Showing papers in "IEEE Computer Applications in Power in 1988"
TL;DR: In this article, a technique for designing a load-shedding scheme using underfrequency relays to limit the effect of system overloads is presented, and the necessary theoretical background is provided.
Abstract: A technique is presented for designing a load-shedding scheme using underfrequency relays to limit the effect of system overloads. The necessary theoretical background is provided. The steps that are taken in designing a load-shedding scheme are outlined. The computer software is described. >
62Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of optimal power flow (OPF) is defined, and security-constrained OPF (SCO) is described to provide enhanced capability for the utility engineer in solving problems.
Abstract: The concept of optimal power flow (OPF) is defined, and security-constrained OPF (SCO) is described. Two examples are presented to show how the SCO program provides enhanced capability for the utility engineer in solving problems. One deals with VAr support for transmission system expansion, and the other concerns substation capacitor bank location. >
17Â citations
TL;DR: The flexible tolerance method, which works directly on objective functions and on inequality constraints without evaluating derivatives or gradients, was selected because of its robustness, ease of implementation, and fast convergence properties for a wide range of nonlinear small-size problems.
Abstract: An accurate and fast technique for real-time control of system voltage and reactive power of large-scale power systems is presented. The one-bus-away method has been modified to obtain accurate results with moderate computer requirements for online application to large-scale power networks. The approach was used to obtain a constrained minimum of the objective function for each subsystem in a deterministic number of steps, in most cases using the special geometric features of the problem. For the few cases where the optimal solution was not obtained from direct steps, good initial starting conditions for the iterative nonlinear optimal technique were obtained. The technique used was the flexible tolerance method, which works directly on objective functions and on inequality constraints without evaluating derivatives or gradients. It was selected because of its robustness, ease of implementation, and fast convergence properties for a wide range of nonlinear small-size problems. The required CPU time was small enough for significant online applications. >
16Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, a human factors analysis carried out on the man-machine interface (MMI) needs of energy management systems (EMSs), with focus on the applications of full-graphics display technology for these systems, is discussed.
Abstract: A description is given of a human factors analysis carried out on the man-machine interface (MMI) needs of energy management systems (EMSs), with focus on the applications of full-graphics display technology for these systems. The need for and purpose of human-factors analysis are discussed. Conclusions are presented regarding switching operations, screen management, automatic generation control, unit commitment, and security analysis. The results of the study demonstrate that advanced features such as world map, pan, zoom, and declutter applied to SCADA, network diagrams, and tabular applications displays enhance operator effectiveness. While some examples are drawn from an actual implementation, this is not a description of a specific MMI or a design description. >
13Â citations
TL;DR: The use of a hierarchical system of computers to provide direct access to all relays, control devices, and measuring systems throughout the power system is discussed in this article, where the advantages of computer relaying are identified, measurements with relays are described, and the uses of the measurements are discussed.
Abstract: The use of a hierarchical system of computers to provide direct access to all relays, control devices, and measuring systems throughout the power system is discussed. The advantages of computer relaying are identified, measurements with relays are described, and the uses of the measurements are discussed. The role of relaying in control is examined. A recent development, adaptive relaying is described. >
12Â citations
TL;DR: Some of the characteristics of microprocessor applications introduced over the last ten years are surveyed and specific benefits received from these uses are pointed out in this article, where specific design issues that illustrate some of the design characteristics and advantages achieved by using microprocessors are discussed.
Abstract: Some of the characteristics of microprocessor applications introduced over the last ten years are surveyed, and the specific benefits received from these uses are pointed out. The focus is on specific design issues that illustrate some of the design characteristics and advantages achieved by using microprocessors. Specific examples related to the development of distance relays, distribution feeder monitoring and protection systems, and integrated control and protection systems for high-voltage substations are discussed. >
9Â citations
TL;DR: An energy management system with a number of unusual features is described, one of which is that the vendor will incorporate the existing power application security system (PASS) software originally supplied by another vendor in the new computer system.
