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Showing papers in "IEEE Computer in 2008"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Augmenting Amdahl's law with a corollary for multicore hardware makes it relevant to future generations of chips with multiple processor cores.
Abstract: Augmenting Amdahl's law with a corollary for multicore hardware makes it relevant to future generations of chips with multiple processor cores. Obtaining optimal multicore performance will require further research in both extracting more parallelism and making sequential cores faster.

1,245 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper has shown that ICT4D 2.0 focuses on reframing the poor, and where ICT2D 1.0 marginalized them, allowing a supply-driven focus, ICT3D2.0 centralizes them, creating a demand- driven focus.
Abstract: Use of information and communication technologies for international development is moving to its next phase. This will require new technologies, new approaches to innovation, new intellectual integration, and, above all, a new view of the world's poor. The phase change from information and communication technologies for international development (ICT4D) 1.0 to ICT4D 2.0 presents opportunities for informatics professionals and offers new markets for ICT vendors. It also brings new challenges to our established methods of working and emphasizes the need for new expertise and new world views. The paper have shown that ICT4D 2.0 focuses on reframing the poor. Where ICT4D 1.0 marginalized them, allowing a supply-driven focus, ICT4D 2.0 centralizes them, creating a demand-driven focus. Where ICT4D 1.0 - fortified by the "bottom of the pyramid" concept - characterized the poor largely as passive consumers, ICT4D 2.0 sees them as active producers and innovators.

645 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mass adoption of social-networking Websites points to an evolution in human social interaction and creates a riper breeding ground for social networking and collaboration.
Abstract: In the context of today's electronic media, social networking has come to mean individuals using the Internet and Web applications to communicate in previously impossible ways. This is largely the result of a culture-wide paradigm shift in the uses and possibilities of the Internet itself. The current Web is a much different entity than the Web of a decade ago. This new focus creates a riper breeding ground for social networking and collaboration. In an abstract sense, social networking is about everyone. The mass adoption of social-networking Websites points to an evolution in human social interaction.

424 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) defines an SPL as a set of software-intensive systems that share a common, managed set of features satisfying the specific needs of a particular market segment or mission.
Abstract: The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) defines an SPL as a set of software-intensive systems that share a common, managed set of features satisfying the specific needs of a particular market segment or mission. A fundamental principle of SPLs is variability management, which involves separating the product line into three parts - common components, parts common to some but not all products, and individual products with their own specific requirements - and managing these throughout development. Using SPLs seeks to maximize reusable variation and eliminate wasteful generic development of components used only once. Although traditional SPL engineering recognizes that variation points are bound at different stages of development, and possibly also at runtime, it typically binds variation points before delivery of the software. In contrast, DSPL engineers typically aren't concerned with pre-runtime variation points. However, they recognize that in practice mixed approaches might be viable, where some variation points related to the environment's static properties are bound before runtime and others related to the dynamic properties are bound at runtime.

374 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Major challenges must be tackled for brain-computer interfaces to mature into an established communications medium for VR applications, which will range from basic neuroscience studies to developing optimal peripherals and mental gamepads and more efficient brain-signal processing techniques.
Abstract: Major challenges must be tackled for brain-computer interfaces to mature into an established communications medium for VR applications, which will range from basic neuroscience studies to developing optimal peripherals and mental gamepads and more efficient brain-signal processing techniques.

354 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An updated take on Amdahl's analytical model uses modern design constraints to analyze many-core design alternatives, providing computer architects with a better understanding of many- core design types, enabling them to make more informed tradeoffs.
Abstract: An updated take on Amdahl's analytical model uses modern design constraints to analyze many-core design alternatives. The revised models provide computer architects with a better understanding of many-core design types, enabling them to make more informed tradeoffs.

252 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dramatic shift is under way in the enterprise-software industry as established vendors embrace services in the wake of declining product revenues and it remains to be seen whether life-cycle dynamics or business-model choices are behind the long-term trend.
Abstract: The dramatic changes in the software business over the past few years have important implications for both users and producers of software products and services. Traditional product sales and license fees have declined, and product company revenues have shifted to services such as annual maintenance payments that entitle users to patches, minor upgrades, and often technical support. A dramatic shift is under way in the enterprise-software industry as established vendors embrace services in the wake of declining product revenues. It remains to be seen whether life-cycle dynamics or business-model choices are behind the long-term trend.

