Showing papers in "Indian journal of positive psychology in 2018"

Grit and Sense of Coherence as Predictors of Well-Being

Abstract: There are many people in every walk of life that have different levels of abilities to reach their goals. Few might rely on their talents and skills to work and few might use their meticulous tactics and ideas that lead them to their goals but there are also people who are gritty. Such people persevere through difficulty and do not give in till the end. These individuals are considered to have a strong sense of meaning which in turn leads to their positive wellbeing. Sense of coherence and grit have been identified as important variables contributing to the well-being of an individual. In the current study, the role of grit in predicting well-being is investigated. The role of sense of coherence as a mediator between grit and well-being is also analysed. The Short Grit Scale (Duckworth et al., 2007) Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987) and Scales of Psychological Well-being (Ryff, 1995) were used to assess the variables in a sample of 250 medical and engineering students. Results indicated a positive correlation between grit and wellbeing and confirmed the mediating role of SOC.

Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction among University Students of Eastern Uttar Pradesh of India: A Demographical Perspective

Abstract: Self-esteem reflects an individual's perception and evaluation of himself or herself, whereas, life satisfaction involves the individual's evaluation of one's life as a whole including different areas of life such as school, family and friends as well as oneself (Civitci & Civitci, 2009). The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between self esteem and satisfaction with life in current college students. A total of 200 college students (100 Male & 100 Female) from Veer Bahadur Singh University Jaunpur (U.P.) participated. Rosenberg self-esteem scale (1965) and satisfactions with life scale (Diener et al., 1985) were administered. Self-esteem and satisfaction with life was found significantly correlated in male, female, urban and general category participants. The effect of self-esteem on satisfaction with life was found significant

Impact of Social Skills Training on Self-Esteem among Male and Female Adolescent Students

Abstract: The adolescent years are transforming at all levels: physical, emotional, social, cognitive and behavioral. Helping professionals have searched for ways for adolescents to acquire the skills necessary to face these many changes. Parents, educators and adolescents have tried to do what they can ,not only to survive ,but to make the most of major life transition that occurs from age 10-18 (Arnett, 2000). This study was done to investigate the effect of social skills training on self esteem among male and female adolescent students. The sample consisted of 200 (100 male and 100 female) adolescent students, were selected randomly and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received social skills training in 10 sessions, but the control group didn't attend the sessions. Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale by Rosenberg (1965) was administered in pre and post intervention to measuring Self esteem. Results revealed that social skills training has significantly enhanced self esteem in the selected sample of experimental group and gender did not have differential influence on enhancing self esteem due to social skills training.

Resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional well-being of doctors

Abstract: The present study was conducted to explore the relationship between resilience self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional well-being of doctors working in critical and non-critical care units of patients. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be positive relationship between resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional wellbeing of doctors and resilience, self-compassion and mindfulness are likely to be positive predictors of emotional well-being of doctors working in critical care and non critical care units of patients. Further it was also hypothesized that there are likely to be gender differences in resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional well-being of doctors. Data was collected from doctors (n = 100) with age range of 25 to 55 (M = 28.27, SD = 5.88) using convenient sampling technique. The Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008); Self-compassion Scale (Neff, 2003); Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (Brown and Ryan, 2003); and Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences (SPANE, Diener et al., 2009) were used to collect data. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was positive and significant correlation between resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional well-being of both groups of doctors. Regression analysis revealed that self-compassion was only significant predictor of emotional well-being. Moreover, significant gender differences were found on emotional well-being. Nevertheless, resilience, self-compassion and mindfulness abilities are alike in male and female doctors.

The Importance of Early Identification and Intervention for Children with Developmental Delays

Abstract: The purpose of the study to examine a)To identity the prevalence of developmental delays involving physical development (specifically gross and fine motor skills); communication skills; and social and personal skills; b)Educate parents about the connection between brain growth and the normal stages of development, and the importance of the first three years of life to the overall development of the brain, c) Provide a means for early detection of children slipping behind in their milestone development d) Provide individualised developmental strategies based on the results of the extensive milestone checking in attempt to facilitate development in areas where the child may be slipping behind. Children (boys & girls) who referred by doctors for early intervention assessment and skill development, referred at NKPSIMS and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital central India Nagpur were included in the study (n=41 boys 20 and21 girls). An Analysis of variance showed early childhood intervention programmes in improving learning capacities for children with developmental delays are positive significant. Conclusion and recommend - Early intervention program parental involvement was significant component. Of particular importance is measures of social competence, motivation, family functioning, and problem-solving skills.

