Showing papers in "IEEE Potentials in 2002"

Principles of OFDM

Abstract: After an introduction to the main principles of OFDM the author discusses the basic OFDM model, channel shortening, synchronization, and loading algorithms.

Hardware-software codesign

Abstract: Designing hardware and software in isolation no longer provides good solutions for complex embedded systems. Hardware-software codesign (HSC) promises an integrated approach in which hardware and software are designed in parallel. CAD environments, employing the tenets of HSC, are being developed to provide a cost and time effective solution. As a result, system engineers must become knowledgeable in both hardware and software to successfully assimilate this new approach to systems design.

General Packet Radio Service [GPRS]

Abstract: Discusses the evolution from GSM to GPRS communications. The network architecture, protocol stack, and mobility management are discussed.

Flash memory: towards single-electronics

Abstract: Since their invention in 1984, flash memories have evolved from single device components to megabit nonvolatile memory (NVM) arrays. Flash memories were born from the need to find easily scalable replacements for EPROMs (erasable programmable read only memory) and EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read only memory). Unlike EPROMs and EEPROMs, flash memory cells provide single-cell electrical program and fast simultaneous block electrical erase. Thus, a small cell size is combined with a fast in-system erase capability.

R&D project selection using ANP...the analytic network process

Abstract: This article discusses using the analytic network process (ANP) for decision-making. ANP allows qualitative values to be transformed into quantitative values for comparative analysis. The ANP is a relatively simple, intuitive approach that managers and other decision-makers can accept.

Firewall technologies

Abstract: We briefly cover six popular firewalls and combinations thereof. The pros and cons of these various firewall technologies with examples and more in depth explanations are provided: 1. Application-based firewalls; 2. Packet filtering; 3. Stateful-inspection; 4. Proxy; 5. Network address translation; and 6. Virtual private networks.

Identifying core competence

Abstract: We provide a summary of management theories by comparing their salient features. Then, we propose a set of working definitions by categorizing resources into physical, intellectual, and cultural assets. Using our definitions, a conceptual framework is presented showing relationships between assets, capabilities, competencies, and core competencies. We show how to isolate competencies from capabilities by evaluating the collectiveness and unique attributes of capabilities, and how to further determine core competencies by evaluating the strategic flexibility of competencies. We use this framework to evaluate the competencies and core competencies of a UK manufacturing company. Three approaches have emerged as "a counterpoint to market structure analysis of competitive strategy." An account of these is given, and a summary of their salient features is shown.

Nanoscale thermal management

Abstract: Here the author outlines only a few nanoscale phenomena that adversely affect thermal conductivity and can complicate heat removal from nanoscale electronic devices Since progress in the electronic industry is largely associated with device down-scaling, he considers that research on this subject is worth pursuing

Gene expression microarrays

Abstract: Molecular biology and genetics have advanced a lot in recent years, thanks to technological advances in this field. Now, the focus in genomic research is shifting from "structural genomics" (sequencing) towards "functional genomics" (using the sequences to understand gene function). The author discusses the principle of the microarray technique, target labelling and hybridization, data analysis and management, unsupervised and supervised analysis, application of microarrays and their future, cancer research and toxicology.

Next generation networks

Abstract: The forces for high speed, high capacity data services are driving the next generation network architecture toward a packet network. These next generation networks are basically of two types: wired networks and wireless networks. Changes in network services, technology and regulation are creating a golden era of network innovation. Much is certain in this evolution. For instance, the networks will have a shared, packet-based, optical-core network using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical transport with optical add/drop and multiplexing. Wireless communications is expected to be a major driver for growth in the telecommunications industry over the next decade. It will become a cornerstone of the information society. Future networks (both wireless and wireline) of the type described here will pave the way for an environment in which information will be made more portable, personal and affordable. They will achieve the ultimate goal of communications-communications from anywhere to anywhere-clear as a bell.

cdma2000 1/spl times/EV-DO [for 3G communications]

Abstract: At the dawn of the new millennium, third generation (3G) advanced digital systems are being deployed worldwide. This latest generation is characterized by improvements to system capacity, reliability, extended services and, most importantly, expanded support for high-speed data communications. High speed means that bandwidth hungry multimedia applications can be provided to the mobile user. cdma2000 1X and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) supports both voice and data. While cdma2000 1/spl times/EV-DO is unique in that it is ideal for supporting data communication.

The complex binary number system

Abstract: Conversion algorithms and arithmetic procedures for a (-1 + j)-base binary number allow a given complex number to be represented as one unit. This should simplify the operations involving complex numbers in today's microprocessors. With the division process secure, we can implement the usual algorithms for calculating functions and processes such as logarithms, exponentials and trigonometric functions Currently, work is underway to write Java applets for the algorithms. We are planning to design an arithmetic unit based on the new binary system which will then be implemented using field programmable gate arrays.

