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JournalISSN: 1063-6676

IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
About: IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing is an academic journal. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Speech processing & Hidden Markov model. It has an ISSN identifier of 1063-6676. Over the lifetime, 888 publications have been published receiving 88889 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The individual Gaussian components of a GMM are shown to represent some general speaker-dependent spectral shapes that are effective for modeling speaker identity and is shown to outperform the other speaker modeling techniques on an identical 16 speaker telephone speech task.
Abstract: This paper introduces and motivates the use of Gaussian mixture models (GMM) for robust text-independent speaker identification. The individual Gaussian components of a GMM are shown to represent some general speaker-dependent spectral shapes that are effective for modeling speaker identity. The focus of this work is on applications which require high identification rates using short utterance from unconstrained conversational speech and robustness to degradations produced by transmission over a telephone channel. A complete experimental evaluation of the Gaussian mixture speaker model is conducted on a 49 speaker, conversational telephone speech database. The experiments examine algorithmic issues (initialization, variance limiting, model order selection), spectral variability robustness techniques, large population performance, and comparisons to other speaker modeling techniques (uni-modal Gaussian, VQ codebook, tied Gaussian mixture, and radial basis functions). The Gaussian mixture speaker model attains 96.8% identification accuracy using 5 second clean speech utterances and 80.8% accuracy using 15 second telephone speech utterances with a 49 speaker population and is shown to outperform the other speaker modeling techniques on an identical 16 speaker telephone speech task. >

3,134 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The automatic classification of audio signals into an hierarchy of musical genres is explored and three feature sets for representing timbral texture, rhythmic content and pitch content are proposed.
Abstract: Musical genres are categorical labels created by humans to characterize pieces of music. A musical genre is characterized by the common characteristics shared by its members. These characteristics typically are related to the instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and harmonic content of the music. Genre hierarchies are commonly used to structure the large collections of music available on the Web. Currently musical genre annotation is performed manually. Automatic musical genre classification can assist or replace the human user in this process and would be a valuable addition to music information retrieval systems. In addition, automatic musical genre classification provides a framework for developing and evaluating features for any type of content-based analysis of musical signals. In this paper, the automatic classification of audio signals into an hierarchy of musical genres is explored. More specifically, three feature sets for representing timbral texture, rhythmic content and pitch content are proposed. The performance and relative importance of the proposed features is investigated by training statistical pattern recognition classifiers using real-world audio collections. Both whole file and real-time frame-based classification schemes are described. Using the proposed feature sets, classification of 61% for ten musical genres is achieved. This result is comparable to results reported for human musical genre classification.

2,668 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A framework for maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of hidden Markov models (HMM) is presented, and Bayesian learning is shown to serve as a unified approach for a wide range of speech recognition applications.
Abstract: In this paper, a framework for maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of hidden Markov models (HMM) is presented. Three key issues of MAP estimation, namely, the choice of prior distribution family, the specification of the parameters of prior densities, and the evaluation of the MAP estimates, are addressed. Using HMM's with Gaussian mixture state observation densities as an example, it is assumed that the prior densities for the HMM parameters can be adequately represented as a product of Dirichlet and normal-Wishart densities. The classical maximum likelihood estimation algorithms, namely, the forward-backward algorithm and the segmental k-means algorithm, are expanded, and MAP estimation formulas are developed. Prior density estimation issues are discussed for two classes of applications/spl minus/parameter smoothing and model adaptation/spl minus/and some experimental results are given illustrating the practical interest of this approach. Because of its adaptive nature, Bayesian learning is shown to serve as a unified approach for a wide range of speech recognition applications. >

2,430 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theoretical and experimental foundations of the RASTA method are reviewed, the relationship with human auditory perception is discussed, the original method is extended to combinations of additive noise and convolutional noise, and an application is shown to speech enhancement.
Abstract: Performance of even the best current stochastic recognizers severely degrades in an unexpected communications environment. In some cases, the environmental effect can be modeled by a set of simple transformations and, in particular, by convolution with an environmental impulse response and the addition of some environmental noise. Often, the temporal properties of these environmental effects are quite different from the temporal properties of speech. We have been experimenting with filtering approaches that attempt to exploit these differences to produce robust representations for speech recognition and enhancement and have called this class of representations relative spectra (RASTA). In this paper, we review the theoretical and experimental foundations of the method, discuss the relationship with human auditory perception, and extend the original method to combinations of additive noise and convolutional noise. We discuss the relationship between RASTA features and the nature of the recognition models that are required and the relationship of these features to delta features and to cepstral mean subtraction. Finally, we show an application of the RASTA technique to speech enhancement. >

2,002 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An unbiased noise estimator is developed which derives the optimal smoothing parameter for recursive smoothing of the power spectral density of the noisy speech signal by minimizing a conditional mean square estimation error criterion in each time step.
Abstract: We describe a method to estimate the power spectral density of nonstationary noise when a noisy speech signal is given. The method can be combined with any speech enhancement algorithm which requires a noise power spectral density estimate. In contrast to other methods, our approach does not use a voice activity detector. Instead it tracks spectral minima in each frequency band without any distinction between speech activity and speech pause. By minimizing a conditional mean square estimation error criterion in each time step we derive the optimal smoothing parameter for recursive smoothing of the power spectral density of the noisy speech signal. Based on the optimally smoothed power spectral density estimate and the analysis of the statistics of spectral minima an unbiased noise estimator is developed. The estimator is well suited for real time implementations. Furthermore, to improve the performance in nonstationary noise we introduce a method to speed up the tracking of the spectral minima. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method in the context of speech enhancement and low bit rate speech coding with various noise types.

1,731 citations

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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Journal in previous years
YearPapers
20061
2005112
200454
200375
200259
200191