Showing papers in "IEEE Power & Energy Magazine in 2003"
TL;DR: Manwell, Manwell, McGowan, and Rogers as discussed by the authors provide a thorough and highly accessible introduction to the cross-disciplinary field of wind energy engineering, including the theory, design, and application.
Abstract: WIND ENERGY EXPLAINED: THEORY, Design, and Application, by J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan, and A.L. Rogers, is intended to provide both a thorough and highly accessible introduction to the cross-disciplinary field of wind engineering. The economic viability and political appeal of wind power is on the increase, making this text a timely addition to the literature. It was developed to complement the increasing number of renewable/wind energy courses now available, it includes end-of-chapter tutorial sections, and it combines both academic and industrial experience. Its coverage spans every aspect of wind energy engineering
981 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present techniques for high-performance non-intrusive load and diagnostic monitoring and illustrate key points with results from field tests, as well as demonstrate the performance of these techniques.
Abstract: Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) can determine operating schedule of electrical loads in a target system from measurements made at a centralized location, such as the electric utility service entry. NILM is an ideal platform for extracting useful information about any system that uses electromechanical devices. It has a low installation cost and high reliability because it uses a bare minimum of sensors. It is possible to use modem state and parameter estimation algorithms to verify remotely the "health" of electromechanical loads by using NILM to analyze measured waveforms associated with the operation of individual loads. NILM can also monitor the operation of the electrical distribution system itself, identifying situations where two or more otherwise healthy loads interfere with each other's operation through voltage waveform distortion or power quality problems. Strategies for nonintrusive monitoring have developed over the last 20 years. Advances in computing technology make a new wealth of computational tools useful in practical, field-based NILM systems. This article reviews techniques for high-performance nonintrusive load and diagnostic monitoring and illustrates key points with results from field tests.
607 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that a new electric power production industry is emerging, and that it will rely on a broad array of new technologies, such as internal combustion engine generators, fuel cells and microturbines.
Abstract: As the electric utility industry continues to restructure, driven both by rapidly evolving regulatory environments and by market forces, the emergence of a number of new generation technologies also profoundly influences the industry's outlook. While it is certainly true that government public policies and regulations have played a major role in the rapidly growing rate at which distributed generation is penetrating the market, it is also the case that a number of technologies have reached a development stage allowing for large-scale implementation within existing electric utility systems. At the onset of any discussion related to distributed generation, one question begs to be answered: is the fact that electric power producing facilities are distributed actually a new and revolutionary concept? Have power plants not always been located across broad expanses of land? The answer to these questions clearly is that electric power plants have always been sited all across the service territories of the utilities owning them. Hence, the opening question: as with many so-called innovations that have been put forward during the recent past, is the entire concept of distributed generation a simple semantic marketing hype or are we actually at the dawn of a new electric power generation era? We believe that a new electric power production industry is emerging, and that it will rely on a broad array of new technologies. This article sets the stage for distributed generation covering such topics as: the present power production situation; what distributed generation is; capability ratings and system interfaces; market penetration of internal combustion engine generators, fuel cells and microturbines; potential generation mix issues, network considerations including power quality, reactive power coordination, reliability and reserve margin, reliability, network redundancy, safety and accountability; public policy and regulatory impact; and standards.
342 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the market potential for renewable resources, green power in the mainstream electric utilities, and the following renewable resources: hydroelectric power, wind power; biomass; solar thermal power; solar photovoltaics; and geothermal power.
Abstract: The interest in commercial green power in the developed world is about 25 years old, starting in the mid-1970s after the first oil shock. Electricity derived from any renewable energy source is considered "green" because of the negligible impact on greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of commercial energy, this list currently includes hydro, wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar. In the 1970s and 1980s, the interest in green power was driven by the goal of replacing fossil fuels to minimize the dependence on oil. Now there is a broader goal: to minimize the emission of CO/sub 2/ (the most common global warming gas) that results from the burning of fossil fuels. This article discusses the market potential for renewable resources, green power in the mainstream electric utilities, and the following renewable resources: hydroelectric power, wind power; biomass; solar thermal power; solar photovoltaics; and geothermal power.
144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems are discussed: load conditioning and line-conditioning, which ensure that the equipment is made less sensitive to power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion.
Abstract: There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems. The first approach is called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is made less sensitive to power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion. The other solution is to install line-conditioning systems that suppress or counteract the power system disturbances. Among the different new technical options available to improve power quality, active power filters have proved to be an important and flexible alternative to compensate for current and voltage disturbances in power distribution systems. Power filter topologies are discussed including shunt active filter, series active filters, series-shunt active filters, and hybrid active filters. New topologies using multilevel inverters are also discussed.