The allure of e-learning

Abstract: Once upon a time, distance learning meant using the postal service to receive educational tools, submit papers and receive feedback. Now, thanks to the Internet, submission and feedback can be virtually instantaneous. However, although online education is a growing business, it doesn't necessarily mean that traditional classroom doors will be closed forever. Distance education is not for every student, particularly undergraduates, and not for every course. However, online education is well suited to graduate students due to their different lifestyles. Research has shown that e-learning can be as effective, if not more effective, than classroom based programmes. E-mails are answered faster than phone calls and faxes. Students can quickly access vast amounts of information via the Internet and, in many cases, can connect to the library that is offered at the distance educating facility. Other advantages of online learning are discussed and a guide to what can be expected when embarking on such a course is given.

High-speed DRAM interface

Abstract: The data rate of the dynamic random access memory (DRAM) interface has been greatly increased to reduce the performance gap between the DRAM and the central processing unit (CPU). The data rate of double-data rate (DDR) synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is now exceeding 266 Mb/s/pin while the packet-based RAMBUS DRAM is offering up to 1066 Mb/s/pin data rate. The difference in the data rate is mainly due to their different channel structures. These DRAM interface channels are basically multi-drop bus where a driver should drive multiple loads. The maximum data rate is determined by how the multiple loads are configured. The data rate of the DRAM interface channel has been greatly increased and is expected to exceed 2 Gb/s/pin in the near future. To achieve this goal, the physical interface such as the bus structure should be optimized to minimize the timing uncertainty. The I/O timing circuitry plays an important role in determining the maximum data rate. Thus, the, circuit design should also be focused on minimizing timing uncertainty.

Power systems and harmonic factors

Abstract: Harmonic currents and distortions in power systems are a natural progression in society's use of electrical equipment. A proliferation of harmonics can cause problems-some severe. However, the benefits we receive from electrification far outweighs the downside to this problem. There is an increased awareness among equipment designers, manufacturers, and users for the need to reduce power system harmonics. However, much work still needs to be done. This paper describes how harmonics arise from nonlinear loads and their effects on the power system. The problems that arise from harmonic current flow are straightforward and simple. The two main problems are abnormal heating of components and disruption of operation. The paper also describe mitigation of harmonic effects which take on two strategies: one is to reduce the harmonic effect; the other is to reduce or control the harmonic content.

Photons vs. electrons [all optical network]

Abstract: The article addressed a number of questions pertinent to the development of all optical networks (AON). Was one possible? And what optical technology developments were needed to get there? Today, most wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks deployed still have one main network element at intermediate nodes with some electronic components. One primary component is the optical crossconnect (OXC), or optical switch. It does an optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversion at some point to route the lightpaths to their next hop or destination because routing and switching technology is still based on electronics. This OEO conversion is one of the controversies that experts in this area deal with these days. Some say an AON is not quite there yet due to some technical issue such as lack of wavelength conversion, lack of signal regeneration at intermediate nodes and complex network management. Others say eliminating the electronic components in these network elements will solve some overall performance concerns such as bit-rate dependency and limited speed scalability. Also, there are others who propose a "semi-optical" network, eliminating a big part of the electronics but not entirely replacing them.

Analyzing control system robustness

Abstract: We have presented mathematical connections among three stability criteria: (1) the Nyquist stability criterion for SISO systems; (2) the small gain theorem for unstructured perturbations in MIMO systems; and (3) the structured singular value for structured perturbations in MIMO systems. This connection can provide an intuitive understanding of MIMO stability analysis using singular values for those who have had prior exposure to the Nyquist stability criterion. Singular value techniques have been extended beyond the stability analysis presented here to performance analysis and robust control system design. This approach has been successfully used for many control problems, including a magnetically levitated train, helicopter control, aero-engine control, power conversion, active sound control, aircraft control, flexible space structure control and distillation process control. In the twentieth century, control theory evolved from classical control to modem control to optimal control to intelligent control. This evolution should continue and robust control (using the singular value techniques discussed here) will become more common in practice.

"Smart" curve fitting

Abstract: Curve fitting is an essential ingredient in the development of numerical methods, a topic not explored here, as well as in analyzing and representing data of various kinds. When the curve fitting is done using data models based on the problem physics, a procedure referred to here as "smart" curve fitting, the approach can be even more productive. This article describes the use of model-based parameter estimation (MBPE) based on two different data models used widely in science and engineering: one uses a series of complex exponentials and the other uses a series of complex poles.

Keyboard encryption

Abstract: Network security is a never ending battle between the system design engineers and the computer hackers. In an effort to keep the hackers out, engineers have developed an impressive array of encryption algorithms, authentication protocols, and intrusion detection systems. Not to be outdone, the hackers have developed equally impressive ways around the arsenal of security protecting our most sensitive computer networks (as the attacks on many commercial web sites have clearly shown). However, both groups have continued to overlook one of the most vulnerable links in every computer network: the client's keyboard.

Power system deregulation

Abstract: Given the difficulties encountered by the state of California in deregulating their electric power industry, many people are questioning the wisdom of such a move. To better understand the motivation behind deregulation, the author looks at the cost of energy nationwide in the United States. For example, she considers some of the regional energy costs from August 2001.

