Showing papers in "IEEE Power & Energy Magazine in 2020"
TL;DR: Although extreme events, mainly natural disasters and climate change-driven severe weather, are the result of naturally occurring processes, power system planners, regulators, and policy makers do not usually recognize them within network reliability standards.
Abstract: Although extreme events, mainly natural disasters and climate change-driven severe weather, are the result of naturally occurring processes, power system planners, regulators, and policy makers do not usually recognize them within network reliability standards. Instead, planners have historically designed the electric power infrastructure accounting for the so-called credible (or "average") outages that usually represent single or (some kind of) simultaneous faults (e.g., faults on double circuits).
56 citations
TL;DR: An overview of ADMS applications for emerging electric power distribution systems is presented and future research directions are identified.
Abstract: The development and deployment of advanced distribution management systems (ADMSs) is imperative to address the increasingly complex operational challenges faced by aging electric power distribution systems, while ensuring reliable and resilient operations. Along with integrating the processes across multiple systems that are typically isolated, an ADMS allows for the development of applications that can readily access information from various subsystems, apply advanced analytics, and effectively control and coordinate traditionally segmented systems. This article presents an overview of ADMS applications for emerging electric power distribution systems and identifies future research directions.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that residential solar installations are expected to increase approximately 8% annually through 2050, and current forecasts project that approximately 18.7 million EVs will be on U.S. roads in 2030.
Abstract: The drastic price reduction in variable renewable energy, such as wind and solar, coupled with the ease of use of smart technologies at the consumer level, is driving dramatic changes to the power system that will significantly transform how power is made, delivered, and used. Distributed energy resources (DERs)-which can include solar photovoltaic (PV), fuel cells, microturbines, gensets, distributed energy storage (e.g., batteries and ice storage), and new loads [e.g., electric vehicles (EVs), LED lighting, smart appliances, and electric heat pumps]-are being added to electric grids and causing bidirectional power flows and voltage fluctuations that can impact optimal control and system operation. Residential solar installations are expected to increase approximately 8% annually through 2050. Customer battery systems are anticipated to reach almost 1.9 GW by 2024, and current forecasts project that approximately 18.7 million EVs will be on U.S. roads in 2030. With numbers like these, it is not unreasonable to imagine a residential electricity customer having at least five controllable DERs. In future
28 citations
TL;DR: For more than a decade, the distribution utility industry has recognized and increasingly accepted the concept of an advanced distribution management system (ADMS), but surprisingly few distribution utilities have successfully implemented an ADMS with advanced applications.
Abstract: For more than a decade, the distribution utility industry has recognized and increasingly accepted the concept of an advanced distribution management system (ADMS). In a nutshell, an ADMS combines the functional domains of distribution supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, the outage management system, switching management, and distribution network analysis and optimization into a single seamless system. The distribution network analysis and optimization functions are referred to as advanced applications. However, surprisingly few distribution utilities have successfully implemented an ADMS with advanced applications. Even fewer have system operators making full use of such applications. Numerous small-scale pilot projects have been executed and completed where the value of such advanced applications as fault location isolation and service restoration (FLISR) and integrated volt/volt-ampere reactive optimization (IVVO) have been positively confirmed. Successful systemwide operational deployments of advanced applications, however, are much less common. There are multiple reasons for this, including insufficient numerical robustness of advanced applications to provide solutions under a wide variety of system conditions. Other reasons include model-magnitude, complexity, and data-quality issues.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a two-part tariff consisting of a fixed monthly charge and a volumetric energy charge expressed in U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour.
Abstract: Today, most american residential customers pay for electric service via tariffs that are structured as two-part rates consisting of a fixed monthly charge and a volumetric energy charge expressed in U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. The fixed-charge component generally comprises a small portion of the bill, which is dominated by the volumetric charge.
23 citations
TL;DR: A fast-prototyping platform for research and testing under the new transmission technology paradigm that is highly integrated, closed loop, and capable of mimicking a real power grid for testing new controls or algorithms is proposed.