Psychosocial antecedents of prosocial behavior and its relationship with subjective well-being in adolescents

Abstract: Prosocial behavior is a collective term covering all activities that are advantageous to other persons or the society in general (Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner, and Clark, 1981). It can be divided into three categories of altruism, helping, and cooperation. The notion of why certain people help more willingly than others, and with varied frequencies; and what purpose does it solve in a person's life by extending a helping hand to someone, is what led to the origin of this study. Literature review revealed there is sparse literature available on Indian adolescents. Thus, the research objective is to explore various psychosocial factors that contribute to development of pro-social behaviour in late adolescence, and how they contribute to the experience of an individual's subjective well-being. Sample consisted of 200 college going students in the age group of 17-20 years. A variety of measures were used for the purpose: Prosocial Tendencies measure, Satisfaction with life scale and Positive and Negative affect scale. In addition a semistructured questionnaire was used to get qualitative data from 30 individuals. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlational techniques and t-test. Results indicated majority of students having an average frequency of prosocial behavior, predominantly public and compliant type of prosocial behavior, a low positive correlation between prosocial behavior and well-being, a significant difference between adolescents scoring low on pro-social behavior from those scoring high in terms of their satisfaction with life and no significant difference between males and females in terms of prosocial behavior tendencies.

Relationship between Gratitude and Happiness in College Students

Abstract: The present research explored the relationship between gratitude and happiness in college students. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between gratitude and happiness. It was also hypothesized that gratitude will be the predictor of happiness in college students. The sample was comprised of n= 100 (50 girls and 50 boys) from different colleges (private and public) of Lahore. Subjective Happiness Scale by Sonja Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999) and Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6) by McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang (2001) were used to assess happiness and gratitude in college students. Pearson product moment correlation, Simple Linear regression and independent sample t-test were applied to generate results. Results suggest that there is significant positive relationship between gratitude and happiness. Gratitude also predicted happiness in college students. No significant gender difference was observed between gratitude and happiness. Significant difference was found between gratitude and happiness at 1st level and the last level students. The findings of this research have implications for adaptation of gratitude tendencies in Pakistani youth.

The Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S): Factor structureexamination for elite Indian sportsperson

Abstract: The Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S) is designed to evaluate coach's involvement in developing sports person in multidimensional aspects of sports. Although CBS-S has been used in a number of empirical studies, the factor structure of the instrument has not been examined in Elite Indian context. Present study was, therefore, conducted to assess the factor structure of the CBS-S for Indian Elite sports person, 76 Elite sports person completed the CBS-S, CFA were done to assess the (CBS-S) for reliability and validity. Seven-factor CFA models fit to the sample data adequately. In addition, the sizes of factor loadings on target factors were substantial .The findings from this study supported the factorial validity of the CBS-S for the present sample and Personal Rapport (PS) and Negative Personal Rapport (NPR) are found to be moderately significant. This suggest that the Elite Indian sports person is relying more on the coach in relation to the Physical training, Technical skill, Goal setting, Mental preparations and Competitive strategies rather than the two rapport subscales.

Mattering and self-compassion as mediators of the relationship between attachment style and marital satisfaction among young spouses in Kerala: A mixed method study

Abstract: This explanatory sequential mixed method study examined how self-compassion and mattering mediated the relationship between attachment style and marital satisfaction in a sample of 397 married spouses between the ages of 20 to 40 in Kerala. The instruments used to measure four variables of this cross sectional quantitative study were ECR-R, Self-Compassion short form, Mattering 4-Items and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction scale. Results indicated that mattering mediated the relationship between attachment styles and marital sati sfaction among young spouses in Kerala. But self-compassion does not mediate the relationship between attachment style and marital satisfaction among young spouses in Kerala. The results suggest that mattering can enhance the marital satisfaction of anxious and avoidant attached spouses. In the multiple case study, conducted in-depth interviews often spouses who were selected based on the high scores on marital satisfaction. The results explained how mattering was an important experience in improving marital satisfaction with their anxious and avoidant attachment style. Themes generated from this study were; longing for presence, caring, partner support, communication, being responsible and respect. Moreover, this study suggests that mattering might provide a useful lens through which spouses are able to enhance their marital satisfaction.

