Showing papers in "IEEE Power & Energy Magazine in 2004"
TL;DR: In this paper, a power system's ability to survive imminent disturbances (contingencies) without interruption to customer service is defined as the degree of risk in a power systems ability to cope with such disturbances without interrupting customer service.
Abstract: Security refers to the degree of risk in a power system's ability to survive imminent disturbances (contingencies) without interruption to customer service It relates to robustness of the system to imminent disturbances and, hence, depends on the system operating condition as well as the contingent probability of disturbances DSA refers to the analysis required to determine whether or not a power system can meet specified reliability and security criteria in both transient and steady-state time frames for all credible contingencies Ensuring security in the new environment requires the use of advanced power system analysis tools capable of comprehensive security assessment with due consideration to practical operating criteria These tools must be able to model the system appropriately, compute security limits in a fast and accurate manner, and provide meaningful displays to system operators Online dynamics security assessment can provide the first line of defense against widespread system disturbances by quickly scanning the system for potential problems and providing operators with actionable results With the development of emerging technologies, such as wide-area PMs and ISs, online DSA is expected to become a dominant weapon against system blackouts
351Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of electric vehicles/hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEVs) worldwide and their state of the art, with emphasis on the engineering philosophy and key technologies are discussed.
Abstract: This article reviews the status of electric vehicles/hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEVs) worldwide and their state of the art, with emphasis on the engineering philosophy and key technologies. The importance of the integration of technologies of automobile, electric motor drive, electronics, energy storage and controls, and the importance of the integration of society strength from government, industry, research institutions, electric power utilities, and transportation authorities are addressed. The challenged of EV commercialization is discussed. EV is a multidisciplinary subject involving broad and complex aspects. However, it has core technologies; chassis and body technology, propulsion technology, and energy source technology. The electric propulsion system is the heart of the EV. It consists of motor drive, transmission and controller, plus the integration with engine power train in the case of the HEV.
220Â citations
TL;DR: The ABMS approach is uniquely suited to addressing the strategic issues of interest to different market participants as well as those of market monitors and regulators.
Abstract: As power markets are relatively new and still continue to evolve, there is a growing need for advanced modeling approaches that simulate the behavior of electricity markets over time and how market participants may act and react to the changing economic, financial and regulatory environments in which they operate. A new and rather promising approach is to model the electricity market as a complex adaptive system using an agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) approach. The purpose of an ABMS model is not necessarily to predict the outcome of a system but to reveal and understand the complex and aggregate system behaviors that emerge from the interactions of the heterogeneous individual entities. Emergent behavior is a key feature of ABMS and is not easily inferred from the simple sum of the behavior of its components. By relying on both established engineering modeling techniques as well as advanced quantitative economic market principles, the ABMS approach is uniquely suited to addressing the strategic issues of interest to different market participants as well as those of market monitors and regulators.
184Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the transition from phasor-based wide area measurement to real-time monitoring, control, and protection of power systems has been described, and key concepts in control and protection are addressed along with different design principles and architectures.
Abstract: This article describes the transition from phasor-based wide area measurement to real time monitoring, control, and protection. The power system phenomena to deal with are reviewed, and key concepts in control and protection are addressed along with different design principles and architectures. Examples of analysis tools, monitoring tools and concepts for control and protection are given. The use of PMU improved the observability of the power system dynamics.
171Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, a number of different measures need to be undertaken to minimize the impact of future disturbances and highlight the need for prudent investment and deployment of well-defined and coordinated overall plans to prevent blackouts.
Abstract: Analysis of recent disturbances reveals some common threads among them, leading to a conclusion that some disturbances can be prevented. As there are no perfect solutions to prevent blackouts, which are usually caused by a complex sequence of cascading events, a number of different measures need to be undertaken to minimize the impact of future disturbances. This paper attempts to list some of the common causes, to offer various solutions, and to highlight the need for prudent investment and deployment of well-defined and coordinated overall plans to prevent blackouts.
125Â citations
KEMA1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine some of the factors, trends, and requirements that will have the biggest impact on development of energy management systems in the next decade that are more reliable, secure and flexible, and capable of meeting the anticipated new requirements of pending legislation, deregulation, and open access.
