Showing papers in "Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research in 2016"
TL;DR: To be accepted as a viable alternative to modern medicine vigorous method of scientific and clinical validation must be applied to prove the safety and effectiveness of these herbal products.
Abstract: Medicinal herbs/plants or the herbal drugs refer to the use of plant and plant-based products for the management of common ailments. World Health Organization has defined herbal medicines as finished labeled medicinal product that contains an active ingredient, aerial, or underground parts of the plant or other plant material or combinations. In India, more than 70% of the population uses herbal medicine for their health-related problems. Many of the institutions adopt “reverse pharmacology” approach to study the clinical efficacy of medicinal plants and their pragmatic utility in healthcare. Moreover, the herbal therapeutics constitutes a major share of all the officially recognized Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH). However, there is evidence of spurious drugs, irrational use, and adverse drug reactions of herbal drugs which should certainly be monitored with governmental patronization. Furthermore to be accepted as a viable alternative to modern medicine vigorous method of scientific and clinical validation must be applied to prove the safety and effectiveness of these herbal products. However, the clinical trial of herbal drugs is difficult owing to some of the obvious reasons. Around 20,000 medicinal plants have been identified for their medicinal properties; however, only 7000–7500 medicinal plants are being used by traditional practitioners. Similarly, the export of AYUSH-related items has increased from 2011 to –2012 and 2012 to –2013 and decreased in 2013–2014; however, import has been consistently increased during these years. Given this background, a brief review was carried out to assess the medicinal herbs and their development in India primarily through 5-year plan documents of India.
20 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the β-asarone has significant hepatoprotective effect and may potentially possess an anticancer activity.
Abstract: Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of β-asarone on diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced and phenobarbital-promoted hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Materials and Methods: The experiments were carried out with two models, i.e., tumor initiation and promotion model. The effect of β-asarone was evaluated by the estimation of food and water consumption, body and liver weights, liver function indicators such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, cancer indicators such as alpha-fetoprotein, DNA, RNA, and total liver protein content, and histopathological studies. Results: The results showed that the levels of liver function indicators were brought down to near normal level by β-asarone. Similarly, cancer indicators were also brought down to near normal level by β-asarone. A comparative histopathological study of liver, treated with β-asarone exhibited normal architecture, which was found to be disrupted in DEN-treated rats. Conclusion: The results indicate that the β-asarone has significant hepatoprotective effect and may potentially possess an anticancer activity.
16 citations
TL;DR: An updated electronic search was performed through PUBMED, MEDLINE, and COCHRANE and focused on peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials, and observational cohort or case-control studies for the role of sildenafil in thin endometrium, showing favorable results.
Abstract: Endometrial thickness (EM) is one of the strongest predictors of implantation rate and ongoing pregnancy success rate. The endometrial growth is dependent on the uterine blood flow and angiogenesis. Recently, some reports discussed the possible beneficial effects of sildenafil citrate on EM. Sildenafil citrate leads to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. Because of these biological properties, it is a potential candidate for female infertility, especially in the management of thin endometrium, which leads to low implantation and pregnancy rates. An updated electronic search was performed through PUBMED, MEDLINE, and COCHRANE and focused on peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials, and observational cohort or case-control studies for the role of sildenafil in thin endometrium. Systematic search through all the clinical studies showed favorable results. They documented the beneficial role of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of thin endometrium in failed in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles, assisted intrauterine insemination cycles, or resistant endometrium, where it increased the uterine receptivity.
11 citations
TL;DR: Results of the study reflect the prevalence of these infections in the healthy population and warrant measures that should be taken to detect these infections and prevent transmission.
Abstract: Background: Blood transfusion service is a sensitive issue as it is covered by “Drug and Cosmetics Act” and has legal implications. Strict criteria are followed while selecting a donor so that proper blood free of all pathogens is available for recipient. Aim: To study seroprevalence of transfusion-transmitted major infections (HIV, hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], syphilis, and malaria) among blood donors at a Tertiary Care Government Hospital Blood Bank in North India and to compare positivity of markers of these infections in voluntary and replacement donors. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted over a period of 5 years (July 2010–June 2015). A total number of donors screened during this period was 130,920. Samples were tested for HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis, and malaria and retested if found positive by third generation ELISA tests (HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], HCV). Comparative analysis was done using Chi-square for linear trend. Comparison between prevalence rates among voluntary and replacement donors was done using Chi-square tests using Microsoft Excel 2007 software. Results: Of total 130,920 donors, 114,214 (87%) were voluntary and 16,706 (13%) were replacement donors. Male donors predominated, 128,781 (98.37%) male and female 2139 (1.63%). Average seropositivity of HIV, HBsAg, anti-HCV, syphilis, and malaria was 0.10%, 1.60%, 0.18%, 0.89%, and 0.04% among all donors. Significant difference ( P Conclusion: Comparing a retrospective data over a long period showed decreasing trend in seroprevalence of HIV, HBsAg, anti-HCV, syphilis, and malaria. Results of the study reflect the prevalence of these infections in the healthy population and warrant measures that should be taken to detect these infections and prevent transmission.