An assessment of teacher's job satisfaction and its possible effects on student achievements

Abstract: The present study was conducted on 160 teachers of different subjects (Hindi, English, Mathematics, and Science) of secondary level under public sector schools to assess their job satisfaction. Results suggested that job satisfaction level was found maximum in mathematics subject teachers and minimum in Hindi. The key findings of this study was lack of better opportunity, low salary and the work that an individual find boring are certain issues which affect teacher's responsibility. Low level of satisfaction was a significant cause to move out from their objectives and it proportionally affects learning methodology of students.

Hierarchy culture as a moderator on the relationship between work motivation and work commitment

Abstract: For the understanding of economic and cultural advancement in a society, higher education is one of the key factors.Present study intended to examine the role of hierarchy culture as a moderator on the relationship between work motivation and work commitment among university teachers. The study design was based on quantitative methods. Sample comprised of 351 teachers from public universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Multivariate analysis and descriptive statistics were performed using Smart PLS 3.0. Findings confirmed the moderating effects of hierarchy culture. The findings have implications for policy makers to take advantage of work motivation because motivated teachers preserve commitment despite the controlled and structured features of hierarchy culture. Study findings also propose the development of supportive culture to enhance work commitment. Keywords: hierarchy culture, work motivation, work commitment, university teachers, partial least square

Psychological capital as moderator of stress and achievement

Abstract: Stress reactions occur when an environmental event taxes one's ability to cope. Several studies reveal that stress has a direct as well as interaction effect on academic achievement of students. Psychological capital is a resource for personal development with the features of self-reliance while dealing with the challenges (self-efficacy), positive expectations for the future success (optimism), being full of determination (hope), and accomplishment in spite of obstacles (resilience) (Luthans and Youssef, 2004). The purpose of the present study to find out the moderating role of Psychological Capital in the relationship between stress and academic achievement. A sample of 210 students (14- 18 years) was incidentally selected from Government schools in rural areas. Psychological capital scale was developed by researcher. Stress was measured with the help of an inventory by (Tubesing and Tubesing, 1983) which assesses symptoms of physical, emotional and mental stress. An average marks obtained by a student throughout one academic session was used as a measure of academic achievement. Psychological capital was found to be positively correlated with academic achievement and negatively correlated with stress. The results revealed that Psychological capital moderate the relationship between stress and academic achievement. The study implies that psychological capital enhances the capability of students helping them to improve their academic performance.

Meaning of happiness: A qualitative inquiry among adolescents

Abstract: Research on happiness seems to be blooming in current academics. Psychology's engagement with psychopathology left no space for this concept to come to the fore. With rapid changes in the academic world, together with the shift in the focus towards more positive concepts has resulted in a renewed interest in the concept of happiness. The domain of qualitative research seeks to explore the diverse human experiences and the present study uses this domain to understand the subjective meaning of happiness in adolescent students. Using a qualitative approach, twenty adolescents were asked to share their life experiences using a semi structured interview schedule. A grounded theory analysis revealed that happiness forms a core concern for an individual where it depends not only on the cultural norm involving an individual where social relationships form an important part, but also goals and aims (s) he/she wishes to achieve in life. It exists in temporality but is impacted by the larger dimension of meaning in life which is relatively stable and covers a huge expanse of an individual's existence. Finding happiness in life involves both personal goals such as self growth and attainment of peace, and also professional goals like fulfilment of one's academic aim. Happiness is also seen as being impacted by an individual's past happenings, belief in selfworth and social responsibility. Analysis of the findings thus points to the fact that meaning of happiness varies across individuals, however, the essence remains the same for a given culture. The consideration of the emic approach not only creates sound knowledge, but also leads to a holistic understanding of human affairs.

Effect of Forgiveness on Psychological Well-Being

Abstract: The present research intends to examine the relationship between the two constructs of positive psychology i.e. forgiveness and psychological well-being among females within age group of 18 to 21 years. Arandom sample of 50 female students is selected from colleges in Chandigarh. For this purpose, it is hypothesized that there exists a positive correlation between forgiveness and psychological well-being. In this study. Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Thompson & Synder, 2003) and Ryffs Psychological Well-being scales (42 items) (1989) is used to measure forgiveness and well-being respectively. The relationships between them were examined using correlation analysis. The results revealed significant correlation ( r= 0.461, p<0.01) between forgiveness and psychological well-being among females. It indicated that females high in forgiveness are more likely to show improved psychological wellbeing.