Abstract: An energy management system with a number of unusual features is described. One of these features is that the vendor will incorporate the existing power application security system (PASS) software originally supplied by another vendor in the new computer system. Other features include sequential control of multiple devices by a single operator command and function keys that have a different meaning for different CRT pictures. The system will also have the capability for intelligent alarm processing by means of alarm inhibit logic. The hardware configuration and reliability design of the EMS are briefly examined, and the software features are discussed. Key performance features are noted. >
8Â citations
TL;DR: It is shown how this method of determining whether a line switching would reduce or aggravate an overload condition, based on a Z matrix representation of the system, is implemented and how it could be used by the operators as a fully automated source of information in a real-time environment.
Abstract: A method of determining whether a line switching would reduce or aggravate an overload condition, based on a Z matrix representation of the system, is considered. Since the Z matrix is full, it contains a considerable amount of unused information, but at the disadvantage of the severe requirement of the amount of computer memory. This disadvantage can be circumvented in the new proposed approach. It is shown how this method is implemented and how it could be used by the operators as a fully automated source of information in a real-time environment. The algorithms used are only indicated and not given in detail. >
7Â citations
TL;DR: The CAPE System integrates interactive shortcircuit studies, relay setting calculations, the coordination of protective zones, and the calculation of transmission line parameters into a process that is uniform and effective.
Abstract: The authors describe a Computer-Aided Protection Engineering (CAPE) System that has been designed and partially implemented as a productivity aid for protection or relay engineers. The CAPE System integrates interactive short-circuit studies, relay setting calculations, the coordination of protective zones, and the calculation of transmission line parameters into a process that is uniform and effective. A description is given of the modules of which the system is composed, the CAPE database manager, and the engineering workstation. >
6Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss trends in computer technology and speculates about computer applications that may be used in electric power systems in the future and identify some of the power system engineering and operating functions that are being automated and discuss how they are likely to benefit from future advances in computer capabilities.
Abstract: The author discusses trends in computer technology and speculates about computer applications that may be used in electric power systems in the future. He identifies some of the power system engineering and operating functions that are being automated and discusses how they are likely to benefit from future advances in computer capabilities. Among the issues he considers are personal productivity of engineers, power systems planning, design engineering, construction management, power systems operation, maintenance, new business opportunities, and problems and risks. >
6Â citations
TL;DR: An adaptation of a personal computer to substation waveform measurement is described in this paper, where field trials were conducted at a customer's refining and cogeneration site, to investigate arrester failures following isolation due to tie-line faults.
Abstract: An adaptation of a personal computer to substation waveform measurement is described Field trials were conducted at a customer's refining and cogeneration site, to investigate unexplained arrester failures following isolation due to tie-line faults The use of the MS-DOS operating system, input selection, maintenance, and economics are discussed >
TL;DR: The GURI power plant on the Caroni river in Venezuela has 20 generating units with a total capacity of 10000 MW, the largest currently operating in the world as mentioned in this paper, which is designed to be highly reliable, with several levels of degraded operation in case of partial failure of their components.
Abstract: The GURI power plant on the Caroni river in Venezuela has 20 generating units with a total capacity of 10000 MW, the largest currently operating in the world. The GURI computer control system (GCS) provides for comprehensive operation management of the entire power plant and the adjacent switchyards. It is designed to be highly reliable, with several levels of degraded operation in case of partial failure of their components. Some of the functions of this state-of-the-art system are discussed, covering the operating modes of the remote terminal units (RTUs), automatic start/stop of generating units, RTU closed-loop control, automatic generation and voltage control, unit commitment, operator training simulator, and maintenance management. >
TL;DR: In this paper, a combinatoric generation method for load-block generation is presented, and the limitation and the problem of combinatorial explosion inherent in this method are discussed.
Abstract: A method of representing load circuits is developed, and a selection mask based on logic programming is designed. A combinatoric generation method for load-block generation is presented. The limitation and the problem of combinatorial explosion inherent in this method are discussed. >
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss a computer program for calculating reactive power load and reserve for the Con Edison system in a real-time environment, which has been made available to operators at the Power Control Center in New York City.
Abstract: The authors discuss a computer program for calculating reactive power load and reserve for the Con Edison system in a real-time environment, which has been made available to operators at the Con Edison Energy Control Center in New York City. It is the first phase of a comprehensive plan to manage and dispatch reactive power. The calculations are performed in a real-time environment by the control center's energy management system computer. It utilizes available telemetry and operator-entered data to track the condition of about 400 separate entities, and updates their condition every 10 s. >
TL;DR: In this article, computer application in utility planning, engineering analysis, and operations and maintenance are addressed, together with examples of EPRI software packages that illustrate the current status of digital computer program development in the US.