Abstract: This article examines some of the factors, trends, and requirements that will have the biggest impact on development of energy management systems in the next decade that are more reliable, secure and flexible, and capable of meeting the anticipated new requirements of pending legislation, deregulation, and open access. As the central nervous system of the power network, the control center - along with its energy management system (EMS) - is a critical component of the power system operational reliability picture. There is some ground to be gained by simply getting the EMS technology that is currently in use within the utility industry fully functional again to release the true potential value of the investment. EMSs should converge accurately and reliably under extreme voltage conditions, run fast enough to be useful in the time available, and be able to recommend remedial actions. Another key factor that is critical to the success of the EMS technology of tomorrow is the incorporation of advanced network analysis algorithms and applications. This presents not only a challenge, but also an opportunity to invest in new technology that will enable us to more effectively manage both the supply and demand side of the energy equation and is an equally important component to any long-term energy policy.
97Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the valid concerns that grid operators have regarding distributed generators and provide end-users with items to consider when determining distributed generation plant and equipment design requirements.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss islanding operation and to provide end-users with items to consider when determining distributed generation plant and equipment design requirements. Islanding is operating an electric generating plant without an external voltage and frequency reference. Operating in parallel is the opposite of islanding. This article attempts to describe the valid concerns that grid operators have regarding distributed generators. Grid computing could offer an inexpensive and efficient means for participant to compete in providing reliable, cheap and sustainable electrical energy supply. With a keen awareness of the issues involved and open communication among the grid operators, generator control system manufacturers, clients and design firms, distributed generators can be operated in islanded mode without negatively impacting the grid and can continue to support facility operations.
86Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a perspective on the production and use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel, and discuss the sources of hydrogen in the near and long-term future as well as the cost of hydrogen production.
Abstract: This work presents a perspective on the production and use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel. Hydrogen has been hailed as the key to a clean energy future primarily because it can be produced from a variety of energy sources, it satisfies all energy needs, it is the least polluting, and it is the perfect carrier for solar energy in that it affords solar energy a storage medium. Efforts are underway to transform the global transportation energy economy from one dependent on oil to that based on sustainable hydrogen. The rationale behind these efforts is that hydrocarbon-based automobiles are a significant source of air pollution, while hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles produce effectively zero emissions. Besides the transportation area, fuel cells can also reduce emissions in other applications such as the residential or commercial distributed electricity generation. Hydrogen is the perfect partner for electricity, and together they create an integrated energy system based on distributed power generation and use. A discussion on the sources of hydrogen in the near- and long-term future as well as the cost of hydrogen production is provided.
81Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a location-dependent approach based on the characteristics of the existing power system and nature of the load at each specific site to determine optimal solutions to digital end users' security, quality, reliability, and availability (SQRA) requirements.
Abstract: The digital revolution of the past few decades has increased the demand for electric power with higher reliability and quality than is typically delivered via the conventional centralized power system As modern economies move into the 21st century, this requirement for high security, quality, reliability, and availability (SQRA) of an electric power supply will increase as more manufacturing processes and service industries become dependent on digital devices In the future, all power users, whether they are commercial, industrial, or residential, are expected to demand more reliability from the electric power-delivery system than ever before The future of the power industry will require the continued development and integration of two infrastructures, not just one: both power delivery and communications Significant investments in the bulk-supply system and customer-side equipment will be needed to determine optimal solutions to digital end users' SQRA requirements, but it is not clear at this stage what balance of investment in the supply side versus the customer side is required to most cost effectively meet the needs of the growing digital-power market The ideal approach will be location dependent, based on the characteristics of the existing power system and nature of the load at each specific site Only through collaboration can the resources and commitment be marshaled to reach these goals
78Â citations
TL;DR: The challenges of photovoltaic in restructured power systems are shown and PV technologies could provide more secure mode of operation for power system during peak load hours when the systems are constrained and locational marginal prices are high.
Abstract: In response to global issues for the generation and delivery of electrical power, photovoltaic (PV) and other renewable energy technologies are gaining acceptance as a way of maintaining and improving living standards without harming the environment PV could help mitigate energy crises by reducing peak demand and securing the delivery of power in congested locations by decentralizing the power generation This article shows the challenges of photovoltaic in restructured power systems PV technologies could provide more secure mode of operation for power system during peak load hours when the systems are constrained and locational marginal prices are high
60Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the basics of financial transmission rights (FTR) and the main market features and outlines current FTR issues and future prospects are summarized and compared to the experience and perspectives acquired so far in North America.