Abstract: The electric power grid is undergoing unprecedented modernization toward higher reliability, higher efficiency, and lower cost through the integration of renewable energy, wide-area monitoring, and advanced control technology. This integration is making the transmission grid overwhelmingly complex to understand and model to apply new control or actuation technologies. This calls for a fast-prototyping platform for research and testing under the new transmission technology paradigm. Such a platform should be highly integrated, closed loop, and capable of mimicking a real power grid for testing new controls or algorithms. However, traditional software simulation packages usually perform specific tasks such as dynamic simulation or state estimation but lack the capability of providing an integrated closed-loop platform.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that extreme weather events such as hurricanes and other storms are the primary cause of widespread power failure in the United States and that power failures can have a significant impact on our society with an evolving resource mix and the increased potential for cyber-and physical attacks.
Abstract: Extreme weather, such as hurricanes and other storms, is the primary cause of widespread power failure in the United States Power failures can have a significant impact on our society With the increased frequency and intensity of these extreme weather events and future risks brought on by an evolving resource mix and the increased potential for cyber- and physical attacks, beyond reliability, the resilience of the power grid is becoming more critical The energy industry is working to improve resilience to make the grid stronger and smarter so it can better withstand disruptive events and reduce the magnitude and duration of any power failures that do occur
18 citations
TL;DR: The resilience (or resiliency) of a system is characterized by its resistive, anticipative, absorptive, adaptive, and restorative capacities when facing adverse events.
Abstract: The resilience (or resiliency) of a system is characterized by its resistive, anticipative, absorptive, adaptive, and restorative capacities when facing adverse events Resilience is an umbrella term that goes beyond related concepts like robustness and protection, redundancy and fallback options, or reliability A system is considered resilient when it can provide a high level of service, even after highimpact, low-probability events For every system, resilience regarding a specific event can be analyzed by studying the system's performance over time
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the state of the art in the field of smart grid and distributed energy management in the last few years, showing that the change started with the advent of the wholesale markets in the mid-1990s and accelerated with the smart grid.
Abstract: Utilities are in the throes of some phenomenal changes. Technology is transforming, organizations are changing, and both utilities and vendors are undergoing mergers and acquisitions. In transmission, this change started with the advent of the wholesale markets in the mid-1990s. In distribution, it started with the advent of the smart grid around 2005 but accelerated in the last few years.
14 citations
TL;DR: The introduction of VSC-HVdc in the late 1990s initiated the use of self-commutated valves employing insulated-gate bipolar transistors with a significant improvement in dynamic performance.
Abstract: Power system engineers and planners often consider high-voltage dc (HVdc) systems for bulk power transmission over long distances. There are two technologies within HVdc: line-commutated converters (LCC-HVdc) and voltage-source converters (VSC-HVdc). Each type has its own suitable range of applications. LCC-HVdc is a mature technology that has been available since the 1970s and uses thyristor valves. LCC-HVdc is commonly applied for high-capacity power transmission between two strong power systems (high short circuit ratio) over long distances with limited dynamic requirements (e.g., features such as fast power reversal, dynamic reactive power support, or black start are not available or are available only with limited performance). Currently installed systems reach ratings of 12 GW at a transmission voltage of ?1,100 kV and may cover distances beyond 3,000 km. The introduction of VSC-HVdc in the late 1990s initiated the use of self-commutated valves employing insulated-gate bipolar transistors with a significant improvement in dynamic performance. Presently, the ratings of VSC-HVdc a relower than those of LCC-HVdc. VSC-HVdc systems are now installed with a rating of 3,000 MW at a transmission voltage of ±525 kV, and higher ratings are under development. For special applications such as the connection of offshore wind power plants or connection to/between weak grids, VSC-HVdc often offers the only technoeconomically viable solution.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Working Group on Grid Connection of Renewable Energy (WGRE) was established to continually discuss and make timely decisions about these operational issues, including capacity connections, operation enhancement and asset improvement in each balancing area, and inevitable curtailment procedures for renewable generation.
