Indian journal of applied research 

About: Indian journal of applied research is an academic journal published by World Wide Journals. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Population & Job satisfaction. It has an ISSN identifier of 2249-555X. Over the lifetime, 6412 publications have been published receiving 7706 citations.

Neem- A Tree for Solving Global Problem

Abstract: The neem is a tropical evergreen tree native to India. Neem is very valuable N2-fixing trees with multipurpose uses. It covers extensively entire parts of India and grown in most tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. It works as a good wind breakers and shelter belts in arid and semi arid region. It has a reputed value for its herbal medicines, spermicidal and hence treated as perfect, complete and imperishable gift in the nature. Their importance are in the both aspects i.e., commercially and environmentally aspects likes temperate moderation, regular rainfall, natural fertilizer, natural bio-pesticides ability etc. along with the economic aspects likes production of neem oil, need cake, neem leaves and their products. India, Kenya, Germany, USA, Australia, Canada and China which covers most of the extensive parts of the world for generating the number of neem products and neem based industries. Therefore, neem is very important in purpose of generating economic values and national or state revenue with early returns of their produces. It has a lot of importance in social forestry, agroforestry, reforestation and rehabilitating the waste lands and degraded industrial lands. Because of these, neem has found enormous applications making it a green treasure. Introduction Azadirachta indica is truly one of Mother Nature’s most remarkable trees. The tree Azadirachta indica is of family Meliaceae, growing in tropical and subtropical region and native to India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It grows from the southern Indian tip of Kerala to the Himalayan hills. It spans both tropical and subtropical latitudes, from wet tropical to semi arid regions and from sea level to 2,300 feet elevation. It does not tolerate cold temperature or saturated soils. Neem tree is an attractive broad leaved, evergreen which can grow up to 30 m tall and 2.5 m in girth. The bark exudes a clear, bright, amber colored gum known as ‘East Indian Gum’. The gum is a stimulant, demulcent and toxic, is useful in catarrhal and other infections. The neem tree normally starts fruiting after 3-5 years. In about 10 years it becomes fully productive. It can produce up to 50 kg of fruits annually, after attaining tenth years and onwards (Kumar and Gupta, 2002). Neem is the most versatile, multifarious tree with immense potential possessing maximum useful non-wood products (Girish and Shankara, 2008; Koul and Wahab, 2004). Neem is called ‘arista’ in Sanskrit a word that means ‘perfect, complete and imperishable’. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 4,000 years, due to its medicinal and healing properties and regarded as “The Village Pharmacy”. The benefits of neem are listed in ancient documents “CharakSamhita” and “Susruta-Samhita” which forms the foundation of the Indian system of natural treatments, Ayurveda. Neem is natural source of insecticides, pesticides and agrochemicals (Brahmachari, 2004) and also used as a bio-control agent to control many plant disease (Kak, 2000; Jatav and Mathur, 2005). Researchers in the US and elsewhere have sequenced genomes of several complex organisms but neem plant is not one of them (Indian express, 2011) and also the United Nations declared it as the “Tree of the twenty first century”. Origin and distribution of neem Two species of Azadirachta have been reported, Azadirachta indica A. Juss-native to Indian subcontinent and Azadirachta excelsa Kack.-confined to Philippines and Indonesia. The former grows as a wild tree in India, Bangladesh, Burma, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. The tree is found in no less than 78 countries worldwide (Forster, 2002). There are over 16.6 million Neem trees in India. Presently neem trees can be seen growing successfully in about 72 countries worldwide, in Asia, Africa, Australia, North, Central and South America (Fathima, 2004). There are an estimated 25 million trees growing all over India, of which 5.5% are found in Karnataka and it is in the third place next to U.P. (55.7%) and T.N. (17.8%) occupying the first two places respectively. The other states of India where neem tree is found growing includes Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, H.P., Kerala, M.P., Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, W.B. along with Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Union territory (Fathima, 2004). Botanical description Neem tree is attractive broad leaves, evergreen which can grow up to 30 m tall and 2.5 m in girth, large crown upto 10 m (20 maximum) in diameter; bark moderately thick, with small, scattered tubercles, deeply fissured. Leaves alternate, crowded near the end of branches, simply pinnate, 20-40 cm long, estipulate, light green in colour. Inflorescence an axillaries, many flowered thyrsus, up to 30 cm long; bracts minute and caduceus; flowers bisexual or male on same tree, actinomorphic, small pentamerous, white or pale yellow, slightly sweet scented; calyx lobes imbricate, broadly ovate and thin; petals free, imbricate, spathulate, spreading. Fruit 1 seeded (Max. 2) drupe, ellipsoidal, 1-2 cm long, greenish, greenish-yellow to yellow or purple when ripe; exocarp thin, mesocarp pulpy, endocarp cartilaginous; seed ovoid or spherical; apex pointed; testa thin, composed of shell and a kernel (sometimes 2-3 kernels), each about half of the seeds weight. Neem has a strong root system with a deep tap root and extensive lateral roots. Phenology Neem tree flowers between February and May. Neem fruits are green drupes that turn golden yellow on ripening in the month of June-August in India.

