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Showing papers in "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a speed measurement system suitable for microprocessor-based motor drive and its application to speed regulator are explained. But their application is limited to a single motor drive.
Abstract: A new speed measurement system, which is suitable for microprocessor-based motor drive, and its application to speed regulator are explained.

231 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an ultrasonic sensor operating in air was developed to measure distance (up to 100 cm) or to operate as a proximity sensor in a presettable distance range, the error in the measured distance is about ± 1 mm while the accuracy is maintained within ± 1 percent of the reading in the whole temperature range from -20°C to +110°C, being the temperature dependence of the sound velocity electronically compensated.
Abstract: An ultrasonic sensor operating in air was developed to measure distance (up to 100 cm) or to operate as a proximity sensor in a presettable distance range. The error in the measured distance is about ±1 mm while the accuracy is maintained within ±1 percent of the reading in the whole temperature range from -20°C to +110°C, being the temperature dependence of the sound velocity electronically compensated. As a proximity sensor it can overcome most of the drawbacks and limitations of inductive, capacitive, optical, and Hall-effect commercial proximity sensors.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the initial results of work on a new class of semiconductor metallization which appear to hold great promise as primary metallizations and diffusion barriers for high-temperature device applications.
Abstract: In this paper we present the initial results of work on a new class of semiconductor metallizations which appear to hold great promise as primary metallizations and diffusion barriers for high-temperature device applications. These metallizations consist of sputter-deposited films of high-T g amorphous-metal alloys which (primarily because of the absence of grain boundaries) exhibit exceptionally good corrosion resistance and low diffusion coefficients. Amorphous films of the alloys Ni-Nb, Ni-Mo, W-Si, and Mo-Si have been deposited on Si, GaAs, GaP, and various insulating substrated. The films adhere extremely well to the substrates and remain amorphous during thermal cycling to at least 500°C. Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) measurements indicate atomic diffusivities in the 10 -19 cm 2 /S range at 450°C.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new current injected equivalent circuit approach (CIECA) is developed to model switching dc-dc converter power stages, which starts with current injected approach, and results in a set of equations which describe completely input and output properties and an equivalent linear circuit model valid at small signal low frequency levels.
Abstract: A new current injected equivalent circuit approach (CIECA) to modeling switching dc-dc converter power stages is developed, which starts with current injected approach, and results in a set of equations which describe completely input and output properties and an equivalent linear circuit model valid at small signal low frequency levels.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple multiple pulsewidth modulated (MPWM) ac chopper using power transistors for 3-? power control is discussed, and the experimental results for 12 choppings per cycle are given.
Abstract: A simple multiple pulsewidth modulated (MPWM) ac chopper using power transistors for 3-? power control is discussed. 120° chopping period is used for main transistors so that the circuit can accommodate resistive and lagging or leading power factor loads. Only 1-? sensing is used for 3-? control. An alternate economical power and control schemes for 3-? MPWM ac choppers suitable only for resistive loads is also suggested. The experimental results for 12 choppings per cycle are given.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the needs for high-temperature electronic and electrooptic devices as they would be used on aircraft engines in either research and development applications, or operational applications were discussed.
Abstract: This paper discusses the needs for high-temperature electronic and electrooptic devices as they would be used on aircraft engines in either research and development applications, or operational applications. The conclusion reached is that the temperature at which the devices must be able to function is in the neighborhood of 500°C to 600°C either for R&D or for operational applications. In R&D applications, the devices must function in this temperature range when in the engine but only for a moderate period of time. On an operational engine, the reliability requirements dictate that the devices be able to be burned-in at temperatures significantly higher than those at which they will function on the engine. The major point made is that semiconductor technology must be pushed well beyond the level at which silicon will be able to function.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a current impulse-commutated ac triac chopper was employed to obtain the optimum supply power factor correction for reactive loads, and the resultant displacement and distortion factors of the supply and efficiency of the load were considered.
Abstract: The paper describes a current impulse-commutated ac triac chopper employed to obtain the optimum supply power factor correction for reactive loads. The resultant displacement and distortion factors of the supply and efficiency of the load are considered. Theoretical results are in excellent agreement with results obtained experimentally.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A hybrid circuit for producing a three-phase reference sine wave required with PWM inverters is described in this article, which can easily be extended to generate sine waves of any number of phases.
