Showing papers in "Human Movement in 2012"

Analysis of Body Posture Between Young Football Players and their Untrained Peers

Abstract: Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze the body posture of young football players and their untrained peers Methods A group of 73 football players and 78 untrained boys, all aged between 11 and 14 years, were studied by measuring body posture indices with computer posturography (the MOrIE technique) spinal angles and curvatures in the sagittal plane and body posture asymmetry in the frontal and transversal plane were measured body height and mass and bMI were also determined Results compared to the untrained boys, the group of football players had lower bMI The position of pelvis in the frontal plane was more symmetrical (p < 0001) in football players, but the alignment of the remaining measured parameters was similar between the two groups except for the horizontal symmetry of the waist triangles (a higher incidence of symmetry in some ages groups of football players) and the horizontal symmetry of the shoulder blades (a higher incidence of asymmetry in some ages groups of football players) A postural symmetry index that was created for this study did not find any differentiation among the studied groups The spinal alignment of the football players featured a more flattened lumbar lordosis Conclusion Previously conducted studies on the body posture of young athletes are still not ample and complete, while the results do not clearly indicate the development of posture when subjected to sports training

Self-efficacy, self-esteem and body image as psychological determinants of 15-year-old adolescents’ physical activity levels

Abstract: Purpose. The aim of the study was to analyze which psychological factors can determine the physical activity levels of 15-yearold adolescents. The psychological factors examined were self-efficacy, physical self-esteem (body weight and body appearance) and body image. A multifactorial perspective based on a socioecological approach as well as bandura’s social learning theory was used to clarify the relationships between the determinants and physical activity levels. Methods. The study participants were 2277 15-year-old adolescents (1086 boys and 1191 girls). selected questions and scales from HbsC’s international standard questionnaire were used, including the Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity index, the self perception of body weight and body appearance question, the General self-Efficacy scale and the body Image subscale. Results. It was found that over half of the Polish 15-year-old population featured an insufficient level of physical activity. self-efficacy, body image and physical self-esteem of both body mass and body image were significant predictors of physical activity. The role of these predictors was found to be differentiated by gender. Conclusions. The physical activity levels of 15-year-old adolescents can be predicted by use of psychological variables.

Improving Flexibility and Endurance of Elderly Women Through a Six-Month Training Programme

Abstract: Purpose. Advancing age is associated with predictable sensory, motor and cognitive changes, which may have a potential impact on an older person’s ability to function effectively in society. The purpose of this study was to assess whether two slightly different half-year-long regular training programmes had a positive effect on flexibility, range of motion and endurance in a sample population of elderly persons. Also analysed was which programme was found to be more effective. Methods. A group of women (N = 42, M = 67.1 ± 4.5 years) was chosen from retired persons clubs from Eger, Hungary. They were randomly divided into three groups. The first group (N = 15, M = 66.2 ± 3.8 years) took part in a one-hour-long Pilates training session three times a week, the second group (N = 15, M = 67.1 ± 5.9 years) took part in an aqua-fitness class twice a week with one Pilates class once a week and the third group (N = 12, M = 68.2 ± 3.2 years) was the control group. Pre-and postmeasurements were conducted on: flexion of the right shoulder and hip, lumbar spine flexion, thoracolumbar spine flexion, trunk lateral flexion on the right side, a 6-minute walk test, and a 30-second sit-to-stand test. Significant inter-group differences could be found in all of the measurements. Data were analysed using statistical software with the Paired-Samples T-test and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (p < 0.05). Results. After the six-month regular training programmes no differences were found in the control group. For the two groups subjected to the training programmes all the other variables showed significant differences. The most remarkable results for the Pilates group were with the 6-minute walk and sit-to-stand test, while for the aqua-fitness and Pilates group shoulder and hip flexion. Conclusions. A half-year-long training program can considerably improve the physical performance elderly adults need in everyday life.

Strength parameters in judo athletes: an approach using hand dominance and weight categories

Abstract: Purpose. This study aimed to relate strength parameters of the judogi pull test and countermovement jump (CMJ), and body fat with body mass and to compare strength parameters in the judogi pull test between the dominant and non-dominant hands. Methods. Eighteen male judokas took part in this study. The following parameters were analysed: maximal force (F max), time to maximal force (TF max), rate of force development ( rFD) and rate of peak force decrement ( rPFD) of the dominant and nondominant hands during the pull test. Jump height (H max), power, F max, peak velocity (PV) and rFD in the CMJ were also measured. A t-test and Pearson’s correlation were used. Results. Fmax (absolute and relative) and rFD were greater for the dominant hand, whereas rFPD was greater for the non-dominant hand during the pull test. There was a significant correlation only between absolute Fmax and body mass (r = 0.51) in the pull test. For the CMJ, relative power ( r = –0.57), Hmax (r = –0.49) and PV (r = –0.53) were negatively correlated with body mass, while absolute F max (r = 0.84) and power (0.69) were positively correlated with body mass. A significant correlation between body mass and body fat ( r = 0.88) was found. Conclusions. There are differences in maximal and explosive force and the rate of peak force decrement between the dominant and non-dominant hand. Absolute values of power and maximal force increased according to body mass (and, therefore, a higher weight category); however jump per formance decreased with an increase in body mass (weight category).