220 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work states that before a BCI can be used for communication and control at home, research must solve several problems, and improvements are on the horizon that expect to see practical BCI systems for a wide range of users and applications.
Abstract: BCI systems let users convert thoughts into actions that do not involve voluntary muscle movement. The systems offer a new means of communication for those with paralysis or severe neuromuscular disorders. BCI technology is a relatively new, fast-growing field of research and applications with the potential to improve the quality of life in severely disabled people. To date, several BCI prototypes exist, but most work only in a laboratory environment. Before a BCI can be used for communication and control at home, research must solve several problems. An important next step is to establish protocols for easily setting up and using BCI systems in a practical environment. Many features, such as electrode positions and frequency components, must be automatically selectable for particular motor imagery. The system must use the fewest number of recording electrodes possible, striving for the optimal single EEG channel. Finally, training time must decrease, perhaps through game-like feedback and automatic detection of artifacts, such as uncontrolled muscle activity. With these improvements, which are on the horizon, we expect to see practical BCI systems for a wide range of users and applications.

214 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In PaaS, the system's provider makes most of the choices that determine how the application infrastructure operates, such as the type of OS used, the APIs, the programming language, and the management capabilities.
Abstract: One of the hot topics in computer technology is software as a service, in which vendors host applications on the Internet and provide them via a browser to users, who perform and store their work online. Users thus don't have to worry about developing, hosting, updating, or maintaining applications or storing data. Several vendors have taken the SaaS concept a big step further and now offer platform as a service systems. PaaS systems are generally hosted, Web-based application-development platforms, providing end-to-end or, in some cases, partial environments for developing full programs online. They handle tasks from editing code to debugging, deployment, runtime, and management. In PaaS, the system's provider makes most of the choices that determine how the application infrastructure operates, such as the type of OS used, the APIs, the programming language, and the management capabilities. Users build their applications with the provider's on-demand tools and collaborative development environment.

199 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research presents a new generation of BCI-based robotic control systems that combine non-invasive and invasive approaches to achieve the speed, accuracy, and reliability necessary for real-world applications.
Abstract: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) use signals recorded from the brain to operate robotic or prosthetic devices. Both invasive and noninvasive approaches have proven effective. Achieving the speed, accuracy, and reliability necessary for real-world applications remains the major challenge for BCI-based robotic control.

187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The confluence of inexpensive wireless communication, computation, and sensing has created a new generation of smart devices, referred to as wireless sensor networks as discussed by the authors, using tens to thousands of these devices in self-organizing networks.
Abstract: The confluence of inexpensive wireless communication, computation, and sensing has created a new generation of smart devices. Using tens to thousands of these devices in self-organizing networks has created a new technology referred to as wireless sensor networks. This article gives an overview of the wireless sensor networks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An analysis of Second Life illustrates the demands metaverses applications place on clients, servers, and the network and suggests possible optimizations.
Abstract: Unlike online games, metaverses present a single seamless, persistent world where users can transparently roam around without predefined objectives. An analysis of Second Life illustrates the demands such applications place on clients, servers, and the network and suggests possible optimizations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Science Gateways program seeks to provide researchers with easy access to TeraGrid's high-performance computing resources, and a look at four successful gateways illustrates the program's goals, challenges, and opportunities.
Abstract: Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), TeraGrid is one of the world's largest distributed cyberinfrastructures for open scientific research. The project began in 2001 as the Distributed Tera-scale Facility, which linked computers, visualization systems, and data at four sites through a dedicated 40-gigabit optical network. Today TeraGrid includes 25 platforms at 11 sites and provides access to more than a petaflop of computing power and petabytes of storage. TeraGrid has three primary focus areas. Its deep goal is to support the most challenging computational science activities those that cannot be achieved without TeraGrid facilities. TeraGrid's wide mission is to broaden its user base. The project's open goal is to achieve compatibility with peer grids and information services that allow development of programmatic interfaces to TeraGrid. The Science Gateways program seeks to provide researchers with easy access to TeraGrid's high-performance computing resources. A look at four successful gateways illustrates the program's goals, challenges, and opportunities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The newest member of the Mars rover family will have the ability to autonomously approach and inspect a target and automatically detect interesting scientific events.
Abstract: The vehicles used to explore the Martian surface require a high degree of autonomy to navigate challenging and unknown terrain, investigate targets, and detect scientific events Increased autonomy will be critical to the success of future missions In July 1997, as part of NASA's Mars Pathfinder mission, the Sojourner rover became the first spacecraft to autonomously drive on another planet The twin Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) vehicles landed in January 2004, and after four years Spirit had driven more than four miles and Opportunity more than seven miles-lasting well past their projected three-month lifetime and expected distances traveled The newest member of the Mars rover family will have the ability to autonomously approach and inspect a target and automatically detect interesting scientific events In fall 2009, NASA plans to launch the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, with a primary mission of two years of surface exploration and the ability to acquire and process rock samples In the near future, the Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission, a cooperative project of NASA and the European Space Agency, will likely use a lightweight rover to drive out and collect samples and bring them back to an Earth return vehicle This rover will use an unprecedented level of autonomy because of the limited lifetime of a return rocket on the Martian surface and the desire to obtain samples from distant crater walls