Abstract: Japan has been experiencing a rapid deployment of photovoltaics (PVs) since the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) Scheme for Renewable Energy was launched in July 2012 . The increasing penetration levels of variable renewable generation, especially PVs and wind, have been affecting power system operations in each of Japan's 10 balancing areas. To accommodate this rapid growth in variable generation, the government established the Working Group on Grid Connection of Renewable Energy in 2014 to continually discuss and make timely decisions about these operational issues, including capacity connections, operation enhancement and asset improvement in each balancing area, and inevitable curtailment procedures for renewable generation.
TL;DR: RTE is the french transmission system operator that owns, develops, maintains, and operates a power grid serving a load of 460 TWh, with 100,000 km of lines and cables and 2,700 substations.
Abstract: RTE is the french transmission system operator (TSO) that owns, develops, maintains, and operates a power grid serving a load of 460 TWh, with 100,000 km of lines and cables and 2,700 substations of 63, 90, 225, and 400 kV. As is the case with many TSOs, the company plays a major role in enabling the successful transition to a system that can integrate more intermittent renewable resources and facilitate the development of smart grids and microgrids. With the increasing difficulty of building new lines and substations, the company strives to make the best use of its existing assets and improve the sustainability of new designs and components installed on the grid. RaD and innovation, new technology, telecommunications, and computation play key roles in the future development of the grid.
TL;DR: Key attributes common to the evolution of the distribution system and consumers include the significantly increasing level of data connectivity, interoperability, and systems integration required for realizing the benefits of adopting new technologies at scale.
Abstract: The electric power system is evolving from a centralized generation model toward a complex distributed infrastructure with potentially millions of controllable generators and load prosumers. Transformative changes are especially pronounced at the distribution system level, with applications of new technologies influencing policies, planning, and utility operations. Consumers of electric power are also evolving, as they now generate electricity locally and utilize the Internet of Things for managing their home electric use and interfacing with grid applications. Evidence of this abounds, from the high penetration of rooftop solar installations and other distributed energy resources (DERs) that are transforming electricity consumers into prosumers (who consume and produce electricity) to the proliferation of controllable smart appliances reacting to signals and changing the pattern of power consumption. Key attributes common to the evolution of the distribution system and consumers include the significantly increasing level of data connectivity, interoperability, and systems integration required for realizing the benefits of adopting new technologies at scale.
TL;DR: The constant reliability and availability of medium-voltage (MV) and high voltage (HV) electrical assets used in the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power is essential at both utilities and industrial plants.
Abstract: The constant reliability and availability of medium-voltage (MV) and high-voltage (HV) electrical assets used in the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power is essential at both utilities and industrial plants.
TL;DR: Although BESSs represented less than 1% of grid-scale energy storage in the United States in 2019, they are the preferred technology to meet growing demand because they are modular, scalable, and easy to deploy across diverse use cases and geographic locations.
Abstract: Changes in the Demand Profile and a growing role for renewable and distributed generation are leading to rapid evolution in the electric grid. These changes are beginning to considerably strain the transmission and distribution infrastructure. Utilities are increasingly recognizing that the integration of energy storage in the grid infrastructure will help manage intermittency and improve grid reliability. This recognition, coupled with the proliferation of state-level renewable portfolio standards and rapidly declining lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery costs, has led to a surge in the deployment of battery energy storage systems (BESSs). Although BESSs represented less than 1% of grid-scale energy storage in the United States in 2019, they are the preferred technology to meet growing demand because they are modular, scalable, and easy to deploy across diverse use cases and geographic locations.
TL;DR: The integration of increasing numbers of larger photovoltaic (PV) power plants brings several challenges to traditional distribution system protection, two major considerations are managing back-feed and coordinating the inverter response to abnormal conditions.
Abstract: The integration of increasing numbers of larger photovoltaic (PV) power plants brings several challenges to traditional distribution system protection. Two major considerations are managing back-feed and coordinating the inverter response to abnormal conditions.
TL;DR: New tools, such as advanced distribution management systems (ADMSs), are needed to manage utility operations, planning, and business issues, some of which are discussed here.
Abstract: Utilities around the world are experiencing change with the increasing digitalization of their systems and those of their customers. Efforts to decarbonize the electric power system have led to growth in renewable energy resources, particularly distributed energy resources (DERs), such as generation, storage, and flexible load, both in front of and behind the meter. As this change occurs in any given utility service area, new tools, such as advanced distribution management systems (ADMSs), are needed to manage utility operations, planning, and business issues, some of which are discussed here.