Impact of Training on Employee Performance: A Study of Retail Banking Sector in India

Abstract: Training effects employee’s job performance positively. Training is a motivational factor which enhances the knowledge of the employee towards the job by which employees become proficient in their jobs and they become able to give better results. In addition, training is seen as a useful means of coping with changes fostered by technological innovation; market competition, organizational structuring and most importantly it plays a key role to enhance employee performance. This paper analyses the relationship between training and its impact on employee performance in banks. Several measures of performance are analyzed including compensation, performance appraisal, and organizational commitment. Introduction Human resource has become strategic resource to gain sustainable competitive advantages in this age of globalization. Human capital is the differentiator between a good company and a great company. Human resource is the very important and the backbone of every organization and it is also the main Resource of the organization. Human capital is the differentiator between a good company and a great company. One significant function of Human Resource Management to the effective use of human resources is training and development. Effective training and development is an investment in the human resources of an organization, with both immediate and long-range returns. Training is a key element for improved performance; it can increase the level of individual and organizational competency. Training holds the key to unlock the potential growth and development opportunities to achieve a competitive edge. Training programs helps in making acquaintance of employees with more advance technology and attaining robust competencies and skills in order to handle the functions and basics of newly introduced technical equipment. Training facilitates the updating of skills and lead to increase commitment, well – being, and sense of belonging, thus directly strengthening the organization’s competitiveness (Acton and Golden, 2002; Karia and Ahmad, 2000; Karia, 1999).Training has the distinct role in the achievement of an organizational goal by incorporating the interests of organization and the workforce (Stone R J. Human Resource Management, 2002). There is no doubt that training is important in all aspect for an organization. Training has traditionally been defined as the process by which individuals change their skills, knowledge, attitudes, and/or behavior (Robbins and DeCenzo, 1998). The primary role of training is to improve the employees’ skill for current and future duties and responsibilities. Training helps them to change with aspects like technology and competition (Dessler 2000). Now a days training is the most important factor in the business world because training increases the efficiency and the effectiveness of both employees and the organization. Training is important to enhance the capabilities of employees. Recent researches reveal that training enables most organizations meet their goals and objectives. In doing so employees are able to learn new work concepts, refresh their skills, improve their work attitude and boost productivity (Cole 2002). On the one hand, most of the employees need training to perform their job duties or at least to increase the quality and quantity of their work; on the other hand, skilled and efficient manpower is the most important success factor in achieving the goal of organizations. Training facilitates the updating of skills and leads to increase commitment, well – being, and sense of belonging, thus directly strengthening the organization’s competitiveness (Acton and Golden, 2002; Karia and Ahmad, 2000; Karia, 1999). Training has been an important variable in increasing organizational productivity. Most of researches including Colombo and Stanca (2008), Sepulveda (2005) and Konings & Vanormelingen, (2009), showed that training is a fundamental and effectual instrument in successful accomplishment of the firm’s goals and objectives, resulting in higher performance and productivity of the organization. Training is a tool to fill the gap and the firms should use it wisely to improve employee productivity. Armstrong (2000) contends that trained employees often work better as teams because everyone is aware of the expectations and can achieve them together smoothly. In addition, employees who receive regular training are more likely to accept change and come up with new ideas. Training plays a vital role, improving performance as well as increasing productivity, and eventually putting companies in the best position to face competition and stay at the top. Past researches provides the evidence regarding the positive affect of training programs on both employee and organizational performance. Training has direct relationship with the employees’ performance. A significant relationship was found between the employees training and their resultant performance in accomplishing different tasks. By the help of training employees become proficient in their jobs and they become able to give better results. Objective This study is intended to measure the level of performance in terms of imparting training. It also evaluates the impact of training on employee performance on their jobs. Keeping these objectives in view, we presume that training is positively related to job performance of employees. Design of the Study The study was conducted on 108 bank employees. The perception of understudy respondents were gauged by asking them to show their response on 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. The study model includes one independent variable viz., training and one dependent variable employee performance. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the level the perception across all the understudy variables. Further, correlation and regression analysis were carried to assess the relationship and relative influence of independent variables (training) on the dependent variable i.e., employee performance. The variables examined in this study are: 1. Independent Variable: Training 2. Dependent Variable: Employee Performance