127 citations
TL;DR: An overview of substation integration and automation fundamentals and best practices is provided and focuses on best practices.
Abstract: The advent of power industry deregulation has placed greater emphasis on the availability of information, the analysis of this information, and the subsequent decision-making to optimize system operation in a competitive environment. Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) being implemented in substations contain valuable information, both operational and nonoperational, needed by many user groups within the utility. The challenge facing utilities is determining a standard integration architecture that meets the utility's specific needs, can extract the desired operational and nonoperational information, and deliver this information to the users who have applications to analyze the information. This article provides an overview of substation integration and automation fundamentals and focuses on best practices.
125 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the differences between wind power and conventional power generation are highlighted as well as their consequences for interaction with the power system, both locally and on a system level, both at the individual and system level.
Abstract: Wind power is the most rapidly growing technology for renewable power generation. However, fundamental differences exist between conventional thermal, hydro, and nuclear generation and wind power. These differences are reflected in the specific interaction of wind turbines with the power system. Further, there are differences between the various wind turbine types, which also affect their system interaction. In this article, first the current status and the technology of wind power are briefly discussed. The general working principles are explained and the different wind turbine types are described. Then, the differences between wind power and conventional power generation are highlighted as well as their consequences for interaction with the power system, both locally and on a system level.
98 citations
TL;DR: A generic architecture that applies the multiagent systems methodology to the field of substation automation is defined, the design of a system to be implemented based on this architecture is described, and several possible applications are proposed.
Abstract: Agent technology is one of the most interesting developments in the field of distributed artificial intelligence. It has a wide range of applications, with information management, intelligent user interfaces, personal assistants, and Internet commerce among the most popular. This article defines a generic architecture that applies the multiagent systems methodology to the field of substation automation, describes the design of a system to be implemented based on this architecture, and proposes several possible applications. Compared with SCADA or client-server substation automation solutions, an agent-based system offers a number of advantages. Each function or task of the system, such as the management of a single IED, can be encapsulated within a separate agent, making the system highly modular. Agents are loosely coupled, typically communicating via messaging rather than by procedure calls (remote or local), and, using directory services, new functions can easily be added to an agent-based system by creating a new agent, which will then make its capabilities available to others. The inherently distributed power system architecture is suited ideally to a multiagent system, which provides greater autonomy to each of the constituent parts than a traditional system.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on future concepts in power system protection, communication, wide area measurement systems (WAMS), system control, and electricity market considerations, adding a summary of their own research in associated studies and their assessment of future investigations, their aim is to provide a blueprint for a secure power system infrastructure.
Abstract: There have been several key developments that make it conceivable that it would soon be possible to reduce the frequency and intensity of interconnected power system failures. System protection is one of the technologies undergoing radical changes that holds a strong promise that cascading system outages can be mitigated or even eliminated. The increasing use of digital relays that will allow the implementation of exciting new concepts has made this a strong possibility. In this article, we report on future concepts in power system protection, communication, wide area measurement systems (WAMS), system control, and electricity market considerations, Adding a summary of our own research in associated studies and our assessment of future investigations, our aim is to provide a blueprint for a secure power system infrastructure.
91 citations
TL;DR: The second edition of Electric Power Systems Quality, by Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan, Surya Santoso, and H. Wayne Beaty, features over 200 pages of new material.
Abstract: 1540-7977/03/$17.00©2003 IEEE IEEE power & energy magazine 63 N NEARLY TWICE THE SIZE OF THE first edition with new chapters on distributed generation, benchmarking, wiring, grounding, and power quality monitoring, the second edition of Electric Power Systems Quality, by Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan, Surya Santoso, and H. Wayne Beaty, features over 200 pages of new material. A reference for understanding the causes of power quality problems and learning how to prevent and mitigate them, this book has been expanded and updated to reflect the increasing sensitivity of microelectronic devices and the ever-growing stress placed upon the power grid.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss various aspects of power engineering education including the power engineering curriculum, supply and demand for education, faculty careers, and alternative strategies for power education education.
