Showing papers in "International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education in 2015"

Pearl Millet-Nutritional Value and Medicinal Uses!

Abstract: Bajra or Pearl Millet (Pennisetumglaucum) is one of the oldest millet used by our ancestors. Along with wheat flour even bajra was included in the regular diet. It is known to have a very high fiber content which makes it healthier. It is used as a regular meal in places like Rajasthan, Gujarat. Now a day’s it is gaining its importance back. Now bajra are recommended by many health professionals, Dieticians and Nutritionist because of its various health benefits. It is also not very expensive millet which can reduce its consumption. People are becoming more and more conscious about the fact of bajra having various good effects on the body.

Overview of Geothermal Surface Exploration Methods

Abstract: The recent increase in conventional fuel prices has resulted in an increase in the interest innatural sources of energy such as geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is the vast reservoir of heat energy in the earth’s interior , whose surface manifestation are volcanoes, fumaroles, geysers, streaming grounds and hot springs. The exploration of geothermal resource in India is in nascent stage and that motivated to look into the aspect in detail. Commercial exploitation for generation of electricity is yet to take place in India. The scientific disciplines commonly involved are geology, geochemistry, and geophysics. This paper shows various techniques which are used for exploration of geothermal energy in Indian context, which preliminarily deals with hot springs, as there are no major active volcanoes or other surface manifestations present in India. Initially, it focuses on primary geological studies like remote sensing and geochemical analysis of water from hot springs to delineate prospective zones. After short listing prospective geothermal sites, geophysical methods such as magnetotellurics, gravity, magnetic and seismic methods are used. The entire exploration method is analogous to oil and gas exploration where the practice is to narrow down the sites based on the probability of success. It emphasizes on accuracy of surface exploration methods so that the risk can be minimized while practicing subsurface exploration methods such as drilling which requires huge capital investment.

Energy Efficient Target Coverage in wireless Sensor Network

Abstract: Sensor networks have been applied in a wide variety of situations. Recently directional sensor networks consisting of directional sensors have gained attention. Network life is very crucial parameter for sensor network. In this paer, we use artificial intelligence to deploy sensor node with objective of maximize life of network. Simulation results shows that proposed method perform well.

Design and analysis of pressure vessel

Abstract: This paper present design and analysis of pressure vessel. Design of pressure vessel depends on its pressure and temperature. When pressure and temperature get changed every pressure vessel is new. In pressure vessel design safety is the main consideration. The structural integrity of mechanical components of pressure vessel requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and stress analysis. Pressure vessel parameter are designed in Pv Elite and checked according to ASME (American society of mechanical engineering) sec. viii Div.1.Fatigue analysis also done on modeled in Pv Elite software to improve the life of pressure vessel. Pv Elite helps engineer to comply their design and calculation strictly as per code.&According to ASME SEC VIII. DIV-2 Analysis of pressure vessel is carried out at different pressure and temperature conditions.

Work Stress of Employee-A Literature Review

Abstract: As Richard Carlson says that, “Stress is nothing more than a socially acceptable form of mental illness”. Stress has been defined in different ways over the years. It was conceived of as pressure from the environment, then as strain within the person. The generally accepted definition today is one of interaction between the situation and the individual. It is the psychological and physical state that results when the resources of the individual are not sufficient to cope with the demands and pressures of the situation. Thus, stress is more likely in some than others and in some individuals than others. Stress can situations undermine the achievement of goals, both for individuals and for organizations. Acute responses to stress may be in the areas of feelings (anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue), behaviour (being withdrawn, aggressive, tearful, unmotivated), thinking (difficulties of concentration and problem solving) or physical symptoms (palpitations, nausea, headaches). Stress is the way human beings react both physically and mentally to changes, events, and situations in their lives. People experience stress in different ways and for different reasons. The reaction is based on your perception of an event or situation. If you view a situation negatively, you will likely feel distressed i.e. overwhelmed, oppressed, or out of control. Distress is the more familiar form of stress. The other form, Eustress, results from a “positive” view of an event or situation, which is why it is also called “good stress.” Stress is your body’s response to change.