TL;DR: The lessons learned from holistic demonstration projects covering key steps, e.g., economic value stream identification, evaluation, and its subsequent realization via suitable control strategies, could help electric utilities learn to manage ESS adoption challenges better.
Abstract: The value proposition for energy storage systems (ESSs) is a key topic for creating and advancing its acceptance within the electric power sector, particularly for electric utilities. Although ESS as a technology is gaining popularity within the electric utility industry, its anticipated value streams are not fully understood, quantified, and demonstrated. The unavailability of suitable demonstration sites/projects, the lack of a deep understanding of available economic opportunities, and the deployment complexities associated with pursuing those opportunities are some of the reasons that complicate its value demonstration. The lessons learned from holistic demonstration projects covering key steps, e.g., economic value stream identification, evaluation, and its subsequent realization via suitable control strategies, could help electric utilities learn to manage ESS adoption challenges better.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the internal and external environment of China's PV industry and described its future trends and prospects and also discussed a proposed rate-making process and renewable energy supervision.
Abstract: The Chinese Government has issued numerous regulations that significantly affect the number of photovoltaic (PV) installations in the country and the subsidies for their use. This article summarizes the internal and external environment of China's PV industry and describes its future trends and prospects and also discusses a proposed rate-making process and renewable energy supervision.
TL;DR: The canary islands are an archipelago of 7,447 km2 and 2,127,685 inhabitants (2018) situated to the northwest of Africa (Figure 1).
Abstract: The canary islands are an archipelago of 7,447 km2 and 2,127,685 inhabitants (2018), situated to the northwest of Africa (Figure 1). The islands are an autonomous community of Spain. There are eight inhabited islands and six isolated power grids, as Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, and La Graciosa are an interconnected system. The available amount of solar energy is quite high, reaching values of approximately 1,900 kWh/kilowatt peak (kwp)/year in favorable locations. Wind is also an important renewable resource, mostly during summer.
TL;DR: The dream of a globally connected power grid was once the stuff of science fiction but today with powerful computer software, open data and international collaboration the concept of a global grid is moving one step closer to reality.
Abstract: The dream of a globally connected power grid was once the stuff of science fiction. But today with powerful computer software, open data and international collaboration the concept of a global grid is moving one step closer to reality.
TL;DR: The challenges for power system restoration and how to meet those challenges are discussed.
Abstract: The paradigm shift in the configuration of the power system in Europe and the United States away from large conventional synchronous generators to small generating units distributed over large geographical areas, many of which are powered by intermittent renewable resources, has a major effect on various aspects of system operations, most importantly dispatch and commitment processes This article discusses the challenges for power system restoration and how to meet those challenges
TL;DR: The state grid corporation of china has been deploying ultrahigh-voltage (UHV) ac technology on a large scale since launching its Strong and Smart Grid plan in 2009, with a focus on the UHV ac transmission system.
Abstract: The state grid corporation of china has been deploying ultrahigh-voltage (UHV) ac technology on a large scale since launching its Strong and Smart Grid plan in 2009. China has 80% of its hydropower generation in the southwest and 76% of its coal generation in the northwest. However, more than 75% of the country's energy demand is distributed in the eastern and southern coastal areas. This geographical mismatch between supply and demand made it necessary to build UHV transmission networks: transmission technologies at voltage levels of 1,000 kV for ac and p1,000 kV for dc. In this article, the development of UHV transmission-system technologies and projects is detailed, with a focus on the UHV ac transmission system.
TL;DR: For thousands of years, people have been harnessing water to perform work as mentioned in this paper, and archeologists have discovered ancient cities where water was stored in natural or human-made reservoirs to provide potable water and irrigate crops.
Abstract: For thousands of years, people have been harnessing water to perform work. Archeologists have discovered ancient cities where water was stored in natural or human-made reservoirs to provide potable water and irrigate crops. Therefore, pumped storage as part of modern electric grids has deep historic roots.