Personal Development of participants in Special Olympics Unified Sports Teams.

Abstract: Purpose. This study aims to identify the impact of the Special Olympics’ Unified Sports program on the personal development of its participants. Methods. A qualitative method was used, which included gathering data by interviewing individual athletes and unified teams, by collecting individual personal histories and by use of connection charts from five European countries that participate in the Unified Sports program. A total of 221 data samples were recorded. Results. Athletes reported improvements in their abilities on the field as well as increased fitness and technical ability. They emphasized the importance of team-work and trust between athletes. Improvements in confidence, self-esteem and communication skills were also reported by athletes. Partners also reported a positive change in attitude towards people with intellectual disabilities. Friendships were a central and vital aspect of taking part in the teams. Friendships developed between athletes and partners. Athletes reported increased access to community “places” such as sports facilities and social venues. Conclusions. Unified Sports is an exciting initiative thatholds much promise in transforming the life experiences of young athletes with intellectual disabilities. The impact of the Unified Sports program on the personal development of participants applies to all areas of human functioning – physical, mental and social. Our evaluation suggests that its concepts and modes of operations transcend national boundaries and cultures at least within a European context.

Evaluating the Coordination of Motor Abilities in Greco-Roman Wrestlers by Computer Testing

Abstract: Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by using a number of selected criteria, the accuracy of Vienna Test System (VST) computer tests used in wrestling to evaluate motor skill development. Methods. Fifteen 16–17-year-old students from the SMS Sports School in radom, Poland, who had been practising Greco-roman wrestling for a period of 3 to 6 years took part in a VTS-based examination that measured coordination of motor abilities (cMA). Test reliability and validity were evaluated on the basis of thirty test scores characterising six abilities that define motor coordination. reliability was defined by performing the tests twice (test/retest) over a period of three-to-five days. The validity of the selected scores was established with the help of three different criteria. Results. Thirteen out of the thirty cMA scores under investigation demonstrated sufficient coefficients of reliability. The cMA tests assessing quick reaction time, frequency of movements, partial spatial orientation, movement adaptability and movement coupling fulfilled the assumed criterion. In most cases, the coefficients of validity were not lower than 0.3. The highest validity level was demonstrated by scores measuring movement coupling, complex reaction time, spatial orientation and movement adaptability, while the lowest one was found in simple reactions and frequency of movements. Conclusions. The obtained reliability and validity coefficients of the scores based on complex reaction, partial spatial orientation, movement adaptability and movement coupling confirm the usefulness of these specific tests in diagnosing cMA in wrestlers, as they meet the demands of sports metrology.

Athletes’ Perception of Parental Support and Its Influence in Sports Accomplishments – A Retrospective Study

Abstract: Purpose. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of family environmental factors on student athletes featuring different levels of sports accomplishment: 1) a low level – no significant achievements (N = 46), 2) a medium level – significant achievements at a regional level (N = 86) and 3) a high level – significant achievements at national and/or international level (N = 33). Methods. The participants were administered a demographic survey and the Athletes’ Family Environment Questionnaire (AFEQ). Results. One-way ANOVA found that the high achievers’ families differ from the mediumand low-level achievers in five (out of nine) of the studied family environment factors: children as an important value in family life, sport as an important value in family life, parents’ involvement in their child’s sports career, the overall genetic-environmental conditioning of their child’s talent and passion for sports, as well as parents living through their child’s involvement in sports. Conclusions. Such factors as parents’ involvement in their child’s sports career and parents living through their child’s involvement in sports are especially interesting for researchers. On one hand, these factors can be beneficial (providing instrumental support, spectatorship), but on the other hand, they can have adverse effects such as a child quitting sports, experiencing burnout or have a higher risk of injury. From a practical perspective, the family environment may be the most accessible as well as the most important of the socio-environmental dimensions of young athletes.