11 citations
TL;DR: Overall, mothers had fair knowledge and fair perception of childhood pneumonia, and the lack of knowledge about simple signs and symptoms and factors related to pneumonia needs to be addressed.
Abstract: Background: A large number of children die due to pneumonia making it the single largest infectious cause of death more than AIDS, measles, and malaria combined. In India, acute respiratory infection is a major public health problem, especially for the age group of 0–5 years which contributes to 15–30% of deaths falling under this age group and most of these deaths are preventable. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and perception regarding childhood pneumonia among mothers of under-five children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 mothers of under-five children. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection and the sampling technique used was three-stage cluster sampling. The questionnaire was divided into three sections as socio-demographic profile, level of knowledge, and level of perception. Results: The study found that mothers were predominantly secondary school graduates (32.6%) out of which, 93.7% were homemakers, 41.3% mothers had fair knowledge, and 41.5% had fair perception about pneumonia. Age and education level of mothers had a significant association with the knowledge as well as with perception. There was a significant association between level of knowledge and perception of childhood pneumonia among these mothers. Conclusion: Overall, mothers had fair knowledge and fair perception of childhood pneumonia. The lack of knowledge about simple signs and symptoms and factors related to pneumonia needs to be addressed.
11 citations
TL;DR: This study shows methanolic extracts of Napoleona imperialis leaves have anti-inflammaory effects, and inhibited inflammation induced with carrageenan and reduced arthritic score.
Abstract: Background: Methanolic extract of Napoleona imperialis , was evaluated for anti-inflammatory effect. Method: Inflammogens used were carrageenan, histamine and formaldehyde. Napoleona imperialis (200-600mg/kg) was administered orally 30 minutes before the induction of inflammation. Diclofenac (10-100mg/kg) and chlorpheniramine (10-100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. Results: Extract and Diclofenac significantly (F 4, 12 =15.55, P 4, 12 =13.76 P 4, 12 =22.14, P 4, 12 =16.81, P 3, 16 =11.06 P 3, 16 =22.4 P 3, 16 =11.18 P 3, 16 =18.07 P 3, 24 =19.38 P 3, 24 =59.89 P 4, 12 =5.09 P 4, 12 =31.98 P Conclusion: This study shows methanolic extracts of Napoleona imperialis leaves have anti-inflammaory effects.
9 citations
TL;DR: The present study suggests that L. esculentum possesses chemopreventive activity against DEN-induced and phenobarbital-promoted liver cancer.
Abstract: Objective: This study aims to evaluate the role of Lycopersicon esculentum in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced and phenobarbital (PB)-promoted hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The hepatocarcinogenesis was induced in male Wistar albino rats by DEN (single injection, 200 mg/kg, i.p . ); 2 weeks later, 0.05% w/v of PB was administered through drinking water for 16 weeks. The treatment group rats received a similar dosage as above along with enzymatic extract of L. esculentum (250 mg/kg body weight p.o.) at 3 rd week onward. The carcinogenesis was evaluated by estimating biochemical markers such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin, DNA and RNA levels, liver protein, and cancer biomarkers as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Results: Treatment with enzymatic extract of L. esculentum significantly reduced DEN/PB-mediated elevation of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin levels. A significant decrease in the levels of DNA, RNA, and AFP and increase in liver protein were observed when L. esculentum -treated rats were compared with DEN/PB-treated rats. Conclusion: The present study suggests that L. esculentum possesses chemopreventive activity against DEN-induced and PB-promoted liver cancer.
8 citations
TL;DR: A wide range of difference in the lobes and fissures between and among different populations is showed, which may be important for performing lobectomies, surgical resections, and correct interpretation of radiological images.