TL;DR: Norway's large reservoir capacity enables it to be in a position to provide large-scale, cost-effective, and emission-free indirect storage to balance wind and solar generation in other European countries as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Norway is well suited for hydropower use, thanks to its natural geography. This was recognized during the 1800s when Norway started building dams to create reservoirs for storing water for use in hydropower stations. Beginning in the 1950s, the country carried out large-scale hydropower development that lasted for more than 30 years. Norway currently possesses roughly 50% of Europe's entire hydropower storage capacity, with a total reservoir volume of 86 TWh. Norway's large reservoir capacity enables it to be in a position to provide large-scale, cost-effective, and emission-free indirect storage to balance wind and solar generation in other European countries.
TL;DR: The grid will continue to age, increasing the risk of service interruptions and limiting the integration of renewable resources, and it will also be severely challenged by the intermittency of supply and the uncertainty in load.
Abstract: Utilities today are facing unprecedented challenges due to more stringent regulations, environmental concerns, and a growing demand for reliable electricity. Meanwhile, according to U.S. Department of Energy?s statistics, 70% of the grid's transmission lines and power transformers are more than 25 years old. Without upgrades and enhancements, the grid will continue to age, increasing the risk of service interruptions and limiting the integration of renewable resources. It will also be severely challenged by the intermittency of supply and the uncertainty in load.
TL;DR: In South Australia, approximately 260,000 distributed solar photovoltaic (D-PV) systems on residential and business rooftops generate electricity, setting a new state record for the lowest minimum electrical demand for the third time this season.
Abstract: It's a sunny spring DAY in South Australia. A light breeze is cooling the coastal state capital of Adelaide as approximately 260,000 distributed solar photovoltaic (D-PV) systems on residential and business rooftops generate electricity, setting a new state record for the lowest minimum electrical demand for the third time this season. All looks peaceful throughout the suburbs. D-PVs form an irregular yet persistent patchwork across one-third of the houses in the state. Most consumers are going about their day without a glance at the D-PV panels on these roofs. However, the mild temperature and bountiful sunshine lead the D-PV generation to climb, causing the voltage to creep higher and power to flow in reverse across large swathes of the distribution network. Some D-PVs are tripping off, unbeknownst to their owners and the local network operator.
TL;DR: Power systems worldwide are experiencing a steady increase of power electronic equipment installations, including converter-based generation such as wind or photovoltaic, battery energy storage systems, HVDC converters or FACTS.
Abstract: Power systems worldwide are experiencing a steady increase of power electronic (PE) equipment installations, including converter-based generation such as wind or photovoltaic, battery energy storage systems, HVDC converters or FACTS. This trend is one of the major constants shaping the future of power systems. Further, with converter based generation displacing classical synchronous generation, PE equipment can rapidly reach very high penetration levels and become dominant in the network. The dynamic performance of the system is then likely to experience significant changes due to some unique characteristics of PE based generation
TL;DR: The electric power distribution industry is in the midst of unparalleled disruption as mentioned in this paper, from the continually evolving development of renewable energy sources to catastrophic storms to an onslaught of incoming data, utilities are being forced to adapt to even more change and issues requiring resolution than they have seen in a century
Abstract: It is no secret that the electric power distribution industry is in the midst of unparalleled disruption. From the continually evolving development of renewable energy sources to catastrophic storms to an onslaught of incoming data, utilities are being forced to adapt to even more change and issues requiring resolution than they have seen in a century
TL;DR: These technologies are also required to enable the real-time monitoring of electricity network parameters to improve operational efficiency and reduce network losses.
Abstract: Due to technology advancements and the adoption of similar hardware and software platforms and common communication standards, there are opportunities for increased interfacing and data exchange between information and operational systems. The power distribution sector is no exception. The global power sector, especially distribution and retail, is witnessing a rapid influx of operations technology and IT systems that ensure a reliable power supply to consumers, resolve customer complaints in the least time possible, meet consumer expectations, and facilitate the integration of disruptive technologies like renewable energy integration, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and battery energy storage solutions (BESSs). These technologies are also required to enable the real-time monitoring of electricity network parameters to improve operational efficiency and reduce network losses.