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Stanford ELM processor closes the gap with ASICs to within 3X, and several techniques can reduce instruction- and data-supply energy costs.
Abstract: Hardwired ASICs - 50X more efficient than programmable processors - sacrifice programmability to meet the efficiency requirements of demanding embedded systems Programmable processors use energy mostly to supply instructions and data to the arithmetic units, and several techniques can reduce instruction- and data-supply energy costs Using these techniques in the Stanford ELM processor closes the gap with ASICs to within 3X

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors describe the two major contemporary HPRC architectures and explore the pros and cons of each using representative applications from remote sensing, molecular dynamics, bioinformatics, and cryptanalysis.
Abstract: Several high-performance computers now use field-programmable gate arrays as reconfigurable coprocessors. The authors describe the two major contemporary HPRC architectures and explore the pros and cons of each using representative applications from remote sensing, molecular dynamics, bioinformatics, and cryptanalysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Radio-frequency identification technology provides promising benefits such as inventory visibility and business process automation, but companies must address major challenges such as data processing, integration architecture design, security, and privacy.
Abstract: Radio-frequency identification technology provides promising benefits such as inventory visibility and business process automation. However, if companies are to realize these benefits, researchers must address major challenges such as data processing, integration architecture design, security, and privacy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: BioSig's comprehensive library of free and open source tools, combined with existing EEG databases, like those from BCI competitions, can help BCI researchers avoid having to reinvent the wheel on every project.
Abstract: Software development is a key issue in brain-computer interface (BCI) research. Software can show the similarities and differences of different data processing methods. It can also make clear which hyperparameters must be determined for particular algorithms. And it can demonstrate whether certain concepts are compatible or not. With BioSig's comprehensive library of free and open source tools, combined with existing EEG databases, like those from BCI competitions, BCI researchers can avoid having to reinvent the wheel on every project.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The brain-computer interface neuroscience paradigm allows researchers to develop a new class of bioengineering control devices and robots, offering promise for rehabilitation and other medical applications as well as exploring possibilities for advanced human-computer interfaces.
Abstract: In addition to helping better understand how the human brain works, the brain-computer interface neuroscience paradigm allows researchers to develop a new class of bioengineering control devices and robots, offering promise for rehabilitation and other medical applications as well as exploring possibilities for advanced human-computer interfaces.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The deluge of data that future applications must process—in domains ranging from science to business informatics—creates a compelling argument for substantially increased R&D targeted at discovering scalable hardware and software solutions for data-intensive problems.
Abstract: The deluge of data that future applications must process—in domains ranging from science to business informatics—creates a compelling argument for substantially increased R&D targeted at discovering scalable hardware and software solutions for data-intensive problems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: String matching has sparked renewed research interest due to its usefulness for deep packet inspection in applications such as intrusion detection, virus scanning, and Internet content filtering.
Abstract: String matching has sparked renewed research interest due to its usefulness for deep packet inspection in applications such as intrusion detection, virus scanning, and Internet content filtering. Matching expressive pattern specifications with a scalable and efficient design, accelerating the entire packet flow, and string matching with high-level semantics are promising topics for further study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Proactive computing and wearable computing working in tandem let computers fade into the woodwork, enriching quality of life and engendering independence.
Abstract: The commoditization of computer hardware and software has enabled a new computing paradigm whereby computers will sense, calculate, and act on our behalf, either with or without human interaction as best fits the circumstances. Further, this will occur in an everyday environment, not just when a person is working at a desk. This paradigm shift was made possible by the inexorable increase in computing capabilities as we moved from mainframes (one computer, many people) to the personal computer (one computer, one person) to ubiquitous computing (many computers, one person). It is not uncommon to find a single person managing a desktop PC, laptop, cell phone, PDA, and portable media player. Today, these devices are discrete and managed individually. But as ubiquitous computing evolves, the computers will become both more numerous and less visible; they will be integrated into everyday life in a way that does not call attention to their presence. In the context of medicine, ubiquitous computing presents an exciting challenge and a phenomenal opportunity. Proactive computing is a form of ubiquitous computing in which computers anticipate the needs of people around them. Wearable computing results from placing computers and sensors on the body to create a body area network (BAN) that can sense, process, and report on some set of the wearer's attributes. Proactive computing and wearable computing working in tandem let computers fade into the woodwork, enriching quality of life and engendering independence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel ICT project in rural India uses long-distance Wi-Fi networking to enable high-quality videoconferencing between eye hospitals and remote village clinics, and highlights the importance of sustainability as a first-class goal for systems research.