Abstract: Introduction: The lungs are a pair of vital organs of respiration which are divided into lobes by fissures. The fissures facilitate the movements of lobes and help in uniform expansion of the whole lungs. The fissure may be complete, incomplete, or absent. The knowledge of position and completeness of fissures and lobes is necessary for an appreciation of lobar anatomy and thus locating bronchopulmonary segments. Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the morphology of fissures and lobes of lungs. Materials and Methods: Twenty pairs of lungs were taken for the study, obtained from twenty formalin-fixed cadavers. The specimens were thoroughly observed for the pattern of lobes, fissure variations were noted, and the specimens were photographed. Results: Of the twenty right-sided lungs, incomplete oblique fissure was seen in six (30%) lungs. None of the lungs showed the absence of oblique fissure. Incomplete horizontal fissure was seen in ten (50%) lungs, and horizontal fissure was found absent in four (20%) lungs. Among the twenty lungs, four (20%) lungs showed two lobes due to the absence of horizontal fissure and the remaining 16 (80%) lungs showed normal lobar pattern of lungs. On the left side, incomplete oblique fissure was observed in two (25%) lungs, and two (25%) lungs showed the absence of oblique fissure. Due to the absence of oblique fissure, three (15%) specimens showed only one lobe while 17 (85%) lungs showed normal lobar pattern. There was no incidence of the presence of an accessory fissure in either side of the lungs. Conclusion: The present study when compared with a previous work showed a wide range of difference in the lobes and fissures between and among different populations. Knowledge of such variation may be important for performing lobectomies, surgical resections, and correct interpretation of radiological images.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a two-stage cluster sampling technique was employed to recruit 330 patients with Type 2 diabetes and a validated questionnaire was used to collect data on social support and self-management behaviors.
Abstract: Background: India is witnessing an increase in diabetic cases as peoples' lifestyle change This rapid increase of cases has led to an increase in the healthcare burden of the country with a considerable financial strain occurring due to the cost spent on diabetes treatment annually Proper management of diabetes is based on good self-management behaviors (diet control, physical activity, glucose monitoring, and adherence to medication) Globally, studies have indicated the link between self-management behaviors and social support Proper self-management behaviors could be the key to reducing the healthcare burden arising due to diabetes Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of compliance to treatment among diabetes patients and to assess the influence of social support on the self-management behaviors of diabetes patients Materials and Methods: A two-stage cluster sampling technique was employed to recruit 330 patients with Type 2 diabetes A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on social support and self-management behaviors Results: Prevalence of compliance to treatment among diabetic patients was found to be 821% This study showed that diabetes patients received highest social support for glucose monitoring (694%) followed by diet control (467%) and physical activity (312%) Chi-square test showed a statistical association between social support and diet control (P Conclusion: Presence of good social support was found to positively influence the self-management behavior of diabetes patients Higher level of evidence can be generated to place interventions in this regard
7 citations
TL;DR: The developed ophthalmic in situ gel by virtue of its prolonged corneal residence time and sustained drug release could be considered a viable alternative to the conventional eye drops formulation in achieving enhanced bioavailability.
Abstract: Introduction: A major problem in ocular therapeutics is the attainment of optimum drug concentration at the site of action, which is compromised mainly due to precorneal loss resulting in only a small fraction of the drugs being absorbed. The effective dose administered may be altered by increasing the retention time of medication into the eye by using in situ gel forming polymeric systems. Materials and Methods: In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to design, formulate, and evaluate in situ gelling-based ophthalmic drug delivery system dorzolamide hydrochloride to enhance the precorneal retention and to improve the ocular bioavailability. In situ gel formulations are designed using carboxy methyl tamarind, a polysaccharide, was used with other natural polymers such as xanthan gum, gellan gum, and sodium alginate. The in situ gel formulations were characterized for physicochemical characters, namely physical appearance, pH measurement, gelling capacity, drug content estimation, rheological study, effect of sterilization on the viscosity, in vitro diffusion study mucoadhesive strength, sterility testing, preservative efficacy testing, isotonicity testing, and ocular irritation testing. Results and Discussion: The developed formulations exhibited sustained release of drug from formulations over a 9 h period, thus increased residence time of the drug. Effect of sterilization was studied to check the rigors of sterilization on the viscosity of the formulations. In the study, two optimized formulations were selected on the basis of ability to form good gelling with increased viscosity with a slow and prolong in vitro drug release pattern. The formulations were found to be nonirritating with no ocular damage or abnormal clinical signs observed. Conclusion: Therefore, the developed ophthalmic in situ gel by virtue of its prolonged corneal residence time and sustained drug release could be considered a viable alternative to the conventional eye drops formulation in achieving enhanced bioavailability.
7 citations
TL;DR: Various principles of Ayurveda relevant to epidemiology and interpret their contemporary significance are analyzed to understand these concepts in the light of epidemiology with their most approximate delineation.
