960 bring into a bold relief the need to revisit, reinvigorate and reposition the neglected Nigerian history in our educational system in confronting the country‘s goal of unity and sustainable democracy because it is held that what had happened in the past and what is happening at present are all within the purview of Nigerian History.

Elements of Cooperation and Collaboration in Nigeria-Ghana Relations in Contemporary Times, 1960-1999 .

Abstract: Some previous works on Nigeria-Ghana relations emphasize elements of rivalry, antagonism and disharmony as major themes permeating relations between both countries. This present study, however, contends that relations between both countries have not been as antagonistic as earlier reported. As a matter of fact, available records at the disposal of this study reveal that apart from some periods of diplomatic conflicts, especially in the early years of their relations (1960-1966) caused largely by inter-personal clashes between the leadership of both countries in the immediate post-independence period, and the expulsion sagas of 1969, 1983 and 1985; both countries have lived in harmony with various instances of accord, cooperation and collaboration on matters of mutual interests. Given the above observation, this study seeks to reconstruct the history of Nigeria-Ghana relations by emphasizing some elements of cooperation and collaboration in their relationship for the mutual benefit of both countries at large between 1960 and 1999.

A Synoptic Analysis of Issues in Nigerian Presidential Elections Disputes 1999 – 2007

Abstract: Successful management of election disputes is indispensable in democracy. Transparency and impartiality of election disputes enhance trust in the electoral the democratic process and the rule of law. Building public confidence and trust in election is germane to democratic consolidation in Nigeria’s nascent democracy as its resolution mechanism is a core step in consolidating democracy and legitimacy of the electoral system (Malu, 2007). The election Tribunals/Court are perceived as capable of effectively and impartially resolving election disputes by political actors and a successful resolution of disputes will eliminate the course to violence and other anti democratic tendencies that lead to instability. Therefore in a democracy, the role of the judiciary is quite pertinent. This explains the reason why people’s expectations are always high when matters are before the Court/Tribunal who is expected to be impartial. The failure of the election tribunals/Courts are to effectively resolve election disputes led to the collapse of previous democratic experiments in Nigeria. The following cases attest to the veracity of this argument – the controversial decisions of Courts/Tribunals in respect of cases between Akintola and Adegbenro, Awolowo and Shagari, Ajasin and Omoboriowo, Unongo vs Aper Aku, Bola Ige and Olunloyo which led to the demise of the First and Second Republics. Malu (2007) posited that the collapse of the First and Second Republics in Nigeria were partially caused by loss of faith in the electoral process and the unsatisfactory manner the court handled election disputes (Malu, 2007).

The Growth and Development of Modern Arabic schools in Ibadan, 1945-2000

Abstract: The question of Islamic literacy has attracted global scholarly interest in Africa. Earlier studies on the activities of Islam have concentrated on the growth of Islamic learning centres and its impact in the propagation of Islamic ideals in Ilorin, Kano and Lagos. However, there is yet an exhaustive study on the activities of the growth and development of Islamic learning in Ibadan under colonial and postcolonial influence in Nigeria. The Arabic schools found in Ibadan were established as centres of Arabic civilisation and culture. The schools promoted spiritual and sectarian concerns of Islamic religion than by the secular needs of the society. The paper complements the existing studies on how colonial authorities in Ibadan encouraged the spread and teachings of Islam with the establishment of modern Arabic schools in Ibadan. The paper concludes that all the schools covered in this study were committed to character building based on the ideals of Islamic ethics and civilization.

Utilizing Concepts And Generalizations In Selecting And Organizing Social Studies Contents

Abstract: The broad field or integrated Social Studies is a wide range of disciplines from which Social Studies derives its contents. Concepts and generalizations play a very prominent role in the selection and organization of Social Studies content most importantly it helps us to grasp with realities of our environments. Thus, this paper attempts to explore various scholastic views of concepts and generalizations in Social Studies. It also gives an illustration on the use of concepts and generalizations in selecting Social Studies contents; reviews various benefits of its usage and finally concludes that there is need for teachers, educators and curriculum developers of Social Studies to select and organize the content of the discipline based on concepts and generalizations. Key words : Concepts, Content, Curriculum, Generalizations, Social Studies.