Abstract: A hybrid circuit for producing a three-phase reference sine wave required with PWM inverters is described in this paper. The principle of the circuit is simple and the implementation of the circuit is easy. The circuit has all the features discussed in the literature. The unit built has, apart from the three-phase sine waves, balanced three-phase square and triangular waves. A high-frequency triangular wave already available in the circuit can be used for the PWM control circuitry. The scheme can easily be extended to generate sine waves of any number of phases.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a firing scheme based on a microprocessor to control an antiparallel-connected three-phase thyristor dual converter is presented, using table-look-up algorithm to speed up the response.
Abstract: A firing scheme based on a microprocessor to control an antiparallel-connected three-phase thyristor dual converter is presented. Using table-look-up algorithm to speed up the response, it gives a full range control of the firing angle between 0° and 180° for both positive and negative current control. The maximum time delay required to correct the firing angle is one-sixth period of the ac power source. The firing angle between 120° and 180° is used for the regeneration braking to achieve the required dynamic performance in four quadrants. Built with all digital circuits with no further adjustment, this system is more reliable and has lower cost.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the most exciting applications of high-temperature electronics are related to the exploration of the planet Venus, where the atmospheric temperatures range from about 170 K at elevations of 100 km to a searing 730 K near the surface.
Abstract: One of the most exciting applications of high-temperature electronics is related to the exploration of the planet Venus. On this planet the atmospheric temperatures range from about 170 K at elevations of 100 km to a searing 730 K near the surface. Mechanisms for exploring the atmosphere might include balloons, airplanes, surface landers, and surface-launched probes. Balloons, for example, could fly in the region from 20(320°C at 22 bars) to 60 km (-20°C at 0.2 bar). Suitable balloon fabrics presently exclude excursions to lower altitudes; however, adequate electronic systems could survive to 325°C. Small airplanes would require more sophisticated electronics for guidance and control. Long life surface landers would most likely be developed first, as these could be used to measure long-term variations in weather. Ranging transponders would be important for ephemeris development, measurement of spin state, and studies of general relativity. Surface temperatures of 460°C and pressures of 90 bars present a challenge to the developers of such instruments.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of gallium phosphide (GaP) diode and bipolar junction transistor (BJT) for high-temperature (T > 300°C) device applications is discussed.
Abstract: Recent advances in gallium phosphide technology are reviewed as they relate to high-temperature (T > 300°C) device applications. The electronic properties and materials aspects of GaP are summarized and compared to silicon and gallium arsenide. Minority-carrier unction devices are discussed as one area where this technology could have wide application. In this light, the high-temperature operation of two junction devices, a diode and a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), are displayed. The GaP diode is observed to provide excellent rectification properties with very low leakage over the full temperature range from 20°C to 400°C (< 3x10 -3A/cm2 at VR = 3 V, T = 400°C) and has demonstrated stable operation under bias for over 1000 h at 300°. The bipolar transistor has demonstrated constant current gain (6 < s B < 10) and very low collector-base leakage for temperatures up to 450°C (ICO 80 µA at VCB = 3 V, T = 450°C). The contacting technology to GaP is identified as one area where additional work is necessary.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes one such implementation of self-tuning regulators on a microprocessor in three different software formats, i.
Abstract: Recent advances in microprocessor technology make it possible to implement on-line modern control algorithms at reasonable cost. Self-tuning regulators can, in general, be used to regulate any industrial process and this paper describes one such implementation on a microprocessor in three different software formats, i. e., 8-bits, 32-bit floating-point, and a modified version of the 32-bit floating-point. Studies of the process control specifications and the corresponding modifications required are described.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the implementation of three-phase sinusoidal pulsewidth-modulated inverter control strategy using microprocessor is discussed in order to save CPU time, the DMA technique is used for transferring the switching pattern from memory to the pulse amplifier and isolation circuits of individual thyristors in the inverter bridge.
Abstract: The implementation of three-phase sinusoidal pulse-width-modulated inverter control strategy using microprocessor is discussed in this paper. To save CPU time, the DMA technique is used for transferring the switching pattern from memory to the pulse amplifier and isolation circuits of individual thyristors in the inverter bridge. The method of controlling both voltage and frequency is discussed here.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a power and energy measurement system for electric vehicle drive systems is described, which is now in use gathering data on electric car drive systems and is designed to improve the measurement accuracy of systems with nonsinusoidal waveforms.