Abstract: Background: Ayurveda, the science of life, is the most ancient medical doctrine of human civilization. Some of the basic principles described in Ayurveda are still the same as today's medical science. Ayurveda does not have a specific text as epidemiology, but the principles described in piecemeal can be compiled, analyzed, and interpreted in the light of modern theories of epidemiology. Objective: An initial systematic literature review by the help of internet-based search engines revealed very negligible work in the field of Ayurveda and epidemiology. Hence, an attempt was made to analyze various principles of Ayurveda relevant to epidemiology and interpret their contemporary significance. Methodology: The work is mainly based on theoretical research using standard textbooks of epidemiology and classical treatises of Ayurveda. Discussion: A good number of principles are found in the classical texts of Ayurveda, which can be compared with the concepts of epidemiology. In the process of theoretical analysis, the following concepts were found relevant, such as the concept of causation of disease/Etiology of disease, causes of epidemic, classification of disease, modes of communicable disease transmission, and natural history of disease. In this study, attempt has been made to understand these concepts in the light of epidemiology with their most approximate delineation. However, being a classical medical doctrine, it has its own appeal that cannot exactly be compared with the concepts of epidemiology. Conclusion: It is interesting to note that the tenets described centuries back are very much relevant at this present era, and their importance cannot be neglected.
TL;DR: Tamoxifen-loaded liposomal transdermal patches could serve as a better alternative to existing marketed formulation in terms of bioavailability.
Abstract: Background: In the present investigation, tamoxifen-loaded liposomes transdermal patch was formulated using eudragit-RL, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K-50, and ethyl cellulose. Materials and Methods: Liposomes were formulated by solvent evaporation method using poly (sebacic acid-co-ricinoleic acid) in varying ratios and evaluated for particle size, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. Formulated tamoxifen-loaded liposomes were finally incorporated into transdermal patch and evaluated for thickness drug content, moisture content, moisture uptake, folding endurance, tensile strength diffusion coefficient, permeability coefficient, in vitro permeation, and skin irritation. Optimized transdermal patches were tested for its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters Results: Formulated transdermal patches showed improved bioavailability of tamoxifen when compared to its oral route. Conclusion: Tamoxifen-loaded liposomal transdermal patches could serve as a better alternative to existing marketed formulation in terms of bioavailability.
TL;DR: PatAdvanced ages, duration of illness, poor patient income, caregivers' advanced ages, low education level, poor family income, and length of contact with patients were the factors most likely associated with family care burden in schizophrenia.
Abstract: Background: Family burden affects the health of both patient and caregivers. Identifying determinants of family care burden in patients with schizophrenia has significant psychosocial implications. Aim: To investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with caregiver burden in patients with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: A series of one hundred schizophrenia within the age group of 18–47 and above and having more than 2 year's history of illness and 100 caregivers of such a patient have been taken up for the study, within the age group of 18–63 and above. To identify the primary care givers of the above patients, Pollack and Perlick scale was used. The International Classification of Disease-10 – Diagnostic Criteria for Research were used for psychiatric diagnosis. Patient and caregivers of the patients were assessed on self-developed sociodemographic pro forma. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to study the correlation between patient, caregivers, and family burden. Results: Family care burden has statistically significant correlation with patients advanced age (r = 0.239, P Conclusion: Patient advanced ages, duration of illness, poor patient income, caregivers' advanced ages, low education level, poor family income, and length of contact with patients were the factors most likely associated with family care burden in schizophrenia.
TL;DR: The findings of this study can help make diagnosticians more astute to identify ADHD in CWE.
Abstract: Aim: This study sought to determine the prevalence and characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with idiopathic epilepsy (CWE). Methodology: Purposive sampling was done to select 94 children with idiopathic epilepsy. These children were administered the Abbreviated Conners Scale to screen for ADHD, which was then confirmed using DSM 5 diagnostic criteria. Results: 23.4% of CWE were found to have comorbid ADHD, compared to 3-5% in the general population. The characteristics of ADHD also differed in our sample as compared to the general population. Conclusion: The findings of our study can help make diagnosticians more astute to identify ADHD in CWE.
TL;DR: In this paper, the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in neurosurgery for good perioperative hemodynamic stability with a blunt sympathetic response to laryngoscopy and intubation was analyzed.
Abstract: Background and Aims: Dexmedetomidine is a selective α2 agonist used as an adjuvant to attenuate sympathetic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in general anesthesia Recent studies have shown that dexmedetomidine decreases brain flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure without cerebral ischemia Hence, it is beneficial in neurosurgical procedures This study was undertaken to analyze the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in neurosurgery for good perioperative hemodynamic stability with blunt sympathetic response to laryngoscopy and intubation Materials and Methods: Sixty, American Society of Anesthesiologists grades II-IV patients between 18 and 50 years of age undergoing craniotomy under general anesthesia were divided randomly into two groups (thirty patients in each group) Group D: Dexmedetomidine was given as a bolus dose of 1 μg/kg diluted to a total volume of 20 ml with normal saline (09%) for 10 min before the induction of anesthesia Group C: The patients received a similar volume of normal saline Results: We observed a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate (HR) after intubation by dexmedetomidine, and they were highly significant on comparison (P Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine blunted the hemodynamic stress response due to laryngoscopy and intubation and perioperative hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing neurosurgery
TL;DR: A significant increase in salivary NO levels in caries-free children as compared to children with caries is clearly indicated, which may be attributed to the antimicrobial action of NO.