A survey of embedded systems programming languages

Abstract: A programming language specifically designed for embedded systems must be designed to create extremely reliable source code. This paper presents overviews and comparisons of processes with multiple clocks (PMC), FORTH and Embedded Eiffel.

Robotic surgeons

Abstract: A small number of medical robots have already been applied in actual orthopedic surgery. More broadly, other surgical robots have found clinical application in the fields of neurosurgery and prostate surgery. In addition to these robots, which have reached the stage of clinical trial, many more prototype systems have been developed in research laboratories. Potential orthopedic applications include total hip replacement, total knee replacement, spine placements, ligament reconstruction, hand and other microsurgery, and total shoulder replacement. These prototypes have reported improved accuracy and consistency of surgical intervention.

VoP (voice over packet)

Abstract: Organizations around the world want to reduce rising communications costs. The consolidation of separate voice and data networks offers an opportunity for significant savings. Accordingly, the challenge of integrating voice and data networks is becoming a rising priority for many network managers. Organizations are pursuing solutions that utilize excess capacity on broadband networks for voice and data transmission, as well as utilize the Internet and company Intranets as alternatives to costlier mediums. A Voice over Packet (VoP) application meets these challenges by allowing both voice and signaling information to be transported over the packet network.

Overlooking 3G

Abstract: Cellular systems have become enormously popular. As of early 2001, one out of 10 people in the world (680 million) used a cellular phone. Once thought of as a luxury, cell phones are now often considered a necessity and a lifeline in time of an emergency. As the cellular market becomes saturated, service providers see new data applications as the next step in providing customers with new products and services. Advanced digital 3G technology represents a quantum leap in technology from 2G. It is expected to support many new applications and services.

Simple electric model for epilepsy (SEMEY)

Abstract: The goal of the SEMEY project is to create a simple electric system that shows behavior similar to epileptic seizures, as recorded by the electroencephalogram (EEG). Components discussed include the RC black box, the capacitor model, the neuronions model, the array model and computer simulation. As a Java applet shows, even though the model is simple, similar behavior to real epilepsy is observable. The hope is that, by analyzing the simple electric system, new ideas for understanding and treating epilepsy will arise.

The state of VLSI testing

Abstract: The phenomenal development in electronic systems has, in large part, the advances in Very Large Scale of Integration (VLSI) semiconductor technologies to thank. Performance, area, power and testing are some of the most important improvements. With the reduction in device sizes, it is becoming possible to fit increasingly larger number of transistors onto a single chip. However, as chip density increases, the probability of defects occurring in a chip increases as well. Thus, the quality, reliability and cost of the product are directly related to the intensity/level of testing of the product. As a result, gradually, Integrated Circuits (ICs) testing has shifted from the final fabricated ICs to the design stage. In this context, many Design For Testability (DFT) techniques have been developed to ease the testing process.

An AI tool for supervising substations

Abstract: Electric substations are facilities in charge of transform the voltage into safe and effective energy for the final consumers. This operation has to be carried out with enough quality assurance and without damaging the equipment. The associated cost to ensure this quality and security is high. Automatic mechanisms are used, however, they mostly operate under an individual's control and use the protection logic related with the equipment itself. They do not consider the state of the whole substation at a given moment. It is possible to control the state of circuit breakers (CB) in a substation using a knowledge base even when all the magnitudes to be controlled cannot be included in the analysis. It will be shown that it is possible to control the desired state while supervising some important magnitudes such as the voltage, power factor and harmonic distortion as well as the present state. At the same time, the programming tool developed for this purpose is discussed.

Beyond 3G [cellular communications]

Abstract: 3G wireless systems are still in the early stages of development. In fact, it may be another five to 10 years before we know their full market impact. However, there are already limitations and problems. Some of these problems are technical in nature, while others are business-related. Getting different access networks to interoperate in a seamless manner without a fixed infrastructure still holds many challenges. High data rates and adequate bandwidth to handle multimedia applications like full-motion video and wireless teleconferencing still need work.

Indicators determining FTC. Assessing a firm's technological capability

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to assess the validity of various indicators of FTC. Stated more precisely; the following are our three research questions. 1) What relationships exist between the various indicators of firm technological capability? 2) Are the relationships between these indicators consistent across different industries? 3) Does a consistent relationship exist between firm technological capability and firm performance? Taken together, we determine whether the different technology indicators correlate with one another. Also, whether the indicators developed to measure different constructs, in fact, do so.

Elementary magnetoelectronics

Abstract: The so-called giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect is one of the few discoveries of basic physics and materials science that has netted industrial applications in as little as one decade. "Magnetoelectronics" is the technology that takes advantage of the additional functionality of metallic ferromagnets in electronic circuits and devices by employing the principles of the GMR and its derivates. The more catchy term of "spintronics" is often used to include, for example, single spin manipulations in nonmagnetic systems such as semiconductor quantum dots. This is often done with an eye on applications for "quantum computing." These and other exotic phenomena, such as macroscopic quantum coherence of magnetism, are outside the scope of this article. Here we will focus on the basic concepts of GMR-type of magnetoelectronics with ferromagnets.