Showing papers in "IEEE Power & Energy Magazine in 2006"

The anatomy of a power grid blackout - Root causes and dynamics of recent major blackouts

Abstract: This paper examines some of the more recent major blackouts and discusses some of the root causes and dynamics of these events. The paper aims to identify high-level conclusions and recommendations for improving system dynamic performance and reducing the risk of such catastrophic events

Energy price forecasting - problems and proposals for such predictions

Abstract: This paper discusses the value of price forecasting in the electricity market during bidding or hedging against volatility. When bidding in a pool system, the market participants are requested to express their bids in terms of prices and quantities. Since the bids are accepted in order of increasing price until the total demand is met, a company that is able to forecast the pool price can adjust its own price/production schedule depending on hourly pool prices and its own production costs. This paper also discusses the challenges of price forecasting and describes some of the proposed methods for meeting these challenges.

WAMS applications in Chinese power systems

Abstract: Since the first GPS-based phasor measurement (PMU) unit was invented, synchrophasor technology has developed for more than a decade. During this period many concepts were proposed, for instance, the wide-area measuring/monitoring system (WAMS). It brings great potential for upgrading the supervision, operation, protection and control of modern power systems. In China, this emerging technology also attracts great concerns because of the rapidly expanding scale of many new challenges to Chinese power industry. In this article, we summarize the most recent development of PMU/WAMS in China, with emphasis on the basic architectures and functions of the developed system and the communication infrastructures. The future trend is also discussed.

Fuel cells: promising devices for distributed generation

Abstract: Due to the growing awareness for environmental protection and the increase in energy consumption, more interest has been given to green (renewable and fuel-cell-based) power generation systems. This paper shows how effectively this type of distributed generation (DG) produces quality energy compared to other DG technologies. One advantage is that these systems can be placed at any site in a distribution system, without geographic limitations, to provide optimal benefit. It is observed that modeling of FCs (fuel cell) is helpful in evaluating its performance and for designing controllers. Overall, fuel cells are good energy sources that provides reliable power at steady state.

Overcoming restoration challenges associated with major power system disturbances - Restoration from cascading failures

Abstract: A study of annual system disturbances reported by the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) over a ten-year period shows 117 power system disturbances that have had one or more restoration problem(s) belonging to a number of functional groups. While this paper does not include all the restoration problems encountered, some of the more common and significant problems are briefly described. These failures clearly indicate a need for renewed emphasis on developing restoration methodologies and implementation plans

Aging, maintenance, and reliability - approaches to preserving equipment health and extending equipment life

Abstract: A survey is offered for the various maintenance methods available for operators to preserve equipment health and extend equipment life. The methods range from the simplest, "follow-the-manual" types to detailed probabilistic approaches. To get the most out of maintenance, one has to select a mathematical model where optimization is possible. Another choice, of which operators are becoming more and more aware, is to apply a maintenance policy. This article concentrates on maintenance policies and their applications. Maintenance policy is based not on a rigid schedule but on the "as needed" principle. This can be implemented with or without mathematical models

Power system equipment aging

Abstract: This article discussed the issues around power system equipment aging, including concepts of equipment lifetime, approaches to estimating the mean life and age, Weibull and normal-distribution-based models to assess the end-of-life failure probability. The relationship between aging and maintenance activities, limitations of maintenance in extending equipment life, and determination of timing of retirement were also discussed. A few examples showing actual data of transformers, cables, and reactors at BCTC have been presented. Maintenance activities can extend the life of equipment but could be very costly for equipment at their end-of-life stage. A compromise between maintenance and replacement must be carefully considered. RCM and probabilistic analysis approaches are available for utilities to guide maintenance activities and manage aged assets in a more efficient and economic manner

Implementation of online security assessment

Abstract: The implementation of online dynamic security assessment (DSA) systems is growing worldwide, and the deployment of this advanced technology is expected to improve the real-time security and, hence, the reliability of power systems. While not insignificant, the cost and efforts required to install online DSA tools are minor compared to the benefits of reducing the volume of offline studies required and, more importantly, the benefits of identifying and avoiding potential security problems in the systems to reduce the risk of blackouts. Based on practical experience, a process of DSA system integration is presented that can assist utilities and grid operators in addressing key issues during the specification, development, and installation of such tools. A number of successful online DSA projects are discussed to illustrate the viability and practicality of such applications, even for large, complex power systems. The penetration of online DSA tools is expected to continue to grow as operators seek timely and cost-effective approaches to enhance system performance. In the meantime, work is continuing on new methods of online analysis, advanced preventive and corrective control tools, and improved hardware architectures

The economics of aging infrastructure

Abstract: Eventually, every system will age to a sustainable point at which repair and replacement costs driven by advanced equipment age and deterioration from long service will remain constant thereafter. The good news is that equipment data, condition assessment, prioritization, and management focus can significantly reduce costs, extend lifetimes, and improve reliability. The bad news is that even when optimized to the extent possible, in the long run, utilities will need more money in order to maintain their systems at the lowest life-cycle cost. Many regulatory agencies and customers will push back and insist that spending related to aging infrastructure be reasonably justified, but limiting a utility's ability to manage its aging equipment will eventually result in lower levels of reliability and higher rates in the future