Owerri in the nigerian civil war 1967-1970

Abstract: The town of Owerri was inadvertently so important to the Federal and Biafran forces during the civil war so much so that the battle of Owerri has been acknowledged as one of deadliest in the civil war. This was evident in the way the town changed hands between the Federal and the Biafran forces as many as three times. While the Biafran forces saw Owerri as the last major town under their control, they believed that its effective defence would go a long way to ensure the safety of the Uli airport. They were therefore ready to defend it to the last man. The Federal army on the other hand though initially did not consider the town important but when they were committed to attack the town by Colonel Adekunle, they saw it as the key that held their victory. They hoped also to enter Uli, where the last major airstrip under Biafran control was cited, through Owerri to prevent ColonelOjukwu from escaping. They therefore fought with vigour. The study reveals that the Federal 3 rd Marine Commando Division which almost conveniently overwhelmed the Biafra forces in the South East met its waterloo at Owerri and this led to removal and replacement of its commander. It further reveals that the recapture of Owerri by the Biafran forces reinvigorated the already waning fighting spirit of the Biafran army. It concludes that the recapture of Owerri by the Federal forces gave a fatal and irrecoverable blow on the strength of the Biafran army hence the Republic of Biafra ceased to exist barely five days after the conquest of Owerri. Key Words: Biafra, Owerri, OgbugoKalu, Benjamin Adekunle, Third Marine Commando, Utuk, Obasanjo

The Changing Status of Ekiti Tradional Rulers in Colonial Nigeria

Abstract: Before the advent of the British rule, the Ekiti people had a well organized and structured kingship system that totally brought order and harmony to various communities. The Kings, known as Obas, were graded according to population of towns and, more importantly, historical importance. The Kings, that is the paramount ones, had the power of life and death which made people venerate their positions; or treated with reverence. They had total control over their people and were responsible for all socio-cultural, political, economic and military experiences of their people. However, the British colonial rule came and totally disorganized the kingship systems, desecrating, to a large extent, the spiritual powers of the Kings and usurped their powers; making them subservient to District Officers, in this regard, the Kings become mere rubber stamps, with the status greatly reduced, though while still repeating their positions and given full powers that were, however, not challenging to British rule.

Historical Development of Corporate Social Responsibility- A Review on Early Studies

Abstract: In this twenty first century, the term corporate social responsibility briefly known as CSR is becomes the business strategy. Multinational corporations are paying much more attention to publicize their commitment towards CSR. However, none of the early research explores the historical development of CSR in literature. This study highlighted the debate of CSR followed by the literature development. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, History, Responsible Business, Strategy

Role of Nawab Salimullah for the Foundation of AIML

Abstract: In this article an attempt has been made to remark upon the role of Nawab Salimullah for the foundation of All-Indian Muslim League that is the first and only national Muslim political party in the British India. The Nawab of Dhaka was one of the sole organizers of Muslim League. This article took an attempt to shed light on his number of successive political stances with appreciating contemporary nature of politics in India that eventually gravitated him towards forming of Muslim League. Firstly he launched modern regional politics favoring the partition of Bengal and founded a political association in Bengal, then stepped forward to organize a national political body for the Muslims in India. In this stage, Nawab took remarkable responsibilities like making approach to the Muslim people about urgency of political association, apprehending Hindu communal politics against Muslim, publication of Circular Letter, patronizing the Educational Conference at Dhaka, move for Resolution of AIML pertaining to establishment of League. All of these initiatives have been analyzed by an integrated study to find out the notable contributions of Nawab Salimullah towards forming AIML along with development of Muslim politics in India necessarily. The article also afforded Nawab’s other visionary relevant works in order to consolidate an advancement of Muslim League transcending banality and mendacity of everyday life in every arena fulfilling the desired dreams of the cornered Muslims. Keywords: nature of politics, nature, political association, Muslim politics, partition of Bengal, Hindu communal politics, Circular Letter

Climate Change, Leadership Challenges and Food Security in Nigeria: A Historical Reflection

Abstract: Climate change is a normal part of the Earth’s natural variability, which is related to interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, and land, as well as changes in the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth. This has been on for decades, but the rapidity at which it is occurring is what is alarming. This has in various ways affected agriculture and other related economic activities worldwide. In the case of Nigeria, the situation is alarming because of the neglect of the leadership to the early warning signs due to high level corruption and political rascality. The result is that while other countries have been able to experience the minimal effect through investment and control, Nigeria has been caught on aware, thus threatening not only food security, but human existence as well. This paper (from a historians point of view) thus seeks to examine the relationship between Climate change, leadership challenges and food security in Nigeria as well as the way forward. Keywords : Climate Change, Global warming, Leadership Challenges, Food Security.