The predictive value of on-ice special tests in relation to various indexes of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in ice hockey players

Abstract: Purpose. The main goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of the indexes of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in relation to specific on-ice tests performed by hockey players that focus on strength, power, speed as well as speed and strength endurance. Methods. Ice hockey players, who were members of the U20 (under 20 years of age) Polish National Ice Hockey Team, were selected from the Athletic School in Sosnowiec, Poland. Parameters that determine anaerobic and aerobic capacity were evaluated and a special physical fitness assessment was made based on a battery of ice-hockey specific tests. The degree and direction of correlations between the individual parameters of anaerobic and aerobic endurance and the special physical fitness test were calculated. Results. The obtained results found significant correlations between maximal power obtained from the Wingate test and certain aspects of the special physical fitness test, specifically the 6 × 9 turns, 6 × 9 stops and 6 × 30 m endurance tests. Significant correlations of the above-mentioned special physical fitness tests were also observed with the aerobic capacity parameter, VO 2max. Conclusions. The obtained results could be considerably useful in training, as well as providing much more information on athletes which can then be suited for more personalized forms of training.

The Education Level and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Physical Activity in Czech Adults

Abstract: Purpose. Previous research has shown that physical activity (PA) is determined by several variables, such as gender, social economic condition (SES) and place of residence. The main purpose of this study was to study the association between education and PA of the Czech adult population as well as discovering any other socio-demographic factors that may influence PA. Methods. A population-based survey conducted in 2008 resulted in 6,989 International Physical Activity Questionnaires (short version) from Czech adults aged 26–69 years. This survey included all regions in the Czech Republic. The data were analysed using frequencies and binomial logistic regression separately for gender and education level. The dependent variables were classified as either the “healthy minimum” and “health promotion” according to the amount of PA criteria the individuals met. Results. People with a university education had less PA than other groups of different education levels. The “health promotion” category was met by 9.9% of women and 6.5% of men with elementary education, 67.4% of women and 71.3% of men with a secondary education, and 22.7% of women and 22.2% of men with a university education. The “health promotion” category is also more likely to be met by males (OR 1.33, CI 1.20–1.48, p < 0.001), people with elementary (OR 1.67, CI 1.36–2.06, p < 0.001) and secondary education (OR 1.60, CI 1.42–1.80, p < 0.001), those living with a family with children (OR 1.49, CI 1.07–1.53, p < 0.001), living in villages (OR 1.35, CI 1.14–1.60, p < 0.001) or small towns (OR 1.27, CI 1.10–1.61, p < 0.001), those who have a dog (OR 1.15, CI 1.04–1.27, p < 0.05), and those who participate in organized PA (OR 1.30, CI 1.17–1.44, p < 0.001). Conclusions. There was a surprising low amount of PA among those who studied at a university. Programs that promote PA among university students and future graduates should be considered.

Health-related physical fitness and associated sociodemographic factors in adolescents from a brazilian state capital

Abstract: 4 CAPES Foundation - grant BEX 0951/10-2 ABSTrACT Purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between health-related physical fitness and sociodemo - graphic factors in students from a capital city of a Brazilian state. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 605 students aged 15 to 19 years. Sociodemographic data were collected, including gender, age, education level and family income, and correlated to physical fitness levels. Results. The percentages of students with unhealthy body composition, unhealthy skeletal muscle fitness and aerobic fitness levels were 23.8%, 34.4% and 30.5%, respectively. There was a trend for fewer male adoles - cents (Or: 0.65; IC95%: 0.42-0.98) to have unhealthy body composition. Students from lower socioeconomic families were less likely to have musculoskeletal unfitness (Or = 0.60; IC95%: 0.41-0.89). In relation to aerobic fitness, male students (Or = 3.86; IC95%: 2.67-5.58) and those aged 17-19 years ( rO = 1.49; IC95%: 1.02-2.177) were more likely to be unfit. Con- clusions. It is important to encourage young people to take part in sports and physical activities at moderate to vigorous in -

An Assessment of Athletic Identity in Blind and Able-Bodied Tandem Cyclists

Abstract: Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the athletic identity (AI) of blind and able-bodied tandem cyclists and explore its relationship to selected variables. An additional objective of this study was to analyze the reliability of the seven-item Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) for tandem cyclists. Methods. The participants (N = 50) completed measures of AI, variables characterizing their loss of vision (degree and time of loss) and variables characterizing their sports level (the number of hours of training per week and sports experience). Results. The AI level of able-bodied tandem captains is significantly higher than the level in visually impaired athletes. blind tandem cyclists were found to be a fairly homogeneous group according to AI. There were no differences in AI and the degree and time of vision loss, the number of hours of training per week and when a cycling license was received. Psychometric analysis showed that AIMS is a reliable and consistent research tool in the evaluation of AI of tandem cyclists. Conclusions. The findings suggest that there is a need to increase the involvement of blind cyclists in the sport as well as their responsibility for sports results.

