Showing papers in "International Journal of Anthropology in 1986"
TL;DR: These new growth velocity standards provide centile lines which allow to judge whether a child's growth velocity over a one-year interval lies within the limