Showing papers in "IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, a battery management system (BMS) for the smart grid and electric vehicles (EVs) has been proposed to improve the performance of Li-ion batteries.
Abstract: With the rapidly evolving technology of the smart grid and electric vehicles (EVs), the battery has emerged as the most prominent energy storage device, attracting a significant amount of attention. The very recent discussions about the performance of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in the Boeing 787 have confirmed so far that, while battery technology is growing very quickly, developing cells with higher power and energy densities, it is equally important to improve the performance of the battery management system (BMS) to make the battery a safe, reliable, and cost-efficient solution. The specific characteristics and needs of the smart grid and EVs, such as deep charge/discharge protection and accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimation, intensify the need for a more efficient BMS. The BMS should contain accurate algorithms to measure and estimate the functional status of the battery and, at the same time, be equipped with state-of-the-art mechanisms to protect the battery from hazardous and inefficient operating conditions.
721 citations
TL;DR: The performance of power electronic systems, especially in terms of efficiency and power density, has continuously improved by the intensive research and advancements in circuit topologies, control schemes, semiconductors, passive components, digital signal processors, and system integration technologies.
Abstract: A new era of power electronics was created with the invention of the thyristor in 1957. Since then, the evolution of modern power electronics has witnessed its full potential and is quickly expanding in the applications of generation, transmission, distribution, and end-user consumption of electrical power. The performance of power electronic systems, especially in terms of efficiency and power density, has been continuously improved by the intensive research and advancements in circuit topologies, control schemes, semiconductors, passive components, digital signal processors, and system integration technologies.
689 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main design objective of photovoltaic (PV) systems has been, for a long time, to extract the maximum power from the PV array and inject it into the ac grid.
Abstract: The main design objective of photovoltaic (PV) systems has been, for a long time, to extract the maximum power from the PV array and inject it into the ac grid. Therefore, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a uniformly irradiated PV array and the maximization of the conversion efficiency have been the main design issues. However, when the PV plant is connected to the grid, special attention has to be paid to the reliability of the system, the power quality, and the implementation of protection and grid synchronization functions. Modern power plants are required to maximize their energy production, requiring suitable control strategies to solve the problems related to the partial shading phenomena and different orientation of the PV modules toward the sun. Moreover, the new policy concerning the injection of reactive power into the grid makes the development of suitable topologies and control algorithms mandatory. A general view of actual solutions for applications of the PV energy systems is presented. This article covers several important issues, including the most reliable models used for simulation, which are useful in the design of control systems, and the MPPT function, particularly in distributed applications. The main topologies used in the PV power processing system and, finally, grid connection aspects are discussed, with emphasis on synchronization, protections, and integration.
406 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the hierarchical control for application in microgrids is discussed, and an overview of the control strategies is given with respect to the reserve provision by the DG units, loads, and storage equipment.
Abstract: The increasing share of distributed generation (DG) units in electrical power systems has a significant impact on the operation of the distribution networks, which are increasingly being confronted with congestion and voltage problems. This demands a coordinated approach for integrating DG in the network, allowing the DG units to actively contribute to frequency and voltage regulation. Microgrids can provide such coordination by aggregating DG, (controllable) loads, and storage in small-scale networks, which can operate in both grid-connected and islanded mode. In this article, the islanded operating condition is considered. As in the conventional networks, a hierarchical control structure can be implemented in islanded microgrids. In recent years, many different concepts for primary, secondary, and tertiary control of microgrids have been investigated. These controllers can be classified as either local or centralized. In this article, the hierarchical control for application in microgrids is discussed, and an overview of the control strategies is given with respect to the reserve provision by the DG units, loads, and storage equipment.
252 citations
TL;DR: The application of agricultural machinery in precision agriculture has experienced an increase in investment and research due to the use of robotics applications in the machinery design and task executions and is expected that, in the near future, autonomous vehicles will be at the heart of all precision agriculture applications.
Abstract: The application of agricultural machinery in precision agriculture has experienced an increase in investment and research due to the use of robotics applications in the machinery design and task executions. Precision autonomous farming is the operation, guidance, and control of autonomous machines to carry out agricultural tasks. It motivates agricultural robotics. It is expected that, in the near future, autonomous vehicles will be at the heart of all precision agriculture applications [1]. The goal of agricultural robotics is more than just the application of robotics technologies to agriculture. Currently, most of the automatic agricultural vehicles used for weed detection, agrochemical dispersal, terrain leveling, irrigation, etc. are manned. An autonomous performance of such vehicles will allow for the continuous supervision of the field, since information regarding the environment can be autonomously acquired, and the vehicle can then perform its task accordingly.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the design of modern flexible cooking surfaces featuring induction heating (IH) technology is presented, and the main advantages and technical challenges are given, and design of the inductor system and the power electronic converter is detailed.
Abstract: Efficient energy management in residential areas is a key issue in modern energy systems. In this scenario, induction heating (IH) becomes an alternative to classical heating technologies because of its advantages such as efficiency, quickness, safety, and accurate power control. In this article, the design of modern flexible cooking surfaces featuring IH technology is presented. The main advantages and technical challenges are given, and the design of the inductor system and the power electronic converter is detailed. The feasibility of the proposed system is verified through a laboratory prototype.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the main characteristics of solid-state lighting devices as well as their supply requirements and the effect of temperature on light-emitting diode (LED) performance are discussed.
Abstract: T his article presents the background on the development of solid-state lighting technology, which is gaining popularity as a light source application. This review focuses on the main characteristics of solid-state lighting devices as well as their supply requirements and the effect of temperature on light-emitting diode (LED) performance. LED drivers are designed to achieve the best operation conditions without degrading the longer lifetime that this technology achieves in comparison to other popular light sources. Offline LED drivers include active power factor correction while current control with low ripple is required to supply the LED units or string arrangements. Methods to achieve balanced current sharing on paralleled LED strings and some of the latest contributions on LED drivers are also explained.
124 citations
TL;DR: Based on reliable statistics and social studies, the authors in this paper studied the EV potential of Australia and envisaged the impact of large EV utilization therein, where a microgrid system with V2G technology was modeled and simulated in three different conditions: islanded, IEEE-T14 bus system, and IEEE-34-bus system.
Abstract: The availability of the technology and the promising acceptance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has encouraged car manufacturing companies to take solid steps toward the electric vehicle (EV) market. As it is spread over a vast surface area, Australia has high car usage and ownership rates, and the inefficiency of the public transportation system contributes to this. Therefore, Australia has a very large potential market for EVs. In addition to the well-known advantages, such as zero direct emissions, reduced dependency on oil, cheaper fuel, and more silent operation through smart grids, EVs also offer a unique benefit called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. Through V2G technology, EVs can support better operation of the smart grids in terms of reliability and storage. Based on reliable statistics and social studies, this article studies the EV potential of Australia and envisages the impact of large EV utilization therein. The statistics indicate that the growing population will demand more cars, and acceptance of EVs could also benefit other areas, such as environmental conservation, finance, and energy production. Accordingly, a microgrid system with V2G technology has been modeled and simulated in three different conditions: islanded, IEEE-T14-bus system, and IEEE-34-bus system. The results are presented to forecast the necessary changes in the power networks for the large deployment of EVs.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided a brief review of the latest relevant ideas that central and local governments have developed with the hope of creating more unified and stronger policies for green energy progress on track.
Abstract: The U.S. Government and the European Union have developed policies to promote microgeneration and smart grid initiatives. Many projects and significant developments have been accomplished, although the momentum has just begun. To accelerate the implementation and to include the private sector, the U.S. states and the E.U. countries have developed their policies to improve their share of green and economic energy production. The main policies have guaranteed longterm profits for the private sector and tax credits for individuals to participate. Although incredible, these policies need to be constantly compared and modified to keep the green energy progress on track. Liquidation of the government-supported renewable energy projects and consequences for the expected sustained growth of this sector show that the government subsidies have not generated enough incentives for the private sector to decrease the cost of renewable energy manufacturing and research and development. The timely and rightful intervention of government must create a strong private sector to achieve the steady momentum of growth in technical skills and manufacturing infrastructures. This article provided a brief review of the latest relevant ideas that central and local governments have developed with the hope of creating more unified and stronger policies.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of MG service restoration, including the active participation of EVs, is demonstrated through extensive numerical simulation and experimentation in a laboratorial setup, and it is shown that EVs can also be actively included in the restoration procedure, thus contributing to the improvement of MG operating conditions.
Abstract: The development of the microgrid (MG) concept endows distribution networks with increased reliability and resilience and offers an adequate management and control solution for massive deployment of microgeneration and electric vehicles (EVs). Within an MG, local generation can be exploited to launch a local restoration procedure following a blackout. EVs are flexible resources that can also be actively included in the restoration procedure, thus contributing to the improvement of MG operating conditions. The feasibility of MG service restoration, including the active participation of EVs, is demonstrated in this article through extensive numerical simulation and experimentation in a laboratorial setup.
55 citations
TL;DR: This work states that the rapid movement of machineries along with the possible presence of electromagnetic interference sources, which are typical of manufacturing sites, may introduce considerable fluctuations of the BER values that contribute to further degradation in communication quality.
Abstract: In the last few years, wireless networks have gained significant importance in the context of industrial communication systems [1], where their deployment is bringing several noticeable benefits, ranging from replacement of cables to the connection of devices that cannot be reached by traditional wired systems. These features make the adoption of wireless networks for industrial applications very attractive, and they are envisaged to be deployed even more in the future, either as stand-alone systems or arranged in hybrid (wired/wireless) configurations. Unfortunately, wireless communication systems are often characterized by well-known problems, such as fading, multipath propagation, shadowing, and interference, that have the undesired effect of increasing the bit error rate (BER), resulting in the introduction of delays as well as randomness in packet delivery. Moreover, in the context of industrial communication, these aspects may be exacerbated by the specific nature of the environment. Indeed, the rapid movement of machineries along with the possible presence of electromagnetic interference sources, which are typical of manufacturing sites, may introduce considerable fluctuations of the BER values that contribute to further degradation in communication quality.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on the design of the state-of-the-art remote laboratories for industrial electronics disciplines along with the cutting-edge technologies adopted, and shed light on the outstanding interoperable educational remote laboratories architectures, classifying them with regard to their exclusive features and provided services.
Abstract: It is apparent that implementation of practical sessions in engineering education paves the way for students to be familiar with instruments and, thus, with the industrial real world. In recent decades, the high cost and administration burdens of physical equipment have caused a significant decline in experimentation within engineering education. This situation has fostered the development and adoption of remote laboratories as a replacement. Recently, remote laboratories based on a large variety of technologies have been developed at multiple universities and adopted in industrial electronics engineering education. Furthermore, some of these laboratories are replicated at many universities. This was the commencement of a new mainstream that advocates a better remodeling of those laboratories to allow their allocation, sharing among universities, and their interoperable communication with other heterogeneous educational systems, e.g., learning management systems (LMSs). This article, on the one hand, reports on the design of the state-of-the-art remote laboratories for industrial electronics disciplines along with the cutting-edge technologies adopted. On the other hand, the article sheds light on the outstanding interoperable educational remote laboratories architectures, classifying them with regard to their exclusive features and provided services, and pointing out the limitations of each.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the development and experimental performance of a 10-W, all-silicon carbide (SiC), 250 °C junction temperature, high power density, three-phase ac-dc-ac converter.
Abstract: This article presents the development and experimental performance of a 10-W, all-silicon carbide (SiC), 250 °C junction temperature, high-powerdensity, three-phase ac-dc-ac converter. The electromagnetic interference filter, thermal system, high-temperature package, and gate drive design are discussed in detail. Tests confirming the feasibility and validating the theoretical basis of the prototype converter system are described. Over the last 20 years, advances in industrial and research efforts in electronic power conversion have steadily been moving toward higher power densities, which has resulted in improvements in converter system performance; reductions in physical size; and reductions in mass, weight, and cost. However, this pushes the limits of the existing control, packaging, and thermal management technology for power converter systems.
TL;DR: EtherCAT is a high-performance Ethernet-based industrial network that enables the adoption of Ethernet communications in automation applications that require short cycle times and low communication jitters and includes the DC synchronization mechanism, which enables all devices to share the same system time.
Abstract: In many distributed systems that involve interactions between physical objects, human beings and environment, the precise time of an event is very important. This is particularly true for automated control applications, wherein the knowledge of the exact time of occurrence of a certain event, or the ability to enforce a given action at a precise instant, is crucial for the correct operation of the entire system (or, at least, for its accuracy and performance). Typical examples are the execution of transactions in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems or the coordination of movements in multi-axis, numerically controlled machines. The required degree of accuracy depends on the specific application considered. For the two cases mentioned above, for instance, it is in the order of several seconds and fractions of microseconds, respectively. It is worth noting that even in the case of distributed applications that have planning horizons of days or even weeks, such as ERP, the time resolution on different machines (as provided by the underlying operating systems) related to, e.g., the last-access/modification time for files, is typically 1 s or less.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the early experimental lines realized by Gaulard and Gibbs of 1881?1884, the consequent theoretical investigations by Ferraris, and the improvements developed at Ganz & Co. (Budapest, Hungary) by Zipernowsky, Blathy, and Deri, who in 1885 introduced the ZBD scheme.
Abstract: After the early experimental lines realized by Gaulard and Gibbs of 1881?1884, the consequent theoretical investigations by Ferraris, and the improvements developed at Ganz & Co. (Budapest, Hungary) by Zipernowsky, Blathy, and Deri, who in 1885 introduced the ZBD scheme (from their initials), engineers soon started building on alternating currents (ac) in several countries. Early operative ac systems, which exploited the capability of transformers to step voltages up and down, soon appeared, aimed at distributing and transmitting electric power over long distances.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a vision of the energy hub, which fosters medium-voltage direct current transmission, and demonstrated that these two aspects can merge to form visionary concepts such as energy hub and solid-state converters.
Abstract: After more than one century of evolution of alternating current (ac) and thanks to the competitive costs of alternators and transformers, today a great majority of electricity is produced, transmitted, and distributed worldwide by means of ac polyphase systems [1], [2]. Nevertheless, about 200 high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems are spread over the world to provide services where they are more convenient than ac systems. Moreover, the number of direct current (dc) systems is increasing, primarily due to the expansion of intermitted renewable energy sources and the inherent need to provide them with storage capabilities and, secondly, because of the enhanced competitiveness of solid-state converters. These two aspects can merge to form visionary concepts such as the energy hub, which fosters medium-voltage direct current transmission.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a rigorous analytical treatment of photovoltaic (PV) devices modeling, including PV arrays, with state-of-the-art maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers and power converters to extract the maximum available energy from PV under any weather conditions.
Abstract: This book presents a rigorous analytical treatment of photovoltaic (PV) devices modeling, including PV arrays, with state-of-the-art maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers and power converters to extract the maximum available energy from PV under any weather conditions. The textbook features several examples and color illustrations that offer theoretical and practical guidance to students, researchers, and engineers willing to learn from experts on how to implement MPPT in photovoltaic systems. Coverage includes known and recently improved methods for modeling PV cells and arrays, in uniform and mismatched conditions. The book also deals with MPPT algorithms and their performance.
TL;DR: The transformer evolved during a time span of about 50 years, making it possible to identify different stages along which different inventors provided increasing performance, leading the device to assume its present structure and operational features.
Abstract: If we were to ask who invented the transformer, we would obtain different answers from different countries The same would happen if we asked who conceived the internal combustion engine, the electric motor, the telegraph, the telephone, the radio, the television, or the computer This is not surprising because, in several cases, the priority of inventions that occurred almost simultaneously in different places has been the object of long and bitter court trails, and the final judgments have often raised criticism among specialists However, the transformer evolved during a time span of about 50 years, making it possible to identify different stages along which different inventors provided increasing performance, leading the device to assume its present structure and operational features
TL;DR: Luo et al. as mentioned in this paper presented advanced inversion technologies and provided design examples of inverters for renewable energy systems, including wind turbine and solar panel energy systems. And they systematically reviewed cutting-edge inverter topologies and introduced new advanced topologies, originally developed by the authors, such as impedance source inverters, quasi ZSI (qZSI), soft-switching inverters and multilevel inverters up to 81 levels.
Abstract: This book presents advanced inversion technologies and provides design examples of inverters for renewable energy systems, including wind turbine and solar panel energy systems. The text systematically reviews cutting-edge inverter topologies and introduces new advanced topologies, originally developed by the authors, such as impedance source inverters (ZSI), quasi ZSI (qZSI), soft-switching inverters, and multilevel inverters up to 81 levels. Novel topologies include trinary hybrid multilevel inverters and four novel multilevel inverters: new series laddered multilevel converters, super-lift converter multilevel inverters, switched capacitor multilevel inverters, and switched inductor multilevel inverters. The authors also present modulation strategies and four methods to solve the problem of the accurate determination of the best switching angles to obtain lowest total harmonic distortion (THD) in advanced multilevel inverters. The analysis of the dc bus power injection is also presented, and methods to avoid regenerative power are also proposed. The text offers theoretical concepts, diagrams, summarizing tables, simulation and experimental results, and design examples for students, researchers, and engineers willing to learn from experts on how to design and implement inverters for renewable energy systems. Prof. Dr. Fang Lin Luo, Ph.D. (Cambridge U., U.K.), IEEE Senior Member, full professor at AnHui University, China,
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive hydrogen cooling system (H2) is presented for the cooling of n # 250-MW generators of fossil-fuel power plants, which is validated using RS-View32 Works, a real-time automation platform.