Real-time dynamic security assessment: fast simulation and modeling applied to emergency outage security of the electric grid

Abstract: A major drawback of current dynamic security assessment (DSA) software used to analyze the transient and dynamic responses to a large number of potential power system disturbances in a transient time frame is the long simulation time required to complete the calculations, making it impractical for real-time applications. This paper describes an attempt to dramatically reduce the time for DSA calculations so that DSA analyses can be converted from offline studies to routine, online use to aid grid operators in their real-time controller analyses. Using a new distributed computational architecture among other techniques, a modified version of DSA is developed which performs calculations fast enough for real-time applications to energy management systems (EMS) that operate today's grid systems.

System threats and vulnerabilities [power system protection]

Abstract: Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and control systems are subject to vulnerabilities that did not exist prior to deregulation of the electric power industry. This is due to a variety of factors, including business needs brought on by deregulation and a movement toward using common operating systems and networking protocols for SCADA and control systems. The rise of organized criminal activity on the Internet and of national, covert, cyberoperations has compounded the threat. However, both the U.S. government and industry, sometimes in partnership and sometimes independently, are working to mitigate these vulnerabilities and provide the means to secure our infrastructure.

Postmortem analysis of power grid blackouts - The role of measurement systems

Abstract: Promptly following any blackout, an investigation is conducted to determine the who, what, where, when, why, and how. At the heart of the postmortem investigation is the detailed sequence of events. The sequence of events is based on vast amounts of data collected from multiple points in the system from myriad data collection instruments, some devoted to the purpose of supporting system disturbance postmortem analysis, others providing useful additional context or filling in missing gaps. The more that the investigators know about their available sources of data, and the inherent limitations of each, the better (and quicker) will be the analysis. This is especially important when a large blackout has occurred, wherein there is pressure to find answers quickly, but because of the size and complexity of the event, a deliberate and methodical investigation is necessary. This paper discusses the role that system monitoring plays in supporting the investigation of large-scale system disruptions and blackouts

Wisdom about age [aging electricity infrastructure]

Abstract: This paper discusses the aging US electricity infrastructure, including generation, transmission and distribution. From the analysis in this article, there is no doubt that the U.S. electricity infrastructure is aging. Aging infrastructure has higher cost to operate and maintain and, more importantly, lower reliability. The lower reliability of aging infrastructure makes the physical system less reliable and the electricity market more risky. The healthy operation of an electricity market should take into consideration the reliability of individual infrastructure components, and one way to do that is to make the reliability a cost driver

Life extension and condition assessment: techniques for an aging utility infrastructure

Abstract: Many utilities are focusing their efforts on developing methods to assess the condition of equipment to extend the life of existing infrastructure. In many cases, these utilities focus their efforts on extending the life of power transformers and paper-insulated lead-covered (PILC) cables because these components offer the greatest payback. Extending the life of aging infrastructure requires the use of noninvasive condition assessment and online preventive techniques that can easily be implemented in the field. Such condition monitoring, assessment, and life extension techniques will help utilities decide whether an aging transformer or underground PILC distribution cable can be operated reliably beyond its design life

Electric utility responses to grid security issues

Abstract: This paper discusses the different initiatives that utility decision makers have set in place to address the vulnerability of the US power grid to physical and cyber attacks. One of the efforts to enhance grid security is EPRI's Infrastructure Security Initiative (ISI), which was designed to develop both prevention countermeasures and enhanced recovery capabilities. To protect against cyber attacks, several organizations were also established including the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) and the Process Control Systems Forum (PCSF). In addition, EPRI also launched the Energy Information Security (EIS) program to focus on computer-based security breaches. An industry-wide cybersecurity program alliance, called the PowerSec Initiative, was also formed to address the cyberthreat issue as it could impact electric utility operational and control equipment.

Blackouts and relaying considerations - Relaying philosophies and the future of relay systems

Abstract: This paper addresses the broad question of relaying philosophies, modes of operation of relays under abnormal system conditions, the categories of their failure modes, and advances made possible by modern technology in computer relays, adaptive relaying, and the use of wide-area measurements for improved protection and the ability to mitigate wide-area outages. It is hoped that this discussion will lead to a dialogue among system planners, relay engineers, and operating personnel to explore the realities of relay system performance under stressed system conditions and to adapt solutions made possible by new technological innovations

A Nuclear Renaissance

Abstract: As the issues that stopped the development of new nuclear plants in the past having been addressed, the prospects for the revival of the US nuclear program have never been better. New designs are cheaper to build and operate, and operators have developed processes and programs to efficiently operate nuclear plants to maximize safety and reliability. Construction time frames appear to be attainable and reliable, and the licensing process has improved to allow significant investments to be made after the license is issued