A Review of Hybrid ARQ in 4G LTE

Abstract: Long Term Evaluation (LTE) technology is the most efficient mobile broadband technology for providing an excellent user experience. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Release’8 LTE provides the next step of 3G technology. LTE offers cogent improvements over previous technologies like GSM/UMTS/HSPA. Lower latency, higher downlink & uplink speeds, and simpler network architecture are among, other new features that are provided. This paper presents a survey on hybrid ARQ (HARQ) types and mechanisms which is the core feature that provides robustness in LTE and Advance LTE networks.

Role of Living and Surface Anatomy in Current Trends of Medical Education

Abstract: Teaching and learning of anatomy have greatly transformed in last two decades. Innovations in medical education, like integrated curricula and inclusion of PBL were considered to be responsible for the decline in anatomy learning. Allocated time for anatomy teaching has reduced in medical schools in last two decades across the world. Living and surface anatomy facilitates students in developing skills for future clinicians. Some educationist considered it to be main teaching tool for learning anatomy as a replacement of dissection based cadaveric anatomy. Innovations in medical technology and reduced allocated time paved the way for implementing teaching methodologies e.g., body painting, peer physical examination, medical imaging and virtual anatomy softwares in teaching and learning of living and surface anatomy. This article focuses on reviewing the historical background and current trends in teaching and learning of living and surface anatomy with special emphasis upon its pedagogical aspects also some views of medical educationists. It also compares pros and cons of various teaching methodologies used in learning of living and surface anatomy, emphasizing on challenges faced in its pedagogy. Finally, it concludes that living and surface anatomy should be considered as an integral part of the curriculum. Inclusion and implementation of teaching and learning strategies, such as body painting, peer physical examination, medical imaging and virtual anatomy softwares will enhance learning of living and surface anatomy in an integrated and relevant framework.

Fluoride removal by industrial, agricultural and biomass wastes as adsorbents: review

Abstract: Fluoride and fluorosis issues are common in a few nations including India. Fluorosis is pandemic in more than 20 states of India. The fluoride comes into ground water by various ways, for example, weathering of rocks, industrial effluents and geochemical reactions. Alternate wellsprings of fluoride come to people in the form of air, foods, cosmetics, and so on.The traces of fluoride in ground water is beneficial for strengthening the dental enamel. Fluoride in overabundance amount higher than 1.5 mg/l causes dental and skeletal fluorosis other than infertility, kidney harm and affects nervous systems as well. The fluoride removal from drinking water and wastewater has been successful by different techniques, for example, coagulation and precipitation, adsorption, ion-exchange, membrane separation, dialysis, electro-dialysis, electrocoagulation and so on. Adsorption process for defluoridation has favoured for the most part in developing countries as it is techno-economical viable method, environmental friendly and straightforwardness in operation. The various adsorbents including activated carbon, activated alumina, metal oxides-hydroxides, bone chars and agricultural and industrial wastes were attempting to keep up the standard limit of fluoride concentration in drinking water by adsorption. Usage of plant materials and agricultural wastes as adsorbents are most adopted in developing country like India in light of the fact that they are low cost materials, available in abundance, biodegradable and natural existence. The industrial by-products are additionally needed to reuse them in advantageous ways for defluoridation as accessible in huge amount and economical. This paper reviews the fluoride uptake capacities of industrial by-products, agricultural wastes and biomass materials from plants, grass, etc. and their modified forms as adsorbents in batch and column performance against different experimental limits.

An overview of hr analytics to maximize human capital investment

Abstract: The aim of this paper was to find out what HR analytics holds the promise of both elevating the status of the HR profession and serving as a source of competitive advantage for organizations that have put it to good use for service industry that can go a long way to make India for human capital investment. The realization of this promise hinges on our individual and collective ability to master the art and the science of HR analytics. That, in turn, will happen much more quickly if we can achieve clarity even consensus on a number of issues where neither clarity nor consensus currently exists. The increasing globalization of the job market combined with an ever increasing shortage of skilful staffs and advances in technology have resulted in large scale changes to the recruitment practices throughout the world through the use of HR Analytics. Future studies can focus on extending the proposed theoretical frameworks into a validated model, and also quantifying the implications of Evidence Based Management practices to HR and Organizational performance can also be explored.