Abstract: This article summarizes the basics of financial transmission rights (FTR) and the main market features and outlines current FTR issues and future prospects. This applies to any locational marginal pricing (LMP)-based markets, but specific references are made only to the experience and perspectives acquired so far in North America.
TL;DR: The ability of grid-enabled systems to interact autonomously is vital for small generators where manned operation is likely to be viable and the ability to monitor the output of embedded generators to be monitored and controlled is vital.
Abstract: This article discusses the potential benefits of grid computing for future power networks. It is also intended to alert the power system community to the concept of grid computing and to initiate a discussion of its potential applications in future power systems. Much like the Web, the grid can operate over the Internet or any other suitable computer networking technology. Grid computing offers an inexpensive and efficient means for participants to compete (but also cooperate) in providing reliable, cheap, and sustainable electrical energy supply. It also provides a relatively inexpensive new technology allowing the output of embedded generators to be monitored and, when necessary, controlled. Basically, the ability of grid-enabled systems to interact autonomously is vital for small generators where manned operation is likely to be viable.
TL;DR: The recent blackouts in the Western and Eastern regions of the US provide growing evidence that certain actions are urgently need to ensure that the electricity sector will continue to meet the nation's needs for reliable and affordable energy.
Abstract: The recent blackouts in the Western and Eastern regions of the US provide growing evidence that certain actions are urgently need to ensure that the electricity sector will continue to meet the nation's needs for reliable and affordable energy Much of the concern in this respect is due to the fact that the electricity infrastructure has made minute provisions to meet the changing needs of the economy It is widely believed that the current transmission and distribution systems were designed primarily for the industrial era of the 1950's and 1960's, when mechanical switching and radial network design were adequate Furthermore, annual investment in the transmission system has been cut in half since 1975, and capital expenditure plans announced by utility companies suggest that the underfunding trend is not going to be reversed soon There is concern that the gap is getting larger between the economy and the electricity infrastructure that is supposed to support the economy Expanding the transmission system will benefit consumers by reducing the possibility of outages, promoting affordable and stable power prices, and encouraging the construction of cleaner, more efficient power plants Although the electric transmission cost on average represent a small portion of the total cost of delivering the electricity, any transmission investment has the potential of yielding benefits far outweighing costs
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at the similarities between the 2003 blackout and the Western System collapse of 1996 and show that the August 14 collapse resulted from system overloading that led to voltage deterioration in the system and consequently a fast collapse, similar to the July 2, 1996 collapse.
Abstract: This paper looks at the similarities between the August 14, 2003 blackout and the Western System collapse of 1996. It was shown that the August 14 collapse resulted from system overloading that led to voltage deterioration in the system and consequently a "fast" collapse, similar to the July 2, 1996 collapse.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at the rise and decline of electric powered automobiles and trucks in the US during the last years of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century.
Abstract: This is the first part of a two-part article that looks at the rise and decline of electric powered automobiles and trucks in the US during the last years of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century.
TL;DR: The control of a heterogeneous, widely dispersed, yet globally interconnected system is a serious technological problem This becomes even more complex and difficult to control for optimal efficiency and maximum benefit to the ultimate consumers while still allowing all its business components to compete fairly and freely.
Abstract: The control of a heterogeneous, widely dispersed, yet globally interconnected system is a serious technological problem This becomes even more complex and difficult to control for optimal efficiency and maximum benefit to the ultimate consumers while still allowing all its business components to compete fairly and freely While creating a smart grid with self-healing capabilities is no longer a distant dream, considerable technical challenges as well as several economic and policy issues remain to be addressed To address these and other vulnerabilities, the electric power industry and all pertinent public and private sectors must work together with other critical infrastructure stakeholders Given economic, societal and quality of life issues and the ever-increasing interdependencies among infrastructures, a key challenge is whether the electricity infrastructure will evolve to become the primary support for the 21st century's digital society or be left behind as a 20th century industrial relic
TL;DR: In this article, the Residual Supply Index (RSI) is used to assess the overall competitiveness of the market during three years of dramatic changes in underlying structure, and estimating the benefits of increasing market competitiveness by upgrading Path 15.