Emotional Maturity of Adolescents from Orphanages, Single Parent Families and Intact Families:A Comparative Study

Abstract: The present study assessed and compared the emotional maturity of adolescents in orphanages, single parent families and intact families. The sample comprised of 300 respondents in the age group of 14-16 years, from the four selected cities of Punjab (Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Patiala, and Hoshiarpur). 100 school going adolescents were picked from the selected orphanages and 100 adolescents were selected under both single parent families and intact families from the government schools. The sample was equally distributed across both the genders (50 each). Emotional maturity of adolescents was assessed by administering Emotional Maturity Scale. The study revealed that overall, more numbers of orphans were found emotionally immature. Adolescents living with intact families were significantly more emotionally progressed, socially adjusted, independent and overall analysis also showed that they were more emotionally mature. In order to cultivate emotional maturity of adolescents, parents or care takers should try to become a good and effective listener, avoid comparisons, teach the problem solving skills and model a good behavior in front of adolescents.

Positive Employee Behaviors and Occupational Burnout in Healthcare Workers: Moderating Roles of Work Engagement

Abstract: Positive employee behaviors (comprising organizational citizenship behavior & workplace commitment) may overstretch and lead to occupational burnout, which may compromise the functionality of health workers and their ability to provide quality service to their patients. Less research attention has focused the moderating roles of work engagement on the connections of organizational citizenship behavior and workplace commitment to occupational burnout, especially in Nigeria where manpower deficit created by the migration of healthcare workers is on the increase. This study, therefore, investigated the extent to which organizational citizenship behavior and workplace commitment are connected with occupational burnout, and how work engagement moderates such relationships in 191 healthcare workers (55 males; 136 females), sampled from 3 public hospitals in Ondo State, Nigeria. The ages of the participants averaged 34.56 years (SD = 8.52). Results of the hierarchical multiple regression indicated that organizational citizenship behavior was significantly related with increased level of occupational burnout. Work engagement was significantly related with reduced level of occupational burnout in healthcare workers. Workplace commitment was significantly connected with increased level of occupational burnout. Results of moderation test revealed that when interacted with work engagement, organizational citizenship behavior and workplace commitment were related with reduced level of occupational burnout. To sustain the efficiency and well-being of healthcare workers (especially those who engage in extra-role behaviors & are psychologically attached to the organization's goals), management of public hospitals should enhance the work engagement level of employees in order to effectively manage their level of occupational burnout.

Efficacy of behaviour modification techniques to reduce stage fright: A study

Abstract: Fright or performance anxiety. Stage fright and anxiety in the students were developed due to various causes and Students were selected for the study on the basis of their Subjective Unit of Distress Scale developed by Wolpe (1992). The students were assessed pre and post intervention. we used the questionnaire Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety - 34 (PRPSA) developed by McCroskey (2013) and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale developed by Rosenberg (1965) in order to determine the level of anxiety, that a student experiences while performing a speech and measures global self-worth by measuring both positive and negative feelings about the self respectively. This is the study of forty student of IX standard, Kendriya Vidyalaya, they were very diffident to present themselves on the stage. The students were assessed pre intervention and intervened with Behaviour Modification techniques for the period of Six weeks. The student's stage fright and self esteem were reassessed after the period of six weeks. The results of the study reflected that the students experienced significantly less anxiety / stage fright, decreased in their Subjective Unit of Distress Scale and increase in the self esteem. This shows that Behaviour Modification techniques are efficient in reducing stage fright, performance anxiety and increase in self esteem.

The Mediating Role of Spiritual Well-Being in the Relationship between Attachment Styles and Psychological Well-Being of Isfahan's Counselors

Abstract: This study investigates the mediating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological well-being of Isfahan's counselors. This study was practical and a type of correlative studies. Statistical population of the study included all the counselors of is fahan's consultation centers (980 individuals) in the work year 2016-2017 that 130 individuals were considered as sample size using Morgan table, these individuals were selected by simple random sampling method. For collecting (gathering) data, attachment styles questionnaire (Hazen & Shaver, 1987); spiritual well-being questionnaire (Paloutzian & Ellison, 1982); and psychological wellbeing questionnaire (Reef, 1980) were used that their validity and reliability have been confirmed. In order to analyze the data in the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, percent, mean, and standard deviation and in the level of inferential statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression have been utilized. The results of study indicated that secure and avoidant attachment styles have a direct relationship with spiritual well-being. There is a direct and significant relationship between secure and avoidant attachment styles with psychological well-being. There is a direct and significant relationship between spiritual well-being and psychological well-being. Secure and avoidant attachment styles can anticipate positively spiritual well-being. Spiritual well-being plays a significant role in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological wellbeing.