The Economic and Social Cost of Illiteracy: An Overview

Abstract: This paper highlights the economic and social cost of illiteracy to the global economy. It discusses the causes and issues surrounding illiteracy, the direct link between poverty and illiteracy. Illiteracy means the lack of Reading, Writing and Arithmetic (3R’s) skills. It is the lack of minimum capabilities needed to function effectively in a society. The paper examines the cost of illiteracy to the global economy which is estimated at 1.19 trillion dollars; and the effects of illiteracy are very similar in developing and developed countries. The illiterate people trapped in a cycle of poverty with limited opportunities for employment or income generation and higher chances of poor health, turning to crime and dependence on social welfare. Therefore, illiteracy is a curse to humanity and socio-economic development.

Experimental Investigation of Pervious concrete using Titanium Dioxide

Abstract: This paper reports an experimental investigation into the development of pervious concrete providing the optimal combination of strength and water permeability without using any admixtures. This titanium dioxide is used as partial replacement to cement to study its behavior on mechanical properties of pervious concrete. Pervious concrete trial mixes with different size of aggregate, with and without fine aggregates were tested for its mechanical properties such as compressive strength, water permeability, porosity and density. Trial mix with optimum compressive strength along with sufficient permeability is selected as a basic experimental mix for investigating the effect of partial replacement of cement with titanium dioxide. The highest compressive strength for pervious concrete is observed as 13.66 N/mm2 and water permeability of 15.4 mm/sec is calculated for the experimental mix having 5% replacement of cement with titanium dioxide.

Prediction of Monthly Rainfall of Nainital Region using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)

Abstract: Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are the most widely used supervised techniques for data analysis and modeling. In this chapter we used the back propagation neural network model for predicting the average monthly rainfall of Nainital town based on wet bulb, dry bulb, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and wind speed in Nainital town. Our results show that the ANN techniques extremely well with the actual data values as compared to the SVM techniques. From these results we can predict the rainfall for the future.

Simarouba Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for CI Engine: Review

Abstract: The world is focusing on the impending energy crisis and each country needs to concentrate on energy security as well as growing pollution and environmental concerns. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves with increasing demand and uncertainty in their supply as well as the rapid rise in petroleum prices has stimulated the search for other alternatives to fossil fuels. The thumba biodiesel is considered as alternative fuels to diesel. This review has been taken up to identify the performance and emission using thumba biodiesel.

Production of acetic acid from molasses by fermentation process

Abstract: Acetic acid also called ethanoic acid is organic compound. Acetic acid produced via fermentation. Its pathway is conversion of glucose to ethanol and ethanol to acetic acid. In first step, Saccaromyces cerevesiae (yeast) converts fermentable sugar of molasses into ethanol and carbon dioxide. In second step, acetobacter aceti (acetic acid bacteria) converts ethanol into acetic acid and water. After completing process, the separation of product is carried out via centrifugation. Mixture of acetic acid and water is separated by distillation. In this report, details regarding cultures (micro-organism) have been used for the process is discussed. In practical laboratory work, ethanol fermentation and acetic acid fermentation have been carried out and it’s optimum parameters (pH, temperature, sugar concentration, and ethanol concentration) have been decided, which is discussed in detail. The kinetic study also have been done is mentioned. Key words: Saccaromyces cerevesiae, acetobacter aceti, micro-organism, fermentable sugar

Value co-creation in education scope methods and insights

Abstract: Education is a major domain in the service sector. The service literature, especially the recent trend for the examination of value co-creation in service systems, has only marginally and partially affected the management of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and the education (i.e. service) models they apply. This paper investigates the application of the concept of value co-creation in education, with an emphasis on higher education, where the student is more knowledgeable, more mature and conscientious for the learning process and the education process tends to be highly interactive, related to scientific requirements and objectives and less affected by social and psychological factors. The purpose of this paper is to provide the context of HEIs, that have instate value cocreation methods into their programs, and create a number of reference groups, that will be distinguish by the from and infusion methods of co-creating value with students. A review of the existing literature on value co-creation in education was implemented and it was found that students have a unique perspective on teaching and learning and that they should be invited to share their insights during the educational process. Also, the possible uses of value cocreation methods are evident in the managerial and operational function of educational institutions. Four groups were created, namely Value co-creation in a classroom setting - in a educational organization; Investigation of factors affecting value co-creation; Investigating value co-creation from a managerial point of view; technology and content creation for value co-creation, in order to classify existing research projects. These groups point the direction to future researchers on possible areas of interest of value co-creation on education. Some possible areas are learning, management, use of technology for a better educational process etc. Generally, this paper contributes to the research of value co-creation, with informative observations and interesting examples of value co-creation in education.