Abstract: To successfully monitor power market operations and anticipate how market changes could affect the exercise of market power, indices of market power that are grounded in theory, reliable and easily calculated are needed. In this article, we present an index that we have found particularly useful in California: the Residual Supply Index (RSI). We demonstrate the empirical relationship between RSI and the mark-up of prices above competitive levels. We also describe two applications of this new index: using RSI to assess the overall competitiveness of the market during three years of dramatic changes in underlying structure, and estimating the benefits of increasing market competitiveness by upgrading Path 15. We also present some questions that market designers must consider when deciding how to mitigate market power when it is detected.
TL;DR: In this paper, a selection of significant hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) designs, concepts, and prototypes from Japan, France, and the United States are presented in an overview form.
Abstract: This article has two main parts. The first part provides examples of recent advancements with advanced battery technologies: nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li ion), lithium metal polymer (Li MP), sodium metal chloride (Zebra) and nickel zinc (NiZn). The next part addresses, in overview form, a selection of significant hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) designs, concepts, and prototypes from Japan, France, and the United States.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine key issues facing public and private decision makers advocating for or affected by the possible emergence of a hydrogen economy, and explore the extent to which society can manage this technological transition and identify key business and public policy issues.
Abstract: This article examines key issues facing public and private decision makers advocating for - or affected - by the possible emergence of a hydrogen economy It offers alternative visions of a hydrogen future, explores the extent to which society can manage this technological transition identifies key business and public policy issues, and offers recommendations Hydrogen advocates should take the time to understand the culture of a sector, industry, or enterprise to enable identification of events and circumstances that prompts action Also, hydrogen as currently conceived is expected to evolve from a local market to a continental market over time, implying that state and local policies is also strongly influencing its development
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the possible new technical and business opportunities and benefits in developing advanced strategies for data integration and information exchange in the deregulated market place.
Abstract: The deregulation of the electric utility industry combined with development of advanced technology has raised many questions as how to make the power system operation more cost effective while preserving a high level of reliability and security. The utilities are developing different strategies for achieving this goal, enabling them to stay competitive. Many other new businesses are being formed to take advantage of the new opportunities in the marketplace.This article provides an overview of the possible new technical and business opportunities and benefits in developing advanced strategies for data integration and information exchange. It describes the efforts to discover new approaches to formulating a successful business strategy that would ensure competitiveness, with particular focus on the role of data integration and information exchange in developing new technical and business opportunities in the deregulated market place. In order to put the above discussion into better perspective, two new applications, namely a comprehensive fault and disturbance analysis and a novel two-stage state estimation, are presented as illustrative examples of how additional benefits can be obtained through assigning new business value to information and data.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present specific EEM system applications that support strategic energy management, which include: modeling and forecasting; benchmarking; energy use and cost analysis; and measurement and verification.
Abstract: Over the last several decades, there has been increasing interest and activity in the filed of energy management. The knowledge gained from the deployment of energy efficient projects is driving a transition from traditional tactical practices to more comprehensive strategic energy management practices. Like many modern management practices, a strategic management approach highlights the need for an information system to set goals, track performance, and communicate results. An enterprise energy management (EEM) information system can support strategic energy management by capturing data about current energy performance, assisting in the creation and tracking of energy performance goals, and communicating results to managers and energy project participants. This paper presents specific EEM system applications that support strategic energy management, which include: modeling and forecasting; benchmarking; energy use and cost analysis; and measurement and verification.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors aim to determine whether renewable energy technologies are ready for mainstream power business and how they can help mitigate the increasing concern of global warming by providing emission-free, environmentally-friendly sources of energy.
Abstract: This paper aims to determine whether renewable energy technologies are ready for mainstream power business and how they can help mitigate the increasing concern of global warming by providing emission-free, environmentally-friendly sources of energy. This paper also presents the various government policies and some development trends to evaluate the state of the technology development and market share of renewable energy technologies.
TL;DR: This paper looks at the two major concerns in today's utility industry how to establish the value of data and information and how to make the whole process of integrating the data and extracting the required information as efficient and as transparent as possible.