Role of life events stress and locus of control (external) in job satisfaction: An empirical evidence

Abstract: In modern competitive organizations, job satisfaction is an important psychological attribute that may play crucial role in organizational effectiveness and employees' well-being. Locus of control as a personality variable and stressful life events are causally implicated in a variety of unenviable effects on our performance and health. The present study was conducted on 210 managerial personnel in private sector organizations in India. The results of correlation coefficients indicate that person positive was found to be significantly positively correlated with satisfaction (job and total). Job positive was found to be significantly positively correlated with satisfaction (management and total) and locus of control (external) was found to be significantly negatively correlated with satisfaction (management and total). Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis indicate that person positive (dimension of positive life events stress) emerges as predictor for satisfaction (job and total) and job positive (dimension of positive life events stress) emerge as predictor for satisfaction (management) while locus of control (external) emerge as predictor for satisfaction (management and total) The finding of this study will help in ameliorating the job satisfaction which helps to revamp the employees' performance and aggrandize the organizational productivity.

Life Satisfaction, Personal Growth Initiative and Hope in Alcoholics: A Correlation Study

Abstract: The study was conducted to find out the Life Satisfaction, Personal Growth Initiative and the role of Hope in Alcoholics. The sample population chosen for this study was, 50 adults diagnosed with alcoholism aged 20-50 years The tools of assessment used were Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985); The Personal Growth Initiative Scale (Robitschek, 1998); and the Adult Trait Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991). The statistical tool used for the study was Pearson Product Moment correlation. The statistical analysis was carried out using MS-Excel operation. It was found that there were also strong correlations established within the dependent variables of the study, namely Life Satisfaction, Personal Growth Initiative and Hope.

Effect of Life Skills Training on Fear of Negative Evaluation and Self-Image among School Adolescents

Abstract: Fear of Negative Evaluation and issues with self-image could be two potential threats to school adolescents. A great deal of research has described associations between fears of negative evaluation self-image among adolescents which will, in turn, affect the psychosocial development of adolescents. From the extensive review of the literature, it can be concluded that life skills training is an effective tool to deal with a range of adolescent's issues. The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of life skill training on fear of negative evaluation and self-image among school adolescents. The current study is a quasi-experimental study conducted among 47 school adolescents who score low in self-esteem scale. The study indicates that life skills training were very effective in dealing with the fear of negative evaluation and self-image.

Forgiveness and satisfaction with life in PG students of Karnatak university

Abstract: This study investigated the significance of gender difference on propensity to forgive and life satisfaction and the significance of relationship of propensity to forgive of male and female student with their satisfaction of life. A random sample of 100 male and 100 female students were selected for the study from the various departments of Karnatak University in Dharwad. The measures used in this study are The Multidimensional Forgiveness Inventory (MFI) developed by Tangney, Boone, Fee, and Reinsmith (1999) assesses a propensity to forgive others, a propensity to ask for forgiveness from others and a propensity for self-forgiveness and Satisfaction with Life Scale developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffen (1985) which measures the global life satisfaction. The results revealed that there is no significant difference between the male and female students on propensity to forgive others and there is no significant difference between the male and female students on satisfaction in their life.

Comparative study of achievement motivation and self-concept of secondary school students

Abstract: The present study "Achievement Motivation and Self-concept of Secondary School Students" was investigated to find the comparison between Self-concept and Achievement Motivation of High Achievers and low Achievers of Secondary School Students. Data for the study were collected using Self-concept Questionnaire developed by Saraswath (1984) and Achievement Motive Test (ACMT) developed by Bhargava (1994). The investigator used simple random sampling technique for selecting the sample. The sample consists of 150 Secondary school students. For analyzing data "t" test were used. Findings revels the significant difference between High Achievers and Low Achievers in respect to Achievement Motivation and Self-Concept of Secondary School Students. Computed 't' = 1.34 dose not shows significant differences on achievement motivation, still high achievers scored high on achievement motivation than low achievers, whereas on self concept differences were found as 't'= 4.30 found significant at 0.01 level.