Modern countermeasurus to blackouts

Abstract: A brief overview of modern transmission technologies and how they may be effectively used to enhance system dynamic performance in response to major system disturbances is presented. In this way, some of the risks of potential cascading outages and islanding of the system can be mitigated. The application of these devices requires proper coordination and tuning of controls to ensure robust performance. The key benefit is the ability to effect fast and automatic response to system disturbances, thereby enhancing damping in power oscillations, transient stability margins, and smooth voltage recovery and regulation following major system disturbances

Creating harmony in South America

Abstract: South America is looking for ways to harmonize power supply expansion with growing environmental concerns as electricity demand increases at a fast pace. While South America contributed little to the world's total pollutant emissions, societies are increasingly becoming aware of the impact that new hydropower plants or fossil-burning thermal generators have. And the "not in my backyard" syndrome, typical of developed countries, is also gaining strength in the region. Private investors leading key investment decisions in the reformed South American power sectors are facing organized opposition to the building of new plants. Brazil and Chile provide two examples of how countries are trying to reconcile the need for abundant energy supply with environmental constraints

The technical talent challenge [workforce development]

Abstract: The electric system is the largest, most complex machine ever created. It requires a long-term perspective to develop and maintain a complex system designed to last 50 years or more in an always-on state. In recent years, industry leaders have taken a short-term approach, reacting to regulatory pressures, financial targets and system performance, placing relatively little emphasis on workforce development. The industry faces a technical talent challenge, due in part to short-term thinking. Long-term planning and collaborative actions must be taken to mitigate the affect of attrition in order to maintain the viability of the electrical infrastructure. With collective focus, the industry can shift to longer-term thinking that includes the development and availability of expertise to ensure the most complex machine ever created will flourish reliably and benefit society for many years to come.

The future beckons [electric power industry]

Abstract: This paper discusses the challenges that the US electric power industry has to face to continue to maintain the stable, reliable, and efficient system over the next few years. These challenges include an aging transmission system suffering from substantial underinvestment, the need for a regulatory framework that will spur independent investment, ownership and management of the nation's grid, and an aging workforce and the need for a succession plan to ensure the existence of the next generation of technical expertise in the industry. Through the efforts of many and by working together through concerned organizations, the industry can move forward to the benefit of the public and the US as a whole.

The Transformation of the Nuclear Power Industry

Abstract: During the 1980s and early 1990s, the nuclear power generation industry in the US was viewed by the public as a dying industry owing mainly to concerns about the safety of the nuclear units, the storage of spent nuclear fuel, transportation of nuclear materials to central locations, and the general security of the nuclear facilities. Since then, the industry has transformed itself from one perceived as a dangerous, expensive technology to that of a reliable electrical power source. It is now viewed as a positive source of power from a global warming perspective. Aggressive industry initiatives to improve plant operation and maintenance have alleviated the public fear of nuclear technology. With the public unrest quieted and the cost of non-nuclear generation on the rise, the promise of nuclear power as a safe and reliable energy source may now be realized

A more perfect energy union

Abstract: High oil prices, Europe's energy dependency on OPEC and Russia, new insecurities concerning long-term availability of fossil fuels, and the urgency of new greenhouse gas mitigation measures have revived a debate on the need for a European energy policy. Recommendations have been made for the EC to devise a strategic EU energy review to be presented to the Council and Parliament on a regular basis, covering all energy policy issues. This would constitute a regular stocktaking and action plan for the EC and Parliament, monitoring progress and identifying new challenges and responses on all aspects of energy policy

China's energy and environment

Abstract: While the continued emergence of China's economy has benefited its own people and other nations as well, it has negatively affected its energy resources and the environment It has thus become critical for China to curb its energy consumption and environmental impact for sustainable development Recognizing the problem, the Chinese government has moved to enshrine in policy making the concept of a green GDP by experimenting on managed market-based mechanisms with markets, regulations, taxes, and tariffs to achieve a balanced development

Resource adequacy: economic and engineering challenges and proposed solutions

Abstract: This paper summarizes the presentations and debates at the panel discussion sponsored by the IEEE Power Engineering Society's (PES)Energy Supply Working Group of the Power Systems Planning and Implementation (PSPI) Committee. Carrying the theme "Resource Adequacy - The Economic and Engineering Challenges and the Proposed Solutions", the discussion aims to raise awareness of the issues and challenges and encourage others to join future discussions and research. In addition to economic and engineering challenges, the speakers shared their concerns, thought processes, vision, and proposed solutions and alternatives.

Is there a sustainable future for nuclear power

Abstract: This paper focuses on nuclear power's application to electricity generation, noting that its military and foreign policy implications cannot be ignored and thus must be considered. We first set out a sustainability framework for assessing electricity industry design options and discuss the key issues for nuclear power in this context. We then review nuclear power's troubled past and contested present. Nuclear power's uncertain future is explored through three general scenarios of how nuclear power might fare, broadly classified as decline, business as usual, and renaissance. Finally, we discuss how societies might make decisions about the future of nuclear power as well as the role of the engineering profession in that process