Abstract: Power engineering education feeds the power engineering profession If the profession is to continue to be a vital part of electrical engineering, something must be done about the educational stem In some sense, power education is at a crossroads, and there is a need to take a positive growth path by moving the most pressing and difficult problems in power engineering to a viable high-tech power program Such an educational program must center on systems, new materials, applications of advanced mathematics and physics, and the integration of economic principles One potential avenue is to appeal to national governments worldwide to support power engineering research through university-based centers An upsurge in student interest at the undergraduate level and the importance and complexity of typical power engineering problems are indicative of positive growth in the field; however, vigilance and increased industry participation in all educational sectors are needed to ensure vitality of the field This article discusses various aspects of power engineering education including the power engineering curriculum, supply and demand for education, faculty careers, and alternative strategies for power engineering education
TL;DR: In this article, the first years of the electric power industry and the brief but spirited competition between direct current and alternating current for the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy are discussed.
Abstract: This is the first part of a two-part article on the first years of the electric power industry and the brief but spirited competition between direct current and alternating current for the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy.
TL;DR: Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) has been a major player in the efforts to make Chicago one of the greenest cities in the country as mentioned in this paper, and through its many solar initiatives, it has committed millions of dollars to developing renewable energy technology throughout Chicago.
Abstract: Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) has been a major player in the efforts to make Chicago one of the greenest cities in the country. Through its many solar initiatives, it has committed millions of dollars to developing renewable energy technology throughout Chicago. A significant solar portfolio has helped Illinois rank fourth among US states in terms of installed solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity, based on preliminary data compared against May 2003 National Renewable Energy Laboratory statistics. Driving the results are initiatives such as net metering that allows customers to sell their excess generation from solar electric systems back to the utility, easy-to-use interconnection guidelines for solar systems, and solar installation incentives for Chicago residents and businesses. Some noteworthy results of these initiatives are the Chicago Solar Partnership, the Chicago Center for Green Technology, building integrated photovoltaic technology in Chicago's Millennium Park, and adding solar to the Chicago 911 Emergency Communications Center, all of which are discussed in detail in this article following a description of the influential and groundbreaking milestone-jumpstarting the green certificate market in the Midwest.
TL;DR: A Web-services-based integration framework is presented to address some general integration issues common to electric utilities and then applied to design an integrated utility information system.
Abstract: Web services, emerging as the next generation of integration technology, provide an attractive alternative for enterprise application integration. This article presents a Web-services-based integration framework to address some general integration issues common to electric utilities. As a case study, the Web-services-based integration framework is then applied to design an integrated utility information system.
TL;DR: In this article, an innovative emission-offset project that utilizes anaerobic digester gas-powered fuel cells to produce electricity in New York was discussed, and the use of fuel cells at wastewater treatment plants was also discussed.
Abstract: Fuel cells, mostly phosphoric acid, have been shown to operate well on renewable biogas fuels, such as anaerobic digester gas (ADC) produced at wastewater treatment plants as well as landfill gas (LFG) and gas produced in beer breweries This paper discusses an innovative emission-offset project that utilizes anaerobic digester gas-powered fuel cells to produce electricity in New York The use of fuel cells at wastewater treatment plants is also discussed
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show how PE and electric power quality (PQ) are related in almost every aspect of commercial, domestic, and industrial application, and how PE can be used to improve PQ.
Abstract: Early power equipment was designed to withstand disturbances such as lightning, short circuits, and sudden overloads without extra expenditure. Current power electronics (PE) prices would be much higher if the equipment was designed with the same robustness. Pollution has been introduced into power systems by nonlinear loads such as transformers and saturated coils; however, perturbation rate has never reached the present levels. Due to its nonlinear characteristics and fast switching, PE create most of the pollution issues. This article shows how PE and electric power quality (PQ) are related in almost every aspect of commercial, domestic, and industrial application.
TL;DR: The article describes the architecture of traditional and enterprise applications and presents the technologies and issues involved in deploying a traditional engineering application over the Internet and takes a traditional application and Web-enables it for the ASP market.
Abstract: The business of information has exploded since the birth of the Internet in the early 1960s. Advances in software and hardware engineering have transformed the role of the Internet from merely data and information delivery to the largest computing service delivery infrastructure in history. This transformation has created a gradual shift toward distributed computing and the application service provider (ASP) model for computing service delivery. The ASP market is largely driven by the increasing popularity of browser-based computing and the growing tendency for companies to outsource mission-critical functions. Advantages of the ASP model include reduced installation and support requirements, instant updates and synchronization, mass customization, and universal accessibility. Despite the obvious benefits, the ASP model has not yet gained momentum in power engineering, where most applications still conform to the traditional, standalone, three-tier architecture. The methodology featured in this article takes a traditional engineering application and Web-enables it for the ASP market. The article describes the architecture of traditional and enterprise applications and presents the technologies and issues involved in deploying a traditional engineering application over the Internet.