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent diseases of childhood Pediatric dentists must make conscious efforts to prevent this condition for optimal oral health Normal salivary function is considered critical for the maintenance of a healthy oral cavity Saliva provides an easily available, noninvasive medium for the diagnosis of wide range of diseases and clinical conditions The objective of the present study was to estimate and compare salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels in caries-free children and children with ECC Methodology: The children were divided into two groups Group I comprised thirty caries-free children and Group II comprised thirty children with ECC Saliva was collected by suction method Griess reaction was used to estimate the NO levels Unpaired t -test was used for comparing and evaluating the NO levels in both the groups Results: Mean salivary Nitric Oxide level is significantly higher in caries free children as compared to that of children with early childhood caries (ECC) Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study clearly indicates a significant increase in salivary NO levels in caries-free children as compared to children with caries This may be attributed to the antimicrobial action of NO
TL;DR: Estimation of hepatic enzymes can be used as a marker to diagnose the presence of perinatal asphyxia and also to assess its severity and outcome.
Abstract: Background: In spite of major advances in the knowledge of fetal and perinatal medicine, perinatal asphyxia is one of the significant causes of mortality and long-term morbidity. Outcome of asphyxiated babies depends on the severity of hypoxia which adversely affects the liver, kidney, brain, heart, and other organs leading to leakage of intracellular enzymes. Aims and Objectives: We undertook this study to estimate hepatic enzyme activity in perinatally asphyxiated babies in relation to nonasphyxiated babies and to know whether hepatic enzyme activity correlates with the severity and outcome of asphyxia. Materials and Methods: This cohort study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics of our hospital from June 2012 to May 2013. The study included 75 asphyxiated neonates as case and 75 healthy neonates as controls. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were estimated by IFCC method. Data gathered from perinatal asphyxia patients and control patients in a preformed pro forma were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Results: Serum AST, ALT, LDH, and ALP were found significantly higher in asphyxiated babies compared to the control group (P Conclusion: Estimation of hepatic enzymes can be used as a marker to diagnose the presence of perinatal asphyxia and also to assess its severity and outcome.
TL;DR: In certain conditions patient centred medicine may be superior to EBM, however, patientCentred medicine for special situations can only be a reality after EBM has been made the norm for commonly encountered diseases.
Abstract: Introduction: All patients have a right to the best treatment for the ailment that they suffer from, and the best treatment usually would be evidence based medicine (EBM) Practice of EBM: This is formulated considering the physician's personal experience, that of the peers and the patients' expectations In our country EBM is conspicuous in its absence due to poor maintenance of patients' records, poor access to journals and non-involvement of patients in therapeutic decisions Physicians in private practice are generally not trained to evaluate external experience, whatever is available Badly designed diagnostic approach and poor quality of information on which therapeutic decisions are based add to factors that prevent the implementation of EBM Conclusions: In certain conditions patient centred medicine may be superior to EBM However, patient centred medicine for special situations can only be a reality after EBM has been made the norm for commonly encountered diseases
TL;DR: A 32-year-old female admitted with Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning and managed with gastric lavage, intravenous pralidoxime, and atropine is reported to have a rare case of the upper limb DVT following OP poisoning.
Abstract: A 32-year-old female was admitted with Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning and was managed with gastric lavage, intravenous pralidoxime, and atropine. On the 3rd day, she developed swelling and pain in the right upper extremity. Color Doppler confirmed upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT). In addition to the neurologic manifestations patients of OP poisoning patients should also be monitored carefully for the development of DVT as these agents can lead to persistent inflammatory response which increases the risk of DVT. Upper limb DVT is rare and generally secondary to cancer, strenuous exercise, and insertion of central venous catheters. We hereby report a rare case of the upper limb DVT following OP poisoning.
TL;DR: Most common cause of ocular trauma was found to be road traffic accidents (RTAs), seen most commonly among males in the age group of 21-30 years, and males are commonly injured in RTA which is probably related to both exposure and risk-taking behavior.