Abstract: Computer application in utility planning, engineering analysis, and operations and maintenance are addressed. Five areas of planning are described together with examples of EPRI software packages that illustrate the current status of digital computer program development in the US. These are corporate, environmental, demand-side, generation, and transmission planning. Utility engineering tools are divided into a number of design and analysis categories: transmission and distribution, power plant design, reliability assessment, fluid flow and heat transfer, and structural. Key examples of an advanced software problem in each of these categories are given. Examples of computer applications in utility system operations, power plant operations, and maintenance are described. >
TL;DR: A general overview is presented of the use of microprocessors and computers in the collection of data for energy-usage test programs for electric utility research in demand-side management.
Abstract: A general overview is presented of the use of microprocessors and computers in the collection of data for energy-usage test programs for electric utility research in demand-side management. These programs consist primarily of two types. Some are designed to provide statistically meaningful information on the use of real, commercially available equipment by real customers; others are designed to study equipment in various phases of development in order to analyze its potential application to energy management. The remote-access data recorders, measurement transducers, and central computers are discussed. >
TL;DR: The author describes the guidelines, which enable electric utility engineers to prepare specifications for integrated computer-aided engineering (CAE) applications for electric power plants, based on a single data model.
Abstract: In December 1986, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) completed a 2 1/2-year project entitled guidelines for specifying integrated computer-aided engineering applications for electric power plants. The author describes the guidelines, which enable electric utility engineers to prepare specifications for integrated computer-aided engineering (CAE) applications. This integration is based on a single data model, which identifies common data requirements across the spectrum of generating plant activities from site selection through plant decommissioning. The guidelines also provide for integration of the utilities data with data from other companies. The author examines the background of this project and discusses the information engineering principles involved and other concepts involved. >
TL;DR: In this article, the operation of boiling-water-reactor plants and of the rod or minimizer are described and the design and configuration of the new system are examined, and the display screens are considered in some detail.
Abstract: The operation of boiling-water-reactor plants and of the rod or minimizer is described. Problems with the original computer system are discussed. The design and configuration of the new system are examined, and the display screens are considered in some detail. The installation of the system is described. >
TL;DR: A description is given of the load data analysis workstation (LDAW), developed for the Electric Power Research Institute to handle the increasing analysis requirements in utility load research and demand-side programs.
Abstract: A description is given of the load data analysis workstation (LDAW), developed for the Electric Power Research Institute to handle the increasing analysis requirements in utility load research and demand-side programs. The hardware and software of the latest, third-generation LDAWs are examined. Three applications to utility end-use load monitoring programs are presented: a load research program, a direct load control program and an energy management program. Additional capabilities are briefly sketched. >
TL;DR: Experiences gained in the development of the AEP (American Electric Power) control center project are described in this article, where some basic design features and procedures used are discussed, and the online performance of the system is commented on.
Abstract: Experiences gained in the development of the AEP (American Electric Power) control center project are described. This was a long and complex project in which deviations from original plans frequently occurred and which therefore required the ability to find solutions to keep the project on schedule. Some of the basic design features and procedures used are discussed, and the online performance of the system is commented on. >
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the notable people and events during the formative years of analog computer analyses and control practices and describe some important inventions: the self-balancing high-torque wide-chart servo recorder; the thermal kilowatt converter; the telechron synchronous motor; and other early automatic measurement and control devices.
Abstract: The author examines the notable people and events during the formative years of analog computer analyses and control practices. He describes some important inventions: the self-balancing high-torque wide-chart servo recorder; the thermal kilowatt converter; the telechron synchronous motor; and other early automatic measurement and control devices. The beginnings of interarea control are briefly discussed. >
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the procedure currently being used at Sierra Pacific Power Company to validate data and discuss the problems found as a result of data validation, and some recommendations are made for carrying out projects of this type.