TL;DR: A flexible architecture of a Web-based tool that serves as a platform for power system visualization with open data structures that is universally accessible, instantaneously upgradable, and operating-system independent is presented.
Abstract: This article presents a flexible architecture of a Web-based tool that serves as a platform for power system visualization with open data structures. Different from regular applications, this platform may be viewed as a semicompleted application. It implements common features of a power system application such as GIS-like drawing and visualization, built-in topology processor, and so on. Meanwhile, the platform defines open data structures for system components with the consideration of efficiency and flexibility. It also provides a mechanism to link itself with external engines, instead of implementing the engines directly. This architecture may achieve considerable flexibility. For instance, users may extend and customize data structures of power system components. Users may also develop their own analytic engines based on their specific needs and link them with the platform. To maximize the benefits to users, the proposed platform is Web-enabled with Java client-side technology. It is universally accessible, instantaneously upgradable, and operating-system independent.
TL;DR: The methodology used to develop the business case for expanding the implementation of SA technologies at MidAmerican's substations is described and the results of this analysis are summarized.
Abstract: Technological improvements to intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and the communication facilities and protocols that enable their integration are occurring at a rapid pace. To ensure that ongoing internal efforts to integrate the IEDs has proper direction given industry developments, MidAmerican Energy Company developed a substation automation (SA) plan and is in the process of implementing it at two pilot substations. Before proceeding with system implementation activities, MidAmerican elected to develop a business case to ensure that the operational and strategic benefits that would be achieved and the costs to achieve these benefits were well understood ahead of time. Lack of a solid business case has always been one of the leading obstacles to the successful implementation of electric utility automation projects. Building a business case for the automation project will ensure that the costs and the benefits, both monetary and strategic, are well understood ahead of time and are supportive of company business drivers. This article describes the methodology used to develop the business case for expanding the implementation of SA technologies at MidAmerican's substations and summarizes the results of this analysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss some of the new technologies that have the potential to shape the future of the global power system, including flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), HVDC transmission, short current limiters, overhead lines, gas insulated transmission lines, and gas insulated switchgear, and grid connected wind generation.
Abstract: Globally, the increasing power demand is coupled with environmental constraints and strong competition that require advanced solutions for global power transmission. System reliability and congestion relief are imperative under dynamic market conditions to ensure that transmission systems provide a steady return on investment and cash flow as well as operate with the flexibility and security that will be required to serve future demand and load growth. Given all of the factors that must be balanced, the one certainty is that new technology will be a key enabler to move transmission investment forward and increase capacity. A few of the innovations that have the potential to shape the future of the global power system are already available or will soon be commercially available. Some, but definitely not all, of these new technologies are briefly discussed in this article including flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), HVDC transmission, short current limiters, overhead lines, gas insulated transmission lines, gas insulated switchgear, and grid connected wind generation.
TL;DR: A case study example of how a design project can be used to provide intuitive insight into both basic power system operation involving power flow and contingency analysis as well as more advanced topics involving an hourly locational marginal price (LMP) power market.
Abstract: One of the most challenging aspects of engineering education is to give students an intuitive feel for the systems they are studying. Historically, engineering schools have excelled at providing their undergraduate students with a strong background in the basic sciences and the theoretical fundamentals of engineering. Such a background has been, and continues to be, crucial. But while paper and pencil exercises can be quite useful for highlighting these fundamentals, they often fall short in imparting the desired intuitive system insight. Yet such insight can be crucial, particularly as a new engineer moves from straightforward analysis into the domain of design. To help, this article provides a case study example of how a design project can be used to provide such intuitive insight into both basic power system operation involving power flow and contingency analysis as well as more advanced topics involving an hourly locational marginal price (LMP) power market. This design project is based upon one developed by the author that is included in the Power System Analysis and Design textbook (third edition), and it is solved using the PowerWorld Simulator software.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an insight into existing forms of collaboration, evaluate the benefits, and discuss the trends of active interaction of university and industry in the diverse cultures of different countries.