Abstract: A comprehensive hydrogen (H2) cooling system (HCS) is presented for the cooling of n # 250-MW generators of fossil-fuel power plants. A novel six stage hot redundant structure (S2HRS)-based HCS clubbed with highly reliable and efficient process control and instrumentation system is proposed for the cooling of large generators in integrated gasification combined cycle power plants (CCPPs). This article provides a comparison between the proposed and the existing systems in terms of system reliability and fault tree analysis (FTA). The effectiveness of real-time featured proposed HCS is validated by computer simulation using RS-View32 Works, a real-time automation platform.
TL;DR: This book is written with strong, rigorous mathematics and has made a significant effort in unifying symbols and approaches throughout the book to help provide a better understanding and for self-study.
Abstract: This book is written with strong, rigorous mathematics. However, the authors have made a significant effort in unifying symbols and approaches throughout the book. Also, numerous examples are added in each chapter to help provide a better understanding and for self-study. The book is written mainly for graduate and Ph.D. students as well as for researchers in the field of automatic control and systems theory. This book can also be recommended for undergraduate students studying electrical, electronics, mechatronics, and computer engineering.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a handbook devoted to a wide family of linear electric machines (LEMs), which realize the conversion of electrical energy to linear motion mechanical energy, or vice versa, based on electromagnetic forces.
Abstract: The author of this book presents a new handbook devoted to a wide family of linear electric machines (LEMs), which realize the conversion of electrical energy to linear motion mechanical energy, or vice versa, based on electromagnetic forces. The fast development of industrial LEMs has been observed since 1960, thanks to the development of power electronic converters used for linear position, speed, and force control. The book is based mainly on more than 40 years of the author?s experiences and recent contributions to the topic worldwide.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview and describes experiences in the introduction of remote laboratories for teaching processes and provide state-of-the-art evidence on how remote labs can be used by both teachers and students to support the acquisition of lab competencies at the university level.
Abstract: This book presents an overview and describes experiences in the introduction of remote laboratories for teaching processes. The book provides state-of-the-art evidence on how remote labs can be used by both teachers and students to support the acquisition of lab competencies at the university level. The book consists of 22 chapters grouped into five sections and includes some of the following topics: Historical perspective; remote labs worldwide; experiments; and remote laboratory architecture and networking requirements.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the properties of systems operating under conditions of nonsinusoidal voltages and currents and present the issues related to methods of improving the power quality in particular, using active compensators.
Abstract: This book describes the properties of systems operating under conditionsof nonsinusoidal voltages and currents and presents the issues related to methods of improving the power quality in particular, using active compensators. The book consists of the following chapters written by six authors: Introduction; Principles of Electrical Power Control; Power Theories Applications to Control Active Compensators; Realization of a Digital Control Algorithm; Control and Application of Parallel Active Compensators'; and Practical Applications of Series Active Compensators.
TL;DR: This book systematically explores the application of neural networks in the field of power electronics, particularly, neural network applications in sensorless control of ac drives, including their applications in active power filtering, filling the gap in the book market.
Abstract: This book presents in full the very complex and multidisciplinary nature of power electronics and electrical drives with special emphasis on application of artificial intelligence.It systematically explores the application of neural networks in the field of power electronics. It emphasizes, particularly, neural network applications in sensorless control of ac drives, including their applications in active power filtering, filling the gap in the book market. The book integrates artificial intelligence tools, such as expert systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic systems, genetic algorithms, and multiagent systems, using the features of learning, self-organization, and self-adaptation in power electronic systems. The book consists of 11 chapters, four parts: Power converters; Electrical drives; Neural-based orthogonal regression; and selected applications.
TL;DR: Sliding mode control for synchronous electric drives is discussed in this paper, which is intended for students and specialists on control theory and applications, particularly on sliding mode control (SMC) of electrical drives.
Abstract: The book Sliding Mode Control for Synchronous Electric Drives is intended for graduated students and specialists on control theory and applications, particularly on sliding mode control (SMC) of electrical drives. This book is also valuable for undergraduate students, practicing engineers, and control designers willing to pursue a deep understanding of SMC of synchronous electric drives, such as the salient-pole synchronous motor with excitation winding, the permanent magnet salient-pole synchronous motor, the synchronous reluctance motor, the nonsalient-pole synchronous motor with excitation winding, and the permanent magnet nonsalient-pole synchronous motor.