Traditional Marriage Customs among the Gusii of Kenya

Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to locate the traditional marriage customs among the Gusii of Kenya in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Attempts will be made to trace the changing trends of the said traditions. Apart from secondary sources, the paper will highly depend on the use of oral testimonies. Key words: marriage, customs, Abagusii .

The Relevance of the Commonwealth of Nations In Today’s World

Abstract: This paper traces the evolution of the Commonwealth of Nations as one of the oldest voluntary international organizations of the world It further assesses the relevance of the organization in the light of recent developments which have affected both the primus inter pare – Great Britain and the other constituting members of the organization The paper submits that, even though there exist some problems within the fold, the role played by members such as Britain, Canada and Nigeria in Africa justifies/balances the obvious reasons for its establishment

Corruption and Democratisation Hurdles in Nigeria: An Overview of the Fourth Republic

Abstract: May 29, 1999 marked the beginning of Nigeria’s fourth republic after several years of military dictatorships in the country. However, no meaningful development to commensurate the Nigeria’s civil rule. This is in spite the fact that the nascent democracy in country is over a decade. Corruption has eaten deep into the country’s socio-economic and political system and which serves as a major threat to Nigeria’s democracy. Public office holders use their power to undermine basic human rights and enrich themselves at the expense of Nigeria’s impoverished populace. This makes it imperative in this study to examine corruption as one of the hurdles of Nigerian democracy. The paper infers that socio-economic and political developments can be enhanced, if the fight against corruption is genuinely tackled and Nigerians at all strata of the polity imbibe the culture of transparency and accountability in public office. Keywords : Corruption, Democratization, Hurdles, Nascent, Transparency

Impact of Financial Factors on the Size of the Credit Facilities Granted by the Jordanian Commercial Banks for the Period 1996-2012

Abstract: This study aimed to find the impact of capital, volume of deposits, size of cash holdings, and interest rates in the Jordanian commercial banks on the credit facilities that granted for customers . I had been collecting data on credit facilities which granted by Jordanian commercial banks and the financial factors that formed the study (amount of capital, volume of deposits, size of cash holdings and the interest rate) from different resources , then the data was analyzed through the statistical analysis of E-views program by using a set of tests, including test method of least squares in the regression analysis (OLS). The results indicated that there was no significant effect for the size of capital, volume of deposits, size of cash holdings, and the interest rate in the Jordanian commercial banks on size of the credit facilities that granted for customers. The study also recommended that the Jordanian commercial banks has to follow the policies revolving credit contribute to improve the capital ratios for total assets, and the percentage of total deposits to total assets, domestic assets, and the rate of interest, since it shows the results of the analysis that the credit facilities that are causing these variables. Keywords : credit, financial factors, commercial banks

Folk lore culture among tribes in Kerala -A study on Attappady

Abstract: India is a land of rich and varied folk art tradition. The folklore is important in passing on the values, beliefs and moral teachings of a society. Since ages, it has been an eternal part of Indian culture. The grass fields, flowing rivers, alluring temples, folklore, culture, heritage and agriculture define the Indian society. The literary and cultural theories represent the life of people in history. The folk and tribal arts of India are simple, ethnic and colorful. It speaks volumes of country's rich heritage. Key words: folk lore culture, tribes, Mainstremization