Crime Pattern Analysis, Visualization And Prediction Using Data Mining

Abstract: Crime against women these days has become problem of every nation around the globe many countries are trying to curb this problem. Preventive are taken to reduce the increasing number of cases of crime against women. A huge amount of data set is generated every year on the basis of reporting of crime. This data can prove very useful in analysing and predicting crime and help us prevent the crime to some extent. Crime analysis is an area of vital importance in police department. Study of crime data can help us analyse crime pattern, inter-related clues& important hidden relations between the crimes. That is why data mining can be great aid to analyse, visualize and predict crime using crime data set. Classification and correlation of data set makes it easy to understand similarities & dissimilarities amongst the data objects. We group data objects using clustering technique. Dataset is classified on the basis of some predefined condition. Here grouping is done according to various types of crimes against women taking place in different states and cities of India. Crime mapping will help the administration to plan strategies for prevention of crime, further using data mining technique data can be predicted and visualized in various form in order to provide better understanding of crime patterns.

Home energy management system for demand response applications

Abstract: Now a days, energy saving is one of the most important issue for development of smart grid. The utility companies have higher electric charge during peak periods, so smart grid emphasizes off-peak energy consumption. The Home Energy Management system shall play a very important role in realizing residential demand response in smart grid environment. Therefore, the HEM system with Demand Response (DR) is proposed, in which different loads are used and corresponding priority is adjusted based on priority of user. The controller board is used, which makes a decision to switch ON/OFF action of the selected end use appliances based on utility signal as well as home owners load priority and preference setting. It also demonstrates that how each appliance will perform when it will be controlled by HEM. The proposed system is also responsible for collecting electrical consumption data from all loads and provides an interface for homeowner to retrieve appliances status. It provides user to know the status of appliances wirelessly through sms.

A literature review on emotion recognition system using various facial expression

Abstract: Recognition and extracting various emotions and then validating those emotions from the facial expressions has become important for improving the overall human computer interaction. So this paper also describe about Emotion Recognition Techniques. Emotion Recognition has become a progressive research area and it plays a major role in Human-Computer-Interaction. For any Facial Expression Recognition, it is necessary to extract the features of face that can be possibly used to detect the expression. For Feature Extraction the Principal Component Analysis will be used. A survey of various techniques used in emotion recognition like PCA, LBP etc. is done in this paper and listing their performance. The goal of this paper is to show the comparison with Other Recognition Techniques with different approaches. And also describe the general step of the how to recognize emotion from various facial expression

Various Load Balancing Algorithms in Cloud Computing

Abstract: Cloud Computing is the use of computing resources that are delivered as a service over a network. In cloud computing, there are many tasks requires to be executed by the available resources to achieve best performance, utilize the resources efficiently under the condition of heavy or light load in the network, minimize the response time and delay, for maintain system stability, to improve the performance, increase the throughput of the system, to decrease the communication overhead and to minimize the computation cost. This Paper Describe various load balancing algorithms that can be applied in cloud computing. These algorithms have different working and principles.

Survey on intrusion detection system

Abstract: Network is connecting to the rest of the world through the internet. In interconnected system servers are under threads from network attackers. The Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is the most common attack, which cause serious impact on these computing systems. DoS attack reduce the efficiency of server, in order to increase the efficiency of the server it is necessary to detect the DoS attacks. This paper presents survey of intrusion detection techniques that were proposed by various researchers. There are various techniques that were proposed but the problem of false positive rate still present. It is necessary that detection rate must be high and false positive rate is small enough that alarm from intrusion detection system can be trusted.

Preparation of Al 6061/ SiC Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) using Stir Casting Technique

Abstract: The expansion of manufacturing industries has somewhere led to the increase in the use of composite materials. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) are the advanced and new age materials that find application in sectors like automotive, aerospace, rail components, defense etc. because of their light weight, high strength, good corrosion and wear resistance and low thermal coefficient of expansion. Stir casting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of manufacturing MMC. The present research work is about the manufacturing of Aluminium Matrix Composite (AMC) by stir casting technique where Al 6061 is the matrix or the base metal and 10 % silicon carbide (SiC) in powder form is the reinforcement material. Scanning Electron Microscopy was done in order to observe the distribution of SiC particles into the Al matrix.