Exposure to Concomitant Low Health-Related Physical Fitness Components and Associated Sociodemographic Factors in Brazilian Adolescents

Abstract: Purpose. To determine the prevalence of the presence of concomitant low health-related physical fitness components with sociodemographic factors among Brazilian adolescents living in a small town of German colonization. Methods. A cross-sectional epidemiological study on adolescents (10 to 17 years old) from the public schools of São Bonifácio, Santa Catarina, Brazil (N = 277) was conducted. The FITNESSGRAM test battery was applied to assess three physical fitness components (body com position, cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness). Data on age (split into two age groups of 10–12 and 13–17 years), gender (male/ female), area of residence (rural/urban) and socioeconomic status (low/high) were collected by a questionnaire. Maturity, determined by pubic hair development, was self-assessed. The analyzed physical fitness components were analyzed in terms of the groups of three possible combinations that featured two physical fitness components concomitantly. Adjusted binary and multinomial logistic regression was applied, adopting a confidence level of 95%. Results. 75.4% of boys and 88.5% of girls showed unsatisfactory levels for health in at least one physical fitness component. Girls living in rural areas were more likely to have combinations of excess body fat with low muscular fitness (OR = 5.06, 95% CI [1.31, 19.61]), low muscular fitness with low cardiorespiratory fitness (OR = 5.46, 95% CI [1.24, 23.94]) and feature two (OR = 8.82, 95% CI [1.60, 48.49]) low values of the components regardless of which combination. Boys aged 10–12 years were less exposed to lower fitness levels compared to those with satisfactory levels (OR = 0.09, 95% CI [0.01, 0.61]). Conclusions. More effective measures aimed at promoting physical fitness among adolescents are needed, where special attention should be given to boys aged 10–12 years and girls aged 13–17 years and living in rural areas.

Gender identity in female football players.

Abstract: Purpose. The aim of this study was to define the relationship between gender identity, the perception of the body, depressiveness, and aggression in female football players who represent different levels of competence (playing in the premier league vs. second league) and seniority in sport. Methods. research was carried out on female football players (aged 16–31 years) playing in the premier league (N = 49) and second league (N = 45). Data were obtained with the use of: the body Image Evaluation Questionnaire by Mandal, developed on the basis of Franzoi’s concepts; Kuczynska’s Gender Assessment Inventory (IPP) adapted from the Bem Sex Role Inventory (bSrI), which diversifies individuals in terms of their gender identity in accordance to the Gender Schema Theory by bem; the Beck Depression Inventory, translated by Lewicka and czapinski; and the BussDurkee Inventory, adapted by Kosewski with comments from Stanik. To find a relationship between the mentioned variables, statistical analysis was carried out by use of ANOVA, the t test, the 2 test and correlation coefficients. Results. The obtained research results indicate that, among female football players, the following occurs: a predominance of androgynous gender identities and a deficiency of its other types, a higher level of masculinity than among non-training women, a more favorable perception of body-as-process, a higher evaluation of body-as-object, along with an increase of masculinity and a decrease in indirect aggression at higher competition levels. Conclusions. The application of the masculinity dimension by female football players with androgynous gender identity is probably an effective strategy for survival in conditions that are unsuitable and gender-inappropriate in typical masculine sports.

The use of the "eduball" educational ball in rural and urban primary schools and the physical fitness levels of children.

Abstract: Purpose. Our study aimed at assessing the effects of introducing a modified physical educational program that uses “eduball” educational balls during exercise, play-time and games on the physical fitness of first-grade primary school students. In addition, the study also took under consideration whether any noted changes depended on where the students lived, i.e., in an urban or rural environment. Methods. A total of 127 first-grade students were selected to participate in the pedagogical experiment, with 48 students from a primary school in an urban environment and 79 students from two primary schools located in rural villages. The physical fitness levels of the children were assessed by using selected batteries from the International Physical Fitness Test before and after implementing the “eduball” physical education program. Results. The results found that physical fitness levels were not affected by the use of the “eduball” educational ball, regardless of the environment. However, the physical fitness results of both the boys and girls in the rural experimental group may confirm that the activities that used the educational balls, which emphasize running, can have an impact on the motor development of children’s speed and agility skills. Conclusions. The boys from the urban experimental and urban control groups in both tests achieved better results than their peers from rural areas. However, this may be more strongly related to the overall higher physical fitness levels of the boys from an urban environment (as was found in the first test), rather than their place of residence or their schools’ sports facilities, which were found to be comparable. In the groups of girls, a somewhat different trend was observed, with girls from the urban environment performing better than girls from rural areas among the analyzed fitness variables in the first test, but with the differences leveling out by the second test.

The Kinesthetic Differentiation Ability of Table Tennis Players

Abstract: Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between two groups of table tennis players (differing by their level of play) in terms of the kinesthetic differentiation ability of their so-called spatial component. Methods. The study was conducted using a goniometer which assessed the accuracy of performing an arm movement, specifically, the pronation and supination of the forearm at the elbow. The study analyzed the accuracy rate of performing this movement, where a smaller value indicated a higher level of kinesthetic differentiation ability. Results. In all four tasks, the more advanced (skill-wise) group of players obtained lower arithmetic mean and median values of accuracy than the group that played at a lower skill set. This may suggest the importance of the tested variable as an important component of table tennis. However, the tested groups did not significantly differ from each other in the accuracy of performing the studied movement. Nonetheless, the variability of the accuracy rate of the lower skill level group was considerably larger than the more advanced and skilled group. Conclusions. It can be assumed that the more advanced group is more homogeneous in terms of accuracy production. This could be the result of specific training exercises.