Abstract: Context: People affected by eye injury often have to face loss of career opportunities, major lifestyle changes, and occasionally permanent disfigurement Aims: (1) To find the prevalence of ocular trauma in patients attending our hospital (2) To find the clinical profile of ocular trauma patients and the cause of trauma in them Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at KLE Hospital, Belagavi, Karnataka Subjects and Methods: The present 1-year study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, KLES Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi, on 2308 trauma patients presenting to the ophthalmology outpatient department and casualty from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014 Out of 2308 patients, 217 patients were identified to have ocular trauma and were examined in a systematic fashion Statistical Analysis Used: None Results: The prevalence rate of ocular trauma was found to be 940% Maximum patients (2719%) were in the age group of 21-30 years A total of 182 (8387%) patients were male and 35 (1613%) patients were female Conclusions: Most common cause of ocular trauma was found to be road traffic accidents (RTAs), seen most commonly among males in the age group of 21-30 years Males are commonly injured in RTA which is probably related to both exposure and risk-taking behavior Several human and environmental risk factors were found to be associated with increased risk of RTA Apart from RTA, occupational hazard was the next major cause of ocular trauma Certain laws and legislations and their strict enforcement can curb these two major causes of ocular trauma
TL;DR: The frequency of ADHD in patients with BPAD was 15%, and the most common clinical presentation was difficulty in memory/concentration and failure to finish the work, difficulty in organization, avoiding tasks requiring sustained mental effort, forgetfulness, and easily distracted were common signs.
Abstract: Context: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly occurs in patients with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). However, there is a paucity of data concerning the prevalence of adult ADHD in BPAD from India. Aims: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly occurs in patients with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). However, there is a paucity of data concerning the prevalence of adult ADHD in BPAD from India. Hence, this study aimed to find out the prevalence of adult ADHD in bipolar disorder for better diagnosis and management and tried to find association with clinical and sociodemographic features. Settings and Design: The present 1 year cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014. Subjects and Methods: A total of 100 patients with diagnosis of BPAD were evaluated for the presence of ADHD. Statistical analysis was done using Epi Info 7 software. Statistical Analysis Used: The data obtained was coded and entered and analyzed using Epi Info 7. Results: Most of the patients were male (64%) and male:female ratio was 1.77:1. The mean age was 37.36 ± 11.02 years and most common age group was 31–40 years (38%). The place of residence was urban area in 53% of the patients, and 72% were Hindus. Education up to secondary schooling was noted in 63% of the patients, and 63% were unemployed. Forty-four percent of the patients belonged Class I socioeconomic status. History of other psychiatric comorbidities was noted in 55% patients, and most of the patients had alcohol dependence syndrome (23%). Conclusions: The frequency of ADHD in patients with BPAD was 15%. The most common clinical presentation was difficulty in memory/concentration and failure to finish the work, difficulty in organization, avoiding tasks requiring sustained mental effort, forgetfulness, and easily distracted were common signs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of ET function on the success of tympanoplasty in COM patients was evaluated by using saccharin test and methylene blue dye test.
Abstract: Introduction: Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction has been attributed to many diseases of middle ear cleft ranging from as benign as serous otitis media to squamosal (unsafe) chronic otitis media (COM). Many factors have been attributed for the success of tympanoplasty, out of which ET function (ETF) is considered one of the most important. ETF can be evaluated by various tests and assessment of the same can predict the outcome of tympanoplasty. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ETF on tympanoplasty outcome in COM patients. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of KLE University's Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, from January 2014 to December 2014. Results: Out of 37 patients who had normal ETF, 33 (90.2%) had successful while four (9.8%) had unsuccessful outcome. Out of 11 patients who had partial dysfunction of ET, seven (63.6%) had successful while four (36.4%) had unsuccessful outcome. On the other hand, all the patients who had gross dysfunction of ET had an unsuccessful outcome. Conclusion: The saccharin test is an easy, simple, and cost-effective method because it does not require any sophisticated equipment. It promises to be a useful diagnostic tool to assess the mucociliary function of the ET. Methylene blue dye test can also be used as an adjunct to know the anatomical patency. Therefore, saccharin test and methylene blue test are recommended as a part of routine preoperative workup for all patients planned for tympanoplasty, which supplementing other existing tests for tubal function.
TL;DR: A change from stable population with high fertility and mortality to a new stability in population due to low fertility/mortality patterns is referred to as a demographic transition as mentioned in this paper, and the resulting demographic dividend will create a smaller dependency load and will generate opportunities for economic growth.
Abstract: A change from stable population with high fertility and mortality to a new stability in population due to low fertility and mortality patterns is referred to as a demographic transition. The pace of India's population has slowed in the past few decades; and in the coming years, India will have a large proportion of people in the working ages. Optimists have argued that the resulting demographic dividend (or bonus) will create a smaller dependency load and will generate opportunities for economic growth. On the other hand, the pessimists have stated that India is indeed heading towards a demographic dividend, but challenges exist for economic prosperity if India's policies are not geared towards productive employment for this large working age cohort.