Abstract: A versatile, precision power/energy measurement system is described which is now in use gathering data on electric vehicle drive systems. It was designed to improve the measurement accuracy of systems with nonsinusoidal waveforms. At a continuous 1-MHz rate, it simultaneously digitizes the voltage and current for the input and output of a power converter under test. At the same 1-MHz rate the samples are multiplied together to get instantaneous power, and accumulated. Every half second the accumulations are used to calculate the average input and output voltage, current and power, total energy, amp-hours, and input-output efficiency. When used with coaxial shunts the operating range extends from milliwatts to megawatts. The efficiency measurements are accurate to within a few tenths of a percent for chopper frequencies up to 10 kHz.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors exploit the potential of silicon carbide as an abrasive, but only in the last 25 years has its potential as a semiconductor been exploited, and the rationale for SiC semiconductor devices is their high temperature performance.
Abstract: Silicon carbide has been used extensively as an abrasive, but only in the last 25 years has its potential as a semiconductor been exploited. The rationale for SiC semiconductor devices is their high temperature performance. Rectifiers, field effect transistors, charged particle detectors, and other devices operate efficiently at temperatures about 800 K.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A method is proposed for implementing on a microcomputer the control of inverters modulated with a digital technique that allows the inverter output voltage to take a continuous range of values, while the microcomputer operates in real time and needs reduced memory requirements.
Abstract: A method is proposed for implementing on a microcomputer the control of inverters modulated with a digital technique. It consists of storing in the microcomputer memory the switching patterns relative to a limited number of levels of the first harmonics of the inverter output voltage and of computing on line the actual pattern by interpolating the stored values. This allows the inverter output voltage to take a continuous range of values, while the microcomputer operates in real time and needs reduced memory requirements. A mathematical analysis of the accuracy of the method is performed. A brief description of a single-chip microcomputer controller based on the proposed method and some experimental results are included.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, bipolar transistors and ring-oscillators were fabricated by ion implantation into VPE structures, and the transistor and circuit performance was tested between 25°C and 400°C.
Abstract: GaAs bipolar transistors and ring-oscillators were fabricated by ion implantation into VPE structures. The transistor and circuit performance was tested between 25°C and 400°C. Leakage currents determine the useful temperature range. Present GaAs circuits fail at approximately 390°C due to the metallization technology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of Fourier analysis of load voltage waveform and Laplace transformation is applied for determining the performance of a separately excited dc motor fed from a chopper controlled supply, under all modes of operation.
Abstract: A combination of Fourier analysis of load voltage waveform and Laplace transformation is applied for determining the performance of a separately excited dc motor fed from a chopper controlled supply, under all modes of operation. The analysis takes into account the commutation interval and the results show that contrary to the assumption made in works reported earlier, commutation interval significantly affects the performance. For the case of continuous conduction, independent expressions for current and speed are obtained in terms of applied voltage, load torque, and chopper and machine parameters. However, in the case of discontinuous conduction, Fourier coefficients include speed voltage as an additional quantity and hence the equations for current and speed have to be solved as simultaneous equations. The analysis is used to predict the steady-state and transient response. Computed torque-speed characteristics are compared with the results obtained experimentally.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hu and Ki as mentioned in this paper modified the SPICE2 SCR model to better simulate the SCR turnoff transient while maintaining the practicality of using only data sheet specifications to determine model parameters.
Abstract: The SPICE2 SCR MODEL by C. Hu and W. Ki [1] is modified to better simulate the SCR turnoff transient while maintaining the practicality of using only data sheet specifications to determine model parameters. The modified SCR model is used to do SPICE2 simulation of ac resonant charging circuits for pulse power applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 12-bit successive-approximation hybrid analog-to-digital (A/D) converter that is specified to operate over a temperature range of -55°C to + 200°C is described, since it is now possible to digitize the signal output from a transducer while it is downhole and thereby make the transmitted digital signal less susceptible to noise and interference.
Abstract: This paper describes the design of a 12-bit successive-approximation hybrid analog-to-digital (A/D) converter that is specified to operate over a temperature range of -55°C to + 200°C. This is an important development, especially for the oil well logging industry, since it is now possible to digitize the signal output from a transducer while it is downhole and thereby make the transmitted digital signal less susceptible to noise and interference. Details of the design and construction of the device as well as 1000-h life test data are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The predominant existing software specification and implementation techniques for sequential control are not adequate for the creation of correct software of the complexity required for redundant systems.
Abstract: Redundant control systems require more than a single redundant construct to serve the six basic functions of fault tolerance: test, detection, diagnosis, masking, reconfiguration, and recovery. Software usually constitutes or supports one or more such constructs. Additionally, software must be correct, since it is seldom, if ever, protected by redundancy. A redundant sequential control system requires intricate software constructs. The predominant existing software specification and implementation techniques for sequential control are not adequate for the creation of correct software of the complexity required for redundant systems. This complexity is illustrated by an example.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of fault tolerance for the computer control to provide a level of reliability previously unachievable with standard computer control systems is described.