Functional relationships between gaze behavior and movement kinematics when performing high bar dismounts - An exploratory study

Abstract: Purpose. The aims of this study were, first, to investigate visual spotting and, second, to explore the functional relationships between movement structure and gaze behavior in gymnasts as they perform preparatory giant swings (traditional and scooped technique) and dismounts (single straight and double tucked salto) with increasing difficulty on the high bar. It was predicted that visual spotting would occur in all experimental tasks. Methods. relationships between gaze behavior and movement kinematics were explored to provide a clearer picture of how gaze is interconnected with the kinematics of dismounts on the high bar. For this purpose, kinematic parameters were measured with an optical movement-analysis system while gaze behavior was measured by using a portable and wireless eye-tracking system. Results. The measurement of gaze behavior revealed that gymnasts use visual spotting in all three tasks showing fixations throughout the whole movement. Each task was furthermore characterized by a sequence of visual fixations that was thought to serve specific movement goals. In particular, fixations during the downswing phase of the preparatory giant swings were significantly correlated with the movement phases when beginning the hip extension and flexion in the “kick through” as well as with the athlete’s distance of flight during the dismounts. Conclusions. The findings suggest that gymnasts can use visual spotting during preparatory giant swings and dismounts on the high bar and that there are functional relationships between different fixations and specific movement goals.

Interleukin-6 As An Adipokine And Myokine: The Regulatory Role Of Cytokine In Adipose Tissue And Skeletal Muscle Metabolism

Abstract: Purpose. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) belongs to the IL-6-type cytokine family, which, besides IL-6, comprises of IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OsM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (cNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (cT) and cardiotrophin-like cytokine (cLc). The metabolic effects of IL-6 differ markedly depending on the nature of the target cell with positive action on nerve cells’ differentiation and hematopoesis, but negative in the etiology of autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. In a target cell, IL-6 can simultaneously generate functionally distinct or sometimes contradictory signals depending on the in vivo environment, and the final physiological effect is a consequence of the orchestration of the diverse signals. Thus, its physiological effects are characterized by pleiotropy and redundancy. At present, it has been well documented that in obese individuals, IL-6, as an adipokine secreted into circulation by adipose tissue in proportion to body fat content and an elevated level of the cytokine in the plasma, adversely affects insulin signaling and glucose disposal in skeletal muscles and liver. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicated that IL-6 is a myokine synthesized in skeletal muscle and secreted into the bloodstream in response to exercise. In this way muscular work has a potential to stimulate adipose tissue lipolysis and provides an energy to working muscle. Furthermore, muscle-originated IL-6 acts locally, positively affecting intramuscular fat utilization. It has also been postulated that IL-6 is inevitable for satellite cell stimulation and muscle hypertrophy and repair.

Scoring Abilities in the Game of Tennis – A Pragmatic Study of Unique Cases

Abstract: Purpose. Many studies analyzing the game of tennis overlook assessing such variables as the pure ability to play the game or the skill needed to take an opponent by surprise. This can be quantified in terms of a player’s shot flexibility, variability, velocity, or by the conscious or intuitive adaptability one can possess towards anticipating return shots, how best to hit the ball in order to keep it in play, as well as the buildup of delivering a shot or in scoring a point. The aim of the study was to identify the ability to score points in tennis based on an original set of assessment criteria that were used to measure the different effective plays against an opponent. This included measuring the variability, spatial flexibility and variability of shots taken, as well as the willingness to make risky plays. Methods. The study analyzed the match play of two elite tennis players, roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, who competed against one another in the final of the 2007 US Open and the semi-final of 2008 Australian Open. Video recording of the two games was used to score and measure the proposed criteria. Results. The study found numerous quantitative and qualitative aspects that could assess the performance of the players. This included measuring the variety, spatial flexibility and variability of shots taken, as well as the willingness to make risky plays. Shot variety, flexibility and variability, as well as the amount of risk taken during game play, were quantifiable in nature. Taking into account the high sporting level of the players, the obtained results are undoubtedly of considerable educational value. Conclusion. The results allow for the conclusion that the teaching process in tennis demands the introduction of significant modifications aimed at the rationalization of technique and the introduction of criteria that can measure player effectiveness.