TL;DR: A case of 28-year-old female presented with history of intermittent episodes of generalized tonic–clonic type convulsions for 3 years, soft lipomatous swelling over the right temporal area with nonscarring alopecia of the part of frontal and parietal region, and ipsilateral scleral dermoid.
Abstract: Haberland syndrome, also known as encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, is a rare, congenital neurocutaneous disorder. It is characterized by unilateral central nervous system, cutaneous, and ocular anomalies. We report here a case of 28-year-old female presented with history of intermittent episodes of generalized tonic–clonic type convulsions for 3 years, soft lipomatous swelling over the right temporal area with nonscarring alopecia of the part of frontal and parietal region, and ipsilateral scleral dermoid. Computed tomography findings were lipomas and calcification of falx. Magnetic resonance imaging showed right-sided hemiatrophy, two intracranial cysts, and enlargement of the right lateral ventricle. We report this case because of its rarity.
TL;DR: Choosing the clear corneal incision site based on the preoperative steepest meridian significantly decreased keratometric astigmatism at the temporal and superior locations.
Abstract: Context: Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) is the cause of poor postoperative vision even after uneventful cataract surgery Aims: (1) To evaluate the effect of SIA after phacoemulsification clear corneal incision in the steepest meridian on the magnitude of preexisting astigmatism (PEA) (2) To map the magnitude of SIA by incisions in superior (S) and temporal (T) positions Settings and Design: KLES Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre (MRC), Belagavi, Karnataka Longitudinal study Subjects and Methods: The present 1-year study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, KLES Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and MRC, Belagavi, on patients undergoing cataract surgery during the period of January 1, 2014,-December 31, 2014 The patients undergoing phacoemulsification with PEA ranging from 05 D to 15 D were selected for the study to evaluate SIA after phacoemulsification clear corneal incision in the steepest meridian on the magnitude of the PEA Statistical Analysis Used: Paired t -test was used to calculate mean SIA Results: The result showed average SIA recorded was 054 ± 034 D with P P = 0145) On taking temporal incision, the mean keratometric difference was 103 ± 096, which was statistically significant On taking superior incision, the mean keratometric difference was 092 ± 095, which was statistically significant Conclusions: Choosing the clear corneal incision site based on the preoperative steepest meridian significantly decreased keratometric astigmatism at the temporal and superior locations As well as, temporal incision is evidently better than superior incision in minimizing SIA
TL;DR: This brief study highlights the concept of bath- Tub, related theory, application, and how data modeling could be undertaken considering bath-tub failure rate.
Abstract: Bathtub shape has important connotations in public health and the concept could be reflected in two novel ways: (1) engineering (2) epidemiological model. Typical bath-tub curve is a combination of three failure rates, that is, decreasing, constant, and increasing failure rate, and different techniques are utilized to reduce these failures. This brief study highlights the concept of bath-tub, related theory, application, and how data modeling could be undertaken considering bath-tub failure rate.
TL;DR: Appendiceal stump closure with titanium clips is advantageous in terms of operative time, pressure gradient, and offers early resumption of daily activities.
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Appendiceal stump closure during laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is an important step. This study was an attempt to evaluate the ease of use and safety of titanium clips compared to Roeder's knot in the appendiceal stump closure in patients undergoing LA by comparing complications (intraoperative and postoperative), hospital stay, and follow-up period. Materials and Methods: This 1-year randomized controlled trial was done in under the Department of General Surgery, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum from January 2014 to December 2014. A total of 60 patients were divided into two groups of 30 each that is, Group R (Roeder's knot using silk suture and Group T (titanium clips). Results: In this study 53.33% of the patients in Group R were females as compared to 36.67% in Group T ( P = 0.795). The mean age in Group R was 29.77 ± 11.24 years and in Group T, it was 29.53 ± 8.96 ( P = 0.929). Other preoperative characteristics of the study population in Group R and T were comparable ( P > 0.050). Significantly higher number of patients (60%) in Group T required lower operative time (45–60 min) compared to Group R (83.33% patients required 61–75 min P P P P = 0.177), postoperative complications ( P = 0.303), and follow-up period in both the groups were comparable ( P > 0.050). Conclusion and Interpretation: Appendiceal stump closure with titanium clips is advantageous in terms of operative time, pressure gradient, and offers early resumption of daily activities.
TL;DR: The results obtained from this work suggest that PHF has anticonvulsant activity, and this supports the use of the formulation traditionally in the treatment of convulsions.