Spiritual Intelligence as a Correlate of Mental Health of Male and Female University Students

Abstract: This study aimed to observe the effect of spiritual intelligence on mental health among university students. The sample comprised o f200 university students (100 males & 100 females) doing post-graduation with the age range of 19-27 years. The tools used for data collection were The Spiritual Intelligence Scale (King, 2008) and The Mental Health Inventory (MHI-38) (The RAND Corporation, 1983). Pearson's Product Moment Correlation was applied to find out the effect of four dimensions of spiritual intelligence (i.e.. Critical Existential Thinking, Personal Meaning Production, Transcendental Awareness & Conscious State Expansion) on the six component of mental health (i.e.. Anxiety, Depression, Loss of Behavioral/Emotional Control, General Positive Affect, Emotional Ties & Life Satisfaction). The results depicted that among male students: Anxiety had a negative and a significant correlation with personal meaning production, transcendental awareness and conscious state of expansion. Depression had a negative and a significant correlation with personal meaning production and transcendental awareness. Loss of behavioral/emotional control had a negative and a significant correlation with personal meaning production and transcendental awareness. General positive affect was positively and significantly correlated with conscious state of expansion. Whereas, the result revealed that among female students: Loss of behavioral/emotional control was significantly and a negatively correlation with personal meaning production and consciousness state of expansion. General positive affect had a significant and positive correlation with conscious state of expansion. Life satisfaction was significantly and positively correlated with personal meaning production and conscious state of expansion. Thus, it can be concluded that spiritual intelligence had a positive effect on mental health of the selected sample.

Impulse Control among PTSD Patients: Pre and Post Intervention Assessments

Abstract: Trauma is a normal reaction to a horrible event, the effects can be so severe that they interfere with an individual's ability to live a normal life. After an exposure to a traumatic event, some individuals may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Often accompanied by other psychological disorders, PTSD is a complex condition that can be associated with significant morbidity, disability, and impairment of life functions. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of intervention in enhancing the impulse control ability of PTSD patients. Present investigation included 10 PTSD adult patients (18 to 40 years). Sample included both male and female hospitalized cases from various Trauma Centres of Varanasi. To assess the intensity of traumatic symptoms among patients PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C) was administered. Impulse control of the sample was measured with the help of impulse control scale. As hypothesized PTSD patients initially reported significantly low level of impulse control in terms of negative affect index 1, negative affect index 11, positive and undifferentiated index, and endurance and persistence index all of which have reportedly significantly increased (p<.01) after intervention.

Subjective Construal of Happiness among Urban Educated Bengali Youth: A Preliminary Study Using Grounded Theory Approach

Abstract: A quick glance at the vast number of contemporary researches on happiness brings out terms like subjective wellbeing,satisfaction with life, contentment. Few researchers, in the current decade, however, have followed the qualitative paradigm, with the aim to “discover” the idea of and beliefs regarding happiness, as they occur in the society. The current research was a similar attempt, intended to extract the de-facto ideas that four contemporary young, urban, Bengali individuals, residing in Kolkata had regarding happiness. Sample constituted two males and two females; constructivist grounded theory was the method that was used. Analysis revealed conception of happiness to be intrinsic, which was expressed in terms of peace and contentment, and associated with compassion, forgiveness and “letting go”. Activities such as pursuing one's hobbies, participating in adventurous activities, focussing on one's goals and distraction were enumerated as ways and means that led to happiness. A harmonious relationship with individuals close to the participants was mentioned as a significant factor behind happiness. Keywords: happiness, qualitative, grounded theory

Brief psycho-education for caregivers of persons with first episode psychosis

Abstract: Caring for the persons with first episode psychosis is challenging and demanding It may lead to the increased burden, expressed emotions among the caregivers The numerous studies have shown that high burden and negative expressed emotions among caregivers can lead to early relapse in the patients with first episode psychosis To evaluate the effects of the brief psychoeducation on the caregivers burden and expressed emotions A quasi experimental-before and after with control group research design was adopted for the study A total of 60 caregivers have participated in the study, of which 30 caregivers in experimental group and 30 caregivers in the control group Family Burden Interview Schedule (Pai & Kapoor, 1981) and Attitude Questionnaire (Sethi et al, 1981) was used to assess caregiver's burden and expressed emotions At end of the psychoeducation intervention, burden among caregivers and negative expressed emotions of the caregivers have significantly reduced The positive expressed emotions have been increased Study results demonstrates the importance of psychoeducation intervention in reducing the burden and negative expressed emotions