Development of Selected Motor Skills in Boys and Girls in Relation to Their Rate of Maturation - A Longitudinal Study

Abstract: Purpose. The aim of this study was to examine the process of how motor skills were developed and shaped in boys and girls in relation to their rate of maturation, based on the use of peak height velocity (PHV), which measures biological maturity. Methods. This study made use of a longitudinal study researching the physical fitness of boys and girls from Kraków, Poland during the years 1980–1990. From the original sample population, 296 boys and 196 girls were selected for further analysis. Physical fitness tests were administered over the subsequent decade, measuring the following motor skills: speed, explosive strength of the lower limbs, static strength of the right and left hand, agility, dynamic strength of the abdominal muscles, static endurance of the upper limbs and shoulders, and flexibility. On the basis of the median and PHV age quartiles for both sexes, the examined individuals were divided into two cohorts: early maturers and late maturers. The mean values and standard deviations of the physical fitness test results were calculated based on biological age. Afterwards, the means and standard deviations of each tested motor skill of the early maturers were standardized into means and standard deviations of the late maturers. Results. The motor skills best performed in all age groups and in both sexes by early maturers were in tests of static strength of the hands. In the group of boys, early maturers in all age groups also performed the best in tests of speed and explosive strength of the lower limbs. Late-maturing girls were positively differentiated in each age group in tests of static strength of the upper limbs and shoulders, and in the dynamic strength of the abdominal muscles. Conclusions. The rate of maturation was found to significantly influence the results of fitness tests, particularly in the case of boys.

A comparative analysis of the anthropometric method and bioelectrical impedance analysis on changes in body composition of female volleyball players during the 2010/2011 season

Abstract: Purpose. The aim of this study was to observe the changes in body composition by using two measurement methods – anthropometric analysis and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) – on a group female volleyball players and to compare the results of both methods. Methods. Eleven female volleyball players participated in this study during the 2010/2011 season. Measurements of body composition were performed with an electronic body composition analyzer (BIA method) adjusted for sTANDARD physical activity levels and then using the anthropometric method as per Piechaczek’s formula. Total lean body mass (LBM), total body fat content (FAT) and body water content were measured. Measurements were taken before preseason training (Measurement 0), one week before the end of preseason training (Measurement 1), after the first (Measurement 2) and the second (Measurement 3) half of the competitive season and four weeks after the seasons’ playoffs during the offseason (Measurement 4). Additionally, during Measurement 4, body composition measured by the BIA method was adjusted for ATHLETIc physical activity levels. Results. Body mass, lean body mass and body water content did not change throughout the analyzed period. Body fat mass, as determined by BIAsTANDARD, increased from 20.7 ± 5.3 kg (Measurement 0) to 22.2 ± 5.0 kg (Measurement 1) but subsequently decreased to 21.2 ± 5.7 kg (Measurement 2) and remained at this level until the end of the competitive season. In the case of body fat as measured by the anthropometric method, a significant increase in fat was observed from 18.4 ± 3.0 kg to 19.3 ± 3.4 kg and then from 19.5 ± 3.5 kg to 19.8 ± 3.6 kg. Analysis of LBM and FAT values found significant differences between the values obtained using the BIA method at the ATHLETIc physical activity level and the results registered at the sTANDARD level and those recorded by use of the anthropometric method. Conclusions. The results obtained using the BIA method set at the sTANDARD mode of physical activity and those by the anthropometric method did not significantly differ. significant correlation between the values obtained by the BIA method and anthropometric method was found.

Does the modification of ball mass influence the types of attempted and successful shots in youth basketball

Abstract: Purpose. This study aimed at determining: (a) whether the effect of modifying ball mass allowed youth basketball players to attempt a greater number of lay-ups and hook shots during real games, and (b) whether the modification affected successful shots. Methods. Fifty-four boys from six basketball teams, aged between 10–11 years, participated in the study. The independent variable was ball mass and the dependent variable was the attempted and successful type of shots (set and jump shot, lay-ups, and hook shot). We established three situations in which four games were played with each of the following balls: (a) a regulation ball, (b) a ball of smaller mass (440 g), and (c) a ball of greater mass (540 g). Four observers were trained (intraand inter-observer reliability > 0.96). Four observers recorded the data utilizing a systematized register from observation of the game videos. Results. A higher percentage of lay-ups were attempted with the 440-g ball in comparison with the regulation ball (U = 227906, p = 0.01, ES = 0.152) and with the 540-g ball (U = 218614, p = 0.01, ES = 0.160). A higher percentage of lay-ups were successful with the 440-g ball in comparison to the 540-g ball (U = 223080, p = 0.02, ES = 0.210). Conclusions. Only attempted lay-ups increased with the 440-g ball in comparison to the regulation ball, but the percentage of the rest of kinds of attempted shots and successful shots were similar when comparing the modified balls to the regulation ball.

Pain and suffering in sport.