Abstract: This paper discusses the operation of a chemical reactor and particularly the need for highly reliable instrumentation and control for critical processes. It describes the use of fault tolerance for the computer control to provide a level of reliability previously unachievable with standard computer control systems. The provision of highly reliable interface equipment to the reactor itself is described and approaches are presented for solving the problem of faults in the sensors and actuators. The paper discusses a specific example chemical reactor and the benefits that are achievable using a fault tolerant control computer system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One of the earlier techniques of speed measurement is compared with the proposed waveform sampling technique by estimating the speed of turbine-generator unit model under steady-state and transient conditions.
Abstract: A method of digital angular speed measurement based on waveform sampling utilizing an orthogonal pair of sinusoids is proposed in this paper. Details of the derivation and implementation of the technique are described. One of the earlier techniques of speed measurement is compared with the proposed waveform sampling technique by estimating the speed of turbine-generator unit model under steady-state and transient conditions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an extended Luenberger observer is used to provide both state reconstruction and parameter identification, and conditions for convergence are established for the observability of the augmented system.
Abstract: This paper introduces a theory of parameter identification using an extended Luenberger observer. State augmentation is used to represent the unknown parameters, and an extended observer/ identifier is utilized to provide both state reconstruction and parameter identification. Conditions for convergence are established, and conditions are defined for the observability of the augmented system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Optimal lines for typical sampled data servo drives for computer numerical control (CNC) are derived and approximated by simple equations to provide the control engineer with a simple equation for the selection of the control parameters.
Abstract: On the basis of four common criteria?integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE), time integral-square-error (ITSE), and time integral absolute error (ITAE)?optimal lines for typical sampled data servo drives for computer numerical control (CNC) are derived and approximated by simple equations. The objective is to provide the control engineer with a simple equation for the selection of the control parameters. A line of critical damping is also derived and simply approximated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The architecture of a very large scale integration (VLSI) based system capable of storing, processing, and displaying information normally contained in book form and the implications of VLSI-based electronic books in industry and in the scientific, legal, and medical professions are outlined.
Abstract: The architecture of a very large scale integration (VLSI) based system capable of storing, processing, and displaying information normally contained in book form is presented in this paper. The operational characteristics of the system, including complex string search capabilities, are discussed. Portability aspects of the system are considered. The implications of VLSI-based electronic books in industry and in the scientific, legal, and medical professions are outlined. Educational possibilities for such systems are investigated. Technology requirements are defined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A single-chip microcomputer is used to design a fully digital dc servo system to replace the conventional analog circuits and provides fast transient response and high reliability.
Abstract: A single-chip microcomputer is used to design a fully digital dc servo system to replace the conventional analog circuits. This microcomputer performs three main tasks: the firing control of a three-phase full-wave thyristor dual converter; the compensation for the nonlinear and loading effect in the converter; and compensations of position loop and rate loop. With no current feedback and minimum components, this dc servo system provides fast transient response and high reliability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Algorithms are presented which reduce the computation time per integration step compared to the more common methods, and are important not only in the field of digital simulation, but also in realizing dynamic controllers/estimators digitally, e.g., realizing a nonlinear observer.
Abstract: Algorithms are presented which reduce the computation time per integration step compared to the more common methods. This is accomplished by using only algorithms which permit the simultaneous calculation of x and f(x) where x = f(x). These results are important not only in the field of digital simulation, but also in realizing dynamic controllers/estimators digitally, e.g., realizing a nonlinear observer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the components of a dielectricly isolated complementary vertical bipolar process selected for optimum high-temperature performance are characterized over the temperature range 25° to 300°C.
Abstract: The components of a dielectricly isolated complementary vertical bipolar process selected for optimum high-temperature performance are characterized over the temperature range 25° to 300°C. High-tempeature parameters which pose special design problems are noted and methods for overcoming the problems are described. A quad operational amplifer designed using these methods is presented and the performance of that design in integrated form is described. Reliability results are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of difference equations, describing the currents and voltages during transient and steady state is obtained and solved in closed form, and the roots of the characteristic equations are examined and possible types of transients are discussed.
Abstract: This paper deals with the analysis of the transient and steady-state processes in parallel inverters. A set of difference equations, describing the currents and voltages during transient and steady state is obtained and solved. The solution is found in closed form. The roots of the characteristic equations are examined and possible types of transients are discussed. Theoretical and experimental results both for transient and steady-state conditions are compared and satisfactory agreements are found.