Abstract: A primary concern for projects supported by aid programs is sustainability. Although there is a growing belief that information and communication technologies (ICT) can significantly impact development, in practice creating sustainable ICT projects is extremely difficult. A typical project consists of a pilot stage that aims to demonstrate the basic goals, followed by a deployment stage that aims for both scale and sustainability. A novel ICT project in rural India uses long-distance Wi-Fi networking to enable high-quality videoconferencing between eye hospitals and remote village clinics. The project highlights the importance of sustainability as a first-class goal for systems research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new architecture and set of dynamic CAD tools demonstrate warp processing's potential, resulting in 2X to 100X speedup over executing on microprocessors.
Abstract: Warp processing dynamically and transparently transforms an executing microprocessor's binary kernels into customized field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits, commonly resulting in 2X to 100X speedup over executing on microprocessors. A new architecture and set of dynamic CAD tools demonstrate warp processing's potential.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Deduplication identifies and eliminates redundant information, thereby reducing volumes, and can be costly, can consume a lot of processing resources and energy, and is not well suited to all users.
Abstract: Deduplication identifies and eliminates redundant information, thereby reducing volumes. Technology savvy industries such as financial services, pharmaceuticals, and telecommunications are already adopting deduplication. However, the technology can be costly, can consume a lot of processing resources and energy, and is not well suited to all users.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As service-oriented architecture matures and more Web services become available, developers must test an ever-increasing volume of services with a framework that defines and evaluates test-case potency based on coverage relationships.
Abstract: As service-oriented architecture matures and more Web services become available, developers must test an ever-increasing volume of services. A framework that defines and evaluates test-case potency based on coverage relationships can reduce testing effort while maintaining testing's effectiveness.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ed H. Chi1
TL;DR: In this paper, Web 2.0-based technologies advance both collective and individual intelligence in both the workplace and at the individual level.
Abstract: In this paper, Web 2.0-based technologies advance both collective and individual intelligence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: ICTD has become a truly global undertaking, bringing together north and south, rich and poor, rural and urban, researcher and practitioner, technologist and social scientist—all striving to work toward a better life for the least privileged.
Abstract: ICTD has become a truly global undertaking, bringing together north and south, rich and poor, rural and urban, researcher and practitioner, technologist and social scientist—all striving to work toward a better life for the least privileged.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Initial testing of QuERIES in small-scale, realistic scenarios, were performed with results that suggest the methodology can significantly improve risk assessments in complex systems under attack by rational and capable adversaries.
Abstract: QuERIES offers a novel multidisciplinary approach to quantifying risk associated with security technologies resulting in investment-efficient cybersecurity strategies. R esearchers can use the QuERIES methodology to rigorously determine, for the first time, appropriate investment levels and strategies for the protection of intellectual property in complex systems. As a result, it can have a significant and immediate impact on the protection of critical IP, including weapons systems and chip designs, complex computer software, and databases containing personal and financial information. In this paper, initial testing of QuERIES in small-scale, realistic scenarios, were performed with results that suggest the methodology can significantly improve risk assessments in complex systems under attack by rational and capable adversaries. Such systems include software, hardware, and data critical to national security and industrial competitiveness. Consequently, it is believed that QuERIES has wide applicability within both the DoD and private sectors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of four representative XML parsing models-DOM, SAX, StAX, and VTD-reveals their suitability for different types of applications.
Abstract: Parsing is an expensive operation that can degrade XML processing performance. A survey of four representative XML parsing models-DOM, SAX, StAX, and VTD-reveals their suitability for different types of applications.