Efficacy of employee value proposition on enactment of organizations

Abstract: EFFICACY OF EMPLOYEE VALUE PROPOSITION ON ENACTMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS ABSTRACT An Employee Value Proposition (EVP) is the unique set of benefits an employee receives in return for the skills, capabilities and experience they bring to a company. An EVP is about defining the essence of your company and how it is unique and what it stands for. This study subsequently tries to research the adequacy of EVP model in Organizations. The Research proposes to utilize descriptive research design. The embraced a multi-stage sampling strategy including a review of the 43 organizations to build up EVP hones took after by stratified random technique to look at particular components under the study. Essential information was gathered utilizing a semi-organized survey. Both engaging and inferential measurements was utilized. Quantitative and subjective information was investigated utilizing SPSS programming. Further the study discovered that organization utilizes organizational expository (i.e., business execution investigative, workforce demographics, workforce execution information) to test the viability of aggregate prizes programs. The study reasons that that organization has a typical occupation construction modeling that is utilized to characterize all employments that remunerate and profession programs at organization are connected to normal employment structural engineering and that Pay movement is adjusted to future vocation in organization. The study suggests that connecting of key and strategic drivers and also a fabulous establishment for effective utilization of ability which figure out where on the continuum of capacity versus experience their procuring hones. Keywords: Employee Value Proposition, Organizational Performance, Talent Management

A review on materials used for wheel rims

Abstract: Wheel rim is an inseparable part of an automobile. Its main functions are to help propulsion of a vehicle on the road as well as withstand against the vehicle weight and practical conditions such as turning and braking, environmental conditions. In automobile wheels rotates continuously during propulsion therefore total load on a vehicle induces alternating fatigue stress in a wheel rim. In order to sustain all loads and practical conditions wheel materials must be of good quality. This paper presents various materials used for wheel rims and their properties such as thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, price, availability, maintenance, rim manufacturability from that material, availability, manufacturing processes as well as advantageous and disadvantageous of materials.

Organizational structure affected by strategic change

Abstract: Organizations are vulnerable to change. They need to develop strategies to compete both in domestic and global market. If organizations have to sustain in long run they have to continuously make changes in their strategies. Competitive market pressurizes organizations to make rapid changes in their strategies. But continuous updations in strategies affect organization’s culture, structure, productivity and outcomes. A change in strategy brings about tremendous changes in organization’s structure. This paper explores various issues like:  The role of strategy in organizations.  Organizations need to make continuous amendments in their strategies.  Organizational structure and its advantage in organizations.  Change in strategy brings about change in organizational structure.  Benefits and problems coming out of the change in strategy affecting organizational structure.

Design and Standardization of Scissor Jack to Avoid Field Failure

Abstract: On road emergency, i.e. tire gets punctured, is a common problem observed in automobile and also it is big headache to driver. Scissor or toggle jacks are one of the best option to overcome this headache. Scissor jack is used to lift the heavy loads in which rotary motion is converted into linear motion. In this Paper, a unique design of scissor jack is compile to lift low as well as heavy load with different conditions. The main purpose and significance of this paper is to design, optimize and standardize the current toggle jack to make the task easier and reliable. Catia is used to develop and analyzed the scissor jack. Mathematical model of design procedure is also made which will suppose to help in standardization of scissor jack design by using MATLAB. The design calculation includes design of Power Screw, Link design, Design of Nut, Pin Design etc. All products from engineering should be versatile with application by maintaining its aesthetics and ergonomics. This paper mainly focused on designing and standardization of scissor jack model of automobile L.M.V. sector and trying for weight reduction of scissor jack with good strength. Also some changes are done in design procedure so that it will be useful for different models of L.M.V. in automobile industry. Car jacks are available in the market has some disadvantages such as required more energy to operate, are not suitable for woman and cannot be used on the uneven surface. So that, this design is modified for the existing car jacks in terms of its functionality and human factor consideration.