Abstract: This paper looks at the two major concerns in today's utility industry how to establish the value of data and information and how to make the whole process of integrating the data and extracting the required information as efficient and as transparent as possible. To support the argument that the technical and business value of data and information still needs to be fully understood and appreciated, further analysis of the issue is provided using the example of the traditional versus the future view of the data integration and information exchange. The approaches of using the data and information may be revisited in the context of the goals of deregulation and more competitive, customer-focused industry. The resulting strategies may offer some new benefits and more efficient and versatile uses of data and information in the future.
TL;DR: In this paper, a Distributed Asset Optimization (DAO) model has been developed to provide an engineering basis for predicting hourly loading at any point between the substation and the customer.
Abstract: It is commonly thought that the average utility distribution system is 50 to 80% utilized on peak. Today, distribution utilization can only be measured at the distribution substation, and the utilization downstream of the substation is usually unknown. Optimizing the use of distribution assets and systems requires having accurate loading information for any weather scenario and at any point on the system. The basis for all distribution system loading is distribution transformer loading, which is the aggregate of individual customer loads. This article looks at a different methodology, called the Distributed Asset Optimization (DAO) model. The DAO model has been developed to provide an engineering basis for predicting hourly loading at any point between the substation and the customer. It works to integrate systems and process while improving process productivity and it facilitates better sharing of existing IT investments. The DAO model provides utilities with the best data available without installing meters on every distribution asset and the analysis tools to act upon the information.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a summary of the presentation given in the course on power system operations, building on the foundation provided by the "Electricity Basics" portion of the course.
Abstract: This article is the fourth in a series based on the IEEE PES Power System Basics for Business Professionals tutorial. The article provides a summary of the presentation given in the course on power system operations, building on the foundation provided by the "Electricity Basics" portion of the course. Simulation software is used throughout the article to explain many of the concepts associated with power system operations. The focus of this article is o the operation of these large, interconnected grids.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the first polyphase (more than one phase) system developed for the distribution of alternating current (AC) power, which is known as polyphase AC.
Abstract: This paper describes the first "polyphase" (more than one phase) system developed for the distribution of alternating current (AC) power. This two-phase system was subsequently rendered obsolete, however, by the superior three-phase system that is now universally used throughout the world. Today, the large-scale generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power is by means of the three-phase AC system; that is, three individual single-phase voltages and currents having a 120/spl deg/ phase relationship to each other and intermingled on three wires. The three-phase system has been adopted because it provides for a constant rather than pulsating power flow to motors, and because it is an efficient system as far as the amount of copper required per kilowatt transmitted. The theoretical complexity of the three-phase system, however, delayed its complete acceptance in the early days of electric power system development.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed that developing countries carefully study these considerations to ensure that the expected benefits from restructuring and privatizations are commensurate with its risks and costs, and they also evaluated a number of considerations before selecting a specific market structure and proceeding with development of market design, rules and protocols.
Abstract: Many developing countries in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and South America are freeing up their electric energy industries in search of benefits from competition. These countries are on a fast-paced plan to implement restructuring despite the fact that the benefits from restructuring are yet to prove themselves in the more developed countries such as the US, Western Europe and Australia. The challenge is to develop a balance between introduction of competition, regulation and command and control. These countries need to conduct a comprehensive analysis and address a number of key considerations before proceeding with the decision to restructure their electric energy industries. They must also evaluate a number of considerations before selecting a specific market structure and proceeding with development of market design, rules and protocols. It is recommended that developing countries carefully study these considerations to ensure that the expected benefits from restructuring and privatizations are commensurate with its risks and costs. Finally, it is important to note that market rules and protocols cannot be developed in a vacuum and the market rules and protocols of the neighboring countries must be taken into account. This is especially important if the country under consideration requires energy through imports.
TL;DR: BC Hydro has embarked on a strategy to be the leader in the development of a hydrogen economy in British Columbia, Canada, using sustainable electricity for hydrogen production as discussed by the authors, and has established relationships with key players and learning by doing through demonstration projects, as well as facilitating hydrogen opportunities in the province.
Abstract: BC Hydro has embarked on a strategy to be the leader in the development of a hydrogen economy in British Columbia, Canada, using sustainable electricity for hydrogen production. BC Hydro is now exploring this market by establishing relationships with key players and learning by doing through demonstration projects, as well as facilitating hydrogen opportunities in the province. BC Hydro's ultimate goal is to ensure that safe, economic and publicly acceptable hydrogen infrastructure is available to support the widespread adoption of fuel cell vehicles and other products.