B.R.Ambedkar and Social Justice a Study

Abstract: B.R.Ambedkar concept of social Justice stands for the liberty equality and social justice of all human beings. He stood for a social system which is based on right relations between man and man in all spheres of life. The humanoid problems that Indian society faced from ancient time down to social justice which was not only very controversial among the deforms in the one hand but also many historians justice statesman social reformers to be replaced by social justice respect the term social Justice is a foreign term to Indian society and concept of social justice.There before the present dissertation is a humble attempt to present what social justice was meant according to B.R.Ambedkar what were the perspectives of the social in justice prevalent in the Indian society. What were the necessities to take him the concept of social justice in an urgent manner in the beginning of the 20 th century finally how a propagated social justice in Indian society? These are all some of the problems explained and highlighted so that the comprehensive addition contribution towards the social justice has been done.Although the present dissertation is about .B.R.Ambedkar and Social justice it would be better to know any other scholarly work have been dome on this or a similar them, so that the present attempt may be improved in the light of those study,

Post-Second World War Malay Magazine, 1945-1957: Analysis on the Circulation and Distribution

Abstract: For a magazine to survive in the market, three elements must be strengthened—the editorial content, circulation or distribution, and income from the advertisement. The editorial content is responsible for attracting readers and thus will improve circulation. Increased circulation also often results in the increased revenue from advertising. Thus, these three pillars, namely editorial, circulation, and advertising are very important for the survival of the magazine. Circulation refers to the number of copies sold to the readers. A good magazine circulation depends on the efficiency and effectiveness of marketing techniques, as well as the efficiency of distribution system used by publisher to deliver magazine to the reader. The publishers of Malay magazines after the Second World War are entirely dependent on circulation of the magazine to cover expenses and to expect profit. This article will discusses on the status of circulation and distribution practices of Malay magazine publishing after the Second World War and its impact on magazine in the market. Keywords: Malay Magazine; magazine circulation and distribution; media after the Second World War; Malay press; media marketing system; Economy of publishing; magazine history;

Historical Perspectives in the Nigeria Cameroon Border Conflicts (1913 – 2002): Implications on Peace in Africa

Abstract: Of all Nigeria’s borderlands, the one with Cameroon has remained the most conflictual. Beginning with border transgressions in 1913, the conflict increased both in scope and intensity over the century attracting international attention at the turn of the 21 st century. This paper interrogates the causes of this age long conflict. The methodology adopted is the multidisciplinary approach. The findings of the paper are that the twin concepts of hegemony and national interest have continually played out and accentuated the conflict. It also points out that hegemonic tendencies and interest of imperial powers have fuelled the conflicts. It suggests a more realistic people centered border policy and a revisit to the principle of sacred colonial borders ( Utti Posiditis Juris) as a major panacea to this quagmire.

The Post-Colonial Themes of Racism in the Nigerian Army (NA) 1966-2014

Abstract: This paper discusses the activities of racial prejudice in independent Nigeria that revolves within the circle of “tribalism” 1 among the contemporary Nigerian society, which emanated through the resurgence of ethnic and religious nationalisms. The practicability of racism has eaten deep into the fabrics of Nigerian society. However, the research has only examined its diffusion into the Nigerian Army (NA), which has become a stagnant weapon in the prevailing advocacy for an assured nationhood in Nigeria.

A History of U.S. Drone Strikes on Pakistan and Its Implications

Abstract: Although the history of U.S. drone strikes on Pakistan is not so long, which was began since 2004 and is still continue but it have complicated narrative. Strikes by drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are the key tools used by the U.S. in “War on Terror” to combat with Al Qaida and Taliban particularly in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Though the history and narrative of drone strikes in Pakistan has been examined by various scholars and historians but numerous questions are still obscure. In particular, what is the U.S. drone policy towards drone strikes under the umbrella of counterterrorism? Which was the U.S. drone strikes legality towards Pakistan? What were the drone strikes implications on Pakistan from 2004 to present date? Answering these questions, not only will the history of drone and beginning of strikes be examined in this study but also intends to analyze the narrative of drone strikes in Pakistan. The study has been distributed into three parts. In first part of study, we will focus on drone technology and historical overview of drone strikes. Second part will be discussed on U.S. policies towards drone strikes and it’s implicit for international law, especially in the realm of law of global human rights; Legitimacy of United States drone attacks in Pakistan and Pak-U.S. internal narrative on drone strikes. About the drone strikes effects (from 2004 to present) on Pakistan (i.e. drone strikes and terrorists, revenge by militants, its economical, psychological, social and political effects on Pakistan) will be discussed in third part of study. Keywords: Drone strikes, Terrorists, U.S. Drone Policies, Human Rights, Implications on Pakistan