Abstract: Background: The aim of the present study was to develop a polyherbal formulation for epilepsy Present polyherbal formulation (PHF) (containing Operculina turpethum (L) Silva Manso, Mimosa pudica L, Uraria picta (Jacq) DC, Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp, and Lawsonia inermis L) is based on an ayurvedic formulation Brihad Panchagavya Ghrita indicated for epilepsy Materials and Methods: To establish the scientific basis of mechanism, we examined the effects of methanolic extract of PHF (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, po) on maximal electric shock (MES), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), and isoniazid (INH)-induced convulsions as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-glutamate level in the brain tissues in PTZ-induced seizure model Phenytoin (25 mg/kg, ip) for MES-induced seizure and diazepam (2 mg/kg, ip) for PTZ and INH-induced epilepsy were used as reference drugs, respectively Results: The extract showed no toxicity and significantly prolonged the onset and reduced the duration of the seizures induced by MES Phenytoin (25 mg/kg, ip) completely inhibited the seizures in this model Similarly, in the seizures induced by PTZ and INH, the extract also prolonged the onset and reduced the duration of the seizures though not in a dose-dependent manner Diazepam also inhibits the PTZ and INH-induced seizures The plant extract however showed a significant anticonvulsant activity at 400 mg/kg in comparison with diazepam The extract also attenuates the chemical (PTZ) induce oxidative stress in the brain Moreover, the extract (400 mg/kg) also significantly decreases the GABA-transaminase enzyme activity in PTZ model The PHF was also found to be capable in reversing the INH-induced decline in GABA level and increase in glutamate level in the brain Conclusions: The results obtained from this work suggest that PHF has anticonvulsant activity, and this supports the use of the formulation traditionally in the treatment of convulsions
TL;DR: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 undergraduate medical students of JLN Medical College, Ajmer (Rajasthan) in November 2015, using a self-administered questionnaire as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Background: Distribution of available manpower in healthcare sector is an important issue to maintain the optimum health status of the community. The study of aspirations of the undergraduate medical students might help to know the future availability of the medical fraternity in various fields and to understand the necessities in the medical education field in Rajasthan State. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 undergraduate medical students of JLN Medical College, Ajmer (Rajasthan) in November 2015, using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: There were 65% males and 35% females. About 41.88% students were from rural and 58.12% were from urban background. Average age of students was 21.23 years (±1.89). Majority (87.92%) of MBBS students aspired to do postgraduation. Only 14.17% were interested in a government job in rural and 28.54% in urban areas. Very few (2.7%) students were interested in the research field. Approximately, 8% students wanted to study abroad. Overall specialty preference was internal medicine (31.45%), surgery (15.95%), and Pediatrics (12.07%). Branch preference in females was the same. Nonclinical branches were not the preferred choice among our study participants. The most influencing factors for undergraduate students to choose specialty were job satisfaction and job security (>90%). Unnecessary burden of complicated clerical work instead of clinical job (80.83%) was an important influencing factor for less interest in a government job. Conclusions: Our study shows majority of students desiring to do postgraduation in clinical specialties and most of them want to join urban, socially respectful clinically oriented hospitals instead of a primary health center at the rural area or a nonclinical research oriented specialty. It might lead to shortage of doctors in non- and para-clinical branches and also in rural areas of Rajasthan in future.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of modified Peyton's seven-step method to learn basic procedures of microbiology, in comparison to'see one, do one' method, by a randomized control trial following McGaghie's Mastery learning model.
Abstract: Context: Undergraduate students are taught, basic procedures of microbiology such as Gram's-staining, Ziehl–Neelsen staining, and focusing of the stained slide using light microscope. It is found that students mostly fail to perform right staining procedures and report a given slide. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of modified Peyton's seven step method to learn basic procedures of microbiology, in comparison to 'see one, do one' method, by a randomized control trial following McGaghie's Mastery learning model. Subjects and Methods: The study group of 45 students was taught by adopting Peyton's seven step method, the control group of 41 students was taught through “see one, do one” method. The performance of the students was objectively measured where in it was evaluated by the faculty. Statistical Analysis Used: Performance was analyzed using Student's unpaired t-test, to determine if there was a true difference between the two groups. Performance at the interpretation station was analyzed using Chi-square test with Yates correction (χ2YC). Results: The study group performed significantly better in Gram's-staining (P = 0.018) and Ziehl–Neelsen staining (P = 0.012) procedures but not in focusing (P = 0.961) and interpretation (P = 0.850 with χ2YC = 0.0356) skills, in comparison to control group. Conclusions: This study proves that a Peyton's seven step method to be effective, in teaching practical skills to students when compared to traditional “see one, do one” method. The modification has components of dyad practice, peer observation, peer feedback, and observational practice.