Abstract: Today, many universities report record numbers of students enrolling in power and energy engineering courses. The power and energy industry shows strong interest in hiring qualified graduates, and the latter see exciting employment opportunities. Issues of power, energy, and environmental impact increasingly are at the center of interest at local conferences, are on the agenda of world summits, and are subject to active debate. The quest for effective and environmentally friendly solutions to energy problems stands at the forefront of a new era. The challenges involved call for an active interaction of university and industry in research and education, and this is the main subject of this article. The article is intended to give the reader an insight into existing forms of collaboration, to evaluate the benefits, and to discuss the trends of active interaction of university and industry in the diverse cultures of different countries. Typical mechanisms of collaboration are reviewed and the benefits resulting from collaboration for both industry and university are evaluated and elaborated upon. Based on these considerations, desirable features of university-industry collaboration today and in the future are discussed.
TL;DR: The enterprise application integration (EAI) as discussed by the authors is a business process model that enables disparate systems to exchange business-level information in languages that each understands, providing the backbone infrastructure for implementing a business-process model.
Abstract: As the utility marketplace continues to evolve, long-term survival and prosperity require clear, strategic thinking on the enterprise transforming initiatives needed to effectively increase efficiency and improve revenue opportunities. After a vision is formulated or refined, one of the crucial steps to be undertaken involves a business-process modeling exercise aimed at determining the operational processes that will support the strategy. In many cases, business-process automation (integrating information across systems) serves as the foundation for an enterprise business-process model. Adapting a modern business-process model includes embracing change. Toward that end, enterprise-application integration (EAI), the nimble strategy that involves technology and process that enables disparate systems to exchange business-level information in languages that each understands, provides the backbone infrastructure for implementing a business-process model. Ultimately, EAI serves as the enabler of high-level strategies detailed out as part of a business-process modeling effort and provides the flexible framework to address changing business climates.
TL;DR: The Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) as discussed by the authors has been automating its power system operations and corporate business procedures for some time, and an OPPD Automation Plan was initiated to coordinate and integrate systems on a corporate-wide basis.
Abstract: The Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) has been automating its power system operations and corporate business procedures for some time. OPPD is a medium-sized electric utility of approximately 2400 employees, 302000 electric customers, and a 2000 MW system peak load. Traditionally, departments have automated their own systems, creating islands of information. Therefore, a need to integrate systems to make information available at the corporate level required consideration. In 2000, an OPPD Automation Plan was initiated to coordinate and integrate systems on a corporate-wide basis. As a result of this plan, initiatives were recommended for a new energy management system (EMS), automatic meter reading, mobile computing, distribution automation (DA), and substation automation (SA). In June 2000, a consultant was hired to assist in developing a substation automation plan and to assist in implementing the Utility Communications Architecture (UCA) in the plan for a pilot project. This article addresses this pilot project, including its objectives, overview, issues, and evaluation.
TL;DR: The North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) has been responsible for the reliability of the interconnected grid, of which safety and security are essential ingredients, since 1968, and its security initiatives are coordinated by the Critical Infrastructure Protection Advisory Group (CIPAG), which reports directly to the NERC board of trustees.
Abstract: The North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) has been responsible for the reliability of the interconnected grid, of which safety and security are essential ingredients, since 1968. NERC has undertaken several key initiatives (many of which began well before September 11) to focus attention on security matters and to encourage electric power industry participants to act. They include: establishing an Information Sharing and Analysis Center for the Electricity Sector (ES-ISAC); developing security guidelines for the electricity sector; deploying a public key infrastructure (PKI); and creating a spare equipment database. NERC's security initiatives are coordinated by the Critical Infrastructure Protection Advisory Group (CIPAG), which reports directly to the NERC board of trustees. The group comprises electric industry experts in the areas of cyber security, physical security, and operational security. Because of NERC's unique position within the industry, CIPAG has become the focal point for security issues within the electricity sector. To ensure the broadest degree of expertise and experience, CIPAG works closely with other industry groups. This coordination is vital to ensuring the electric industry in North America speaks about security with one voice and acts in a coordinated manner.
TL;DR: The Power System Basics for Business Professionals (PSBPS) course as discussed by the authors was developed to improve the communication process by providing business professionals with a basic level of understanding of terminology and fundamental issues.
Abstract: The rapid changes in the business aspects of the electricity industry are making it necessary for engineers to communicate more frequently and more effectively with nontechnical people. With the heightened interest in electric power and energy systems, a broad range of "nonpower" people has expressed a need for a primer on power engineering fundamentals presented in a nontechnical manner. In response, the IEEE Power Engineering Society sponsored the preparation of such a course targeted towards the "business professional." The first offering of this course was in July 2002 as part of the IEEE PES Summer Meeting in Chicago. Power System Basics for Business Professionals was developed to improve the communication process by providing business professionals with a basic level of understanding of terminology and fundamental issues. This tutorial article provides an overview of the scope of the course.