Design and Development of CMI Software (CMIS) in Teaching and Learning Communications and Networks

Abstract: The study focused in the development of computer-managed instruction software to aid teaching and learning Communications and Networks for the teachers and students of the Bulacan State University. The CAI Design Model (CDM) was utilized in the study. Four major phases were implemented consisting of (1) analysis or assessment phase, (2) designing phase, (3) development/formative phase, and (4) evaluation and revision phase. Some of the important features that are included in the software are: (1) motivation towards learning, (2) retention of knowledge, (3) systematic record-banking, (4) individualization of learning pace, (5) integrity of subject matter content, (6) self-direction, (7) immediate response, (8) flexibility, and (9) access control. The topics included in the software were solely based from the course syllabus prescribed by the Commission on Higher Education. The acceptability of the software was determined using five dimensions: (1) subject matter content, (2) readability, (3) usability, (4) instructional design and (5) portability. Considering the important features of the software, CMIS is recommended as an instructional aid and reference material for students taking up the course.

Material optimization and weight reduction of drive shaft using composite material

Abstract: This Paper deals with the study of replacement of conventional two-piece steel drive shafts with one-piece automotive hybrid aluminum/composite drive shaft & was developed with a new manufacturing method, in which a carbon fiber epoxy composite layer was co-cured on the inner surface of an aluminum tube rather than wrapping on the outer surface to prevent the composite layer from being damaged by external impact and absorption of moisture. Replacing composite structures with conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and higher specific strength of composite materials. By considering the thermal residual stresses of the interface between the aluminum tube and the composite layer, the optimum stacking sequence is calculated with the help of Finite element analysis. Press fitting method for the joining of the aluminum/composite tube and steel yokes was devised to improve reliability and to reduce manufacturing cost, compared to other joining methods such as adhesively bonded, bolted or riveted and welded joints. The joining of the aluminum - composite tube and steel yoke with improved reliability and optimum manufacturing cost is done by press fitting. In order to increase the torque transmission capacity protrusion shape is provided on the inner surface of steel yoke which will fit on Universal joints.

Finite Element Simulation and Investigation of Thin Wall Impeller Casting

Abstract: In case of casting of thin wall impeller structure, the prediction of shrinkage defect is a difficult operation and failure of such thin wall structure is a commonly encountered problem. Such failures are due to non-uniform heat transfer rate. The uniformity of heat transfer rate may enhance by placing the runner at appropriate position and riser based on the geometrical attributes. An attempt is made for the analysis of optimization in the placement of runner and riser. The present work focuses on the simulation of aluminum thin wall pump impeller blade using commercially available software (ANSYS) and experiments for optimum placement of risers and reducing defects.

Adsorption behavior of eggshell modified polyalthia longifolia leaf based alumina as a novel adsorbents for fluoride removal from drinking water

Abstract: The present study reveals about the fluoride removal from drinking water by means of absorption through the Egg shell modified Polyalthia longifolia leaf based alumina (PBA+ES) technique. Various method were employed to characterize the adsorption mechanism such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The fluoride removal capacity of PBA+ES adsorbents were investigated in batch studies, column and domestic defluoridation performance for drinking water. The Results of the experiment concluded that the batch adsorption studies show high efficiency for removal of fluoride. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra particle diffusion kinetic models were applied to verify the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order equation and the equilibrium data was attained by Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity of PBA+ES was 20.62 mg/g. The five sorption-desorption cycles exhibited for regeneration where the results of the thermodynamic study reveals about the nature of the adsorption process to be spontaneous and endothermic. For on-field and domestic application, the adsorbent performance was studied in a fixed bed column and household water filter. It is also noticed that PBA+ES is efficient, easy, captive method used for the fluoride removal from the contaminated water. The present study suggest about the simple, effective, suitable method for fluoride removal from contaminated water.

Online shopping behavior among higher education students with special reference to palakkad, kerala, india

Abstract: Online shopping offers the customer a wide range of products and services wherein he is able to compare the price quoted by different suppliers and choose the best deal from it. Internet marketing is conceptually different from other marketing channels and internet promotes a one to one communication between the seller and the end user with round the clock customer service. The consumer, in case of online shopping can buy the selected product rapidly by doing some clicks from home or work saving time and energy in spite of the larger distance arising from the endless and unlimited market offered by the internet. In addition, the internet can also facilitate the shopping of consumers with reduced mobility. Despite these motivational factors, there are various transaction and non- transaction issues involved such as internet users being uncomfortable while giving their credit card number, personal information, etc.. which act as deterrents. Online shopping is new, and it is at a nascent stage, and there are no hard-and-fast rules to live by .Consumers are slow in showing interest in online shopping. However, the future for internet shopping looks bright and promising.