Abstract: A major end-use metering project, designated the Energy Information Project (EIP), was begun in 1984 to collect detailed end-use load data on the Sierra Pacific Power Company's major customer classes (e.g. residential, office, retail, and grocery). Data is being used to support load forecasting, planning for customer programs and other company activities. The procedure currently being used at Sierra to validate data is outlined. It consists of two major parts: initial validation and continual validation. Problems found as a result of data validation are discussed. Some recommendations are made for carrying out projects of this type. >
TL;DR: An integrated hardware and software system for testing electrical equipment provides an easy way to prepare, execute, and analyze tests in a high-power/medium-voltage laboratory with a high degree of security and less time for test preparation.
Abstract: An integrated hardware and software system for testing electrical equipment is presented. The system integrates various functions that traditionally have been carried out by independent systems in high-power testing laboratories. It provides an easy way to prepare, execute, and analyze tests in a high-power/medium-voltage laboratory with a high degree of security and less time for test preparation. The general characteristics of the laboratory, and the hardware and software designs are presented. >
TL;DR: The ability to do calculations has surpassed the ability to manage the data, and the task now is to update data systems to work with the more extensive data needed by current programs and to move away from the use of derived parameter values toward theUse of original data.
Abstract: The author describes power-system computer applications from the viewpoint of network-related simulation He examines the development of techniques for power system network analysis. He contends that the ability to do calculations has surpassed the ability to manage the data, and that the task now is update data systems to work with the more extensive data needed by current programs and to move away from the use of derived parameter values toward the use of original data. He bases his argument on the idea that many different analytical functions will make use of the databases and that each will use the original data in mathematical models that are appropriate for itself. >
TL;DR: PCs require more care for program installations and will not be fully useful until higher resolution graphics and more RAM (random-access memory) are available for them; workstations are fully suitable today and are becoming an increasingly economical alternative to large mainframes in many utility environments.
Abstract: The capabilities of relatively small computers are examined, and their usefulness for the large problems that must be studied by electric utility planning departments is discussed. Typical calculation needs, hardware capabilities, and supermicrocomputers are described. It is concluded that PCs (personal computers) require more care for program installations and will not be fully useful until higher resolution graphics and more RAM (random-access memory) are available for them. Workstations, on the other hand, are fully suitable today and are becoming an increasingly economical alternative to large mainframes in many utility environments. >
TL;DR: A method is presented by which a large electric utility can implement a load management program using its existing computer systems that allows the data being stored and maintained on existing systems to be used by a new computer.
Abstract: A method is presented by which a large electric utility can implement a load management program using its existing computer systems. It allows the data being stored and maintained on existing systems to be used by a new computer. Included in the discussion is the selection of the appropriate program and system. The proposed load management system on which this article is based is described. >
TL;DR: A short description is given of two H-frame structural analysis and design programs, TLOP and HFRAME-84, and the inadequacy of the programs when a large number of runs is required is pointed out.
Abstract: A short description is given of two H-frame structural analysis and design programs, TLOP and HFRAME-84, and the inadequacy of the programs when a large number of runs is required is pointed out. A procedure to circumvent this problem is described. It involves the use of commercial software packages originally written for mainframe computers. The use of the PC for transmission environmental calculations is also discussed. >
TL;DR: Safety-grade, microprocessor-based instruments and controllers for power plant applications called NUMAC (nuclear measurement, analysis, and control) are discussed in this paper, which includes instruments for area radiation monitoring, wide-range neutron monitoring, and rod worth minimization.
Abstract: Safety-grade, microprocessor-based instruments and controllers for power plant applications called NUMAC (nuclear measurement, analysis, and control) are discussed. Their modular-based design has a common rack-mounted chassis with keypad and electroluminescent display and menu-driven operation under fixed program control. Past applications for NUMAC instruments and controllers are reviewed, and some instruments that are being installed in operating boiling-water reactors are described. These include instruments for area radiation monitoring, wide-range neutron monitoring, and rod worth minimization. Operating experience is reported. >
TL;DR: In this article, an advanced computer architecture, specially designed for high-speed and low-cost digital simulation of complex systems, has been combined with six mathematical modeling principles to provide a convenient, interactive engineering plant analyzer for nuclear power plants.
Abstract: The advanced computer architecture, specially designed for high-speed and low-cost digital simulation of complex systems, has been combined with six mathematical modeling principles to provide a convenient, interactive engineering plant analyzer for nuclear power plants. Simulation needs of the nuclear industry are discussed, and the architectural and mathematical modeling principles are presented. Various features of the analyzer are highlighted. >