Abstract: Pain is an authentic part of humanity. This text deals with the topic of pain within the context of sports. It compares the agon of war to the agon of sports. Here, pain is considered as a physical phenomenon, as a cultural and social construct as well as a meaningful phenomenon. Another issue addressed in this paper is how pain is presented as an authentic component of per forming sports. A loss of authenticity in sports is mentioned in connection with the prevalence of injuries. s pecial attention is paid to the topic of death, which is understood as being a part of the horizon of pain. The last part of the article focuses on crises in professional sports and asks about the meaning of pain and suffering in sports.

Changes in body build of awf students 1967–2008. Can a secular trend be observed?

Abstract: Purpose. Previous research on intergenerational changes in body build has focused on body height and mass. The aim of this study was to determine both the direction and sexual dimorphism of secular changes in body build by using a sample popula tion of students attending the University School of Physical Education (AWF) in Wroclaw, Poland. Methods. The anthropometric data used in this study were collected every year from 1967 to 2008 and included a sample size of 4688 males and 3922 females. The subjects were analyzed for changes in somatotype by use of Sheldon’s method, as modified by Heath and carter. basic statistical analysis for significance and post-hoc tests were used to analyze the data with Statistica 9.0 software. The data were then converted in Excel 2003 into chart form to analyze the direction of changes. Results. Analysis of the successive classes of male and female subjects during the 40-year period under study revealed a number of different directional changes in the mean values of body height, mass and the level of body build components. Trend lines, calculated by the mean values of five-year intervals, indicated an increasing tendency in both body height and mass in the two genders. Mesomorphy was found to be the largest factor of body build composition of females and males. Throughout the entire analyzed period, the endomorphy of males was significantly lower in comparison to females. In women, the level of fatness was similar to their level of musculature, but during the last several years the observed level of muscle in the students exceeded their fatness level. Ectomorphy happened to be the most stable component of both sexes. Conclusions. Analysis on the male and female sample population revealed a constant increase in body mass and height in successive generations. In female subjects, intergenera tional changes were found to be characterized by a decrease in endomorphy and an increase in ectomorphy, while the level of mesomorphy remained at a similar level. In men, a secular trend was visible with an increase in mesomorphy, while the levels of endomorphy and ectomorphy stayed constant.

The Vertical Jump Height of Soccer Players after Static Overstretching

Abstract: Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of static overstretching on performing a vertical jump. Methods. A methodological model was used, using descriptive and comparative methods on 45 randomly selected under-15-year-old male soccer players. Three jump test measurements were taken over a period of several days, where the first measurement included a pre-test in order to familiarize the athletes with using a contact mat, where maximum vertical jump height was recorded as a control. The second measurement had the athletes perform a vertical jump after static overstretching of the lower limbs. The third test had the athletes perform another vertical jump with no overstretching as another control. Results. The results found a significant difference in vertical jump heights ( % = 34.1%, p < 0.05), with jumps performed after static overstretching to be much lower. Conclusions. The usage of such a static overstretching method negatively influences the vertical jump within the tested group of under-15 male soccer players.

An Evaluation of Kinesthetic Differentiation Ability in Monofin Swimmers

Abstract: Purpose. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of monofin swimmers in reproducing the bending forces that act on a monofin’s surface through the specific leg movement present in swimming as well as the forces that the swimmers generated on a kinesthesiometer as part of a dry-land simulation trial. Methods. Six men, members of the National Monofin Swimming Team, took part in the study. The level of the swimmers’ kinesthetic response was defined by examining their repeatability in producing the bend forces that act on a monofin’s surface as a reaction to water resistance and by investigation on the pressure force generated by a swimmer’s lower limbs during dry-land tests on a kinesthesiometer. Results and conclusions. It was established that a high level of kinesthetic response, estimated in the group of monofin swimmers, was the result of an adaptation evoked from the specificity of their sensory stimulus perception, received in the form of feedback from the monofin’s large surface area.

Mood Changes in Individuals Who Regularly Participate in Various Forms of Physical Activity

Abstract: Purpose. A number of mental and physical benefits arise from leading an active lifestyle. Many forms of therapies make use of physical activity to reinforce rehabilitation as well as improve the condition of the body and mind. It is in this way that an individual can improve their well-being through cleansing the body of negative emotions and seek inner harmony, which is one of the most important features of mental health. However, the question arises whether all forms of physical activity improve the emotional state of an individual in the same way. A qualitative change in mood may be in fact related to the methodical factors present in physical activity (the type of exercise, the training method or its intensity and frequency) but also an instructor’s personality, the age and gender of the participant as well as their physical fitness and motor skills, the subject’s current social and mental state, environmental factors or other factors related to everyday life such as work, family, etc. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in mood of physically active and highly fit people, aged 22–25 years, after various forms of physical activity and with different training methodologies. Methods. The Mood Adjective Check List (UMACL) was admini stered to 84 students before and after completing a course in a number of physical activities. Statistical methods were then applied to the results to measure the size of the differences and for any statistical significance. Results. The results found that regardless of the form of physical activity or class duration, there was a positive change in the mood of participants. Differences in size of the changes, when compared to the forms of physical activity and gender, were not found. Conclusions. The improvement in mood of fit and regularly physically active adults is observed regardless what form of physical activity is practiced.

The Relationships Between the Effectiveness of Team Play and the Sporting Level of A Team

Abstract: Purpose. This study aimed at determining what relationships exist between the determinants of team play efficiency (coope­ ration) for creating scoring situations in volleyball and the sporting level of a team. These relationships take into consideration the number of players who cooperate within a team and the speed at which sets are performed. Methods. The study gathered observational data on how three leading male volleyball teams, namely brazil, russia and Serbia, played in the semi­finals of the 2010 World League, finishing first, second and fourth, respectively. The research tool was a self­made data registration sheet which included the description of the chosen variables, namely the type of plays used and how sets were formed, and the cri­ teria for their quantification. The collected results were presented as tables and indexes. An interdisciplinary interpretation of the results was conducted, which included a qualitative identification of the dependencies that existed between the chosen variables. Results. The efficiency of team cooperation when solving situational problems in the offense was not significantly different in the analysed teams. The prevailing activities during the game were those performed in the 2 tempo, i.e. team play requiring the coordination and synchronization of three players. Players’ activity as well as the performance efficiency of the sets they performed in the 2 tempo increased along with an increase in the sporting efficiency of the examined teams. In the case of sets performed in the 3 tempo, activity and the efficiency of coordination declined along with the growth of sports ef­ ficiency. The suggested indexes of the employment and application of synergy enable us to determine its level within the teams which differ in regards to sports efficiency. A diagnostic value of the index of synergy usage, which is determined by the efficiency of sets in various paces, is higher than a diagnostic value of the index that is determined by the activity of team play. Conclusions. Nowadays, sport teams, especially those which play volleyball at the highest world level, are characterized by a high level of dynamic organization of players’ activities, which is manifested in the game with the high efficiency of team play when solving situational problems in the offense, particularly with the use of two or three players conducted in the 1 and 2 tempos.

Inter-examiner, within-session and between-session repeatability of kinematic gait parameters among adult subjects

Abstract: Purpose. This research aimed to assess the repeatability of results obtained when analysing gait by means of a system designed for objective gait analysis in a single laboratory setting by a single examiner within-session and between-sessions. Methods. For the purpose of this research, the bTs smart-D movement analysis system, produced by Capture Motion system of Italy, was used. Four healthy adults were examined. The subjects took part in three gait analysis testing sessions, with each session separated by a two-day break. During each session, two sets of measurements were taken for each subject. statistical analysis was performed with statsoft’s statistica 7.1 software. Results. Within each session, all examined temporal and spatial parameters were found to be repeatable. Only in hip and knee joint rotation was repeatability not confirmed within session. between the sessions, repeatability was confirmed in pelvic rotation, abduction/adduction of the knee joint and for all foot kinematic parameters. Conclusions. Conducting gait analysis by one researcher does not guarantee obtaining repeatable results for all measured kinematic parameters, either within one session or between sessions; caution ought to be exercised when interpreting results. Among the studied parameters, hip and knee joint rotation provided the most difficulty in obtaining repeatable results. For this reason, diagnostic and therapeutic decisions based on such data require the utmost consideration.

Aiming point trajectory as an assessment parameter of shooting performance

Abstract: Purpose. The purpose of this study was to elaborate on the scientific methodology for providing an assessment of air-pistol shooters’ aiming stability by (i) substantiating the parameters of aiming stability, (ii) specifying the quantitative evaluation methods in using an optoelectronic target, (iii) evaluating the reliability of tests determining aiming stability, and (iv) developing a methodology for creating individual and group parameters of aiming stability. Methods. The aiming trajectories of 95 airpistol shooters, each of whom fired 60 shots using a SCATT optoelectronic simulator, were calculated to develop individual and group aiming stability parameters. Research methods included an optoelectronic registration of movement, research on top air-pistol shooters’ sports results, mathematical modelling, variation statistics, cluster analysis, two-way ANOVA with data correlation and reliability theory tests. Results. It was found that an average aiming point trajectory on the SCATT optoelectronic target measured one second before a shot could be accepted as an assessment parameter of aiming stability, as it is one of the basic parameters of technical preparation and its position is not influenced by the ballistic characteristics of the pistol and pellets (ŋ = 0.944). Conclusions. The parameters of aiming stability in air-pistol shooting were developed using a modification of the clustering method. This allows for the identification of weak points in the structure and organization of shooters’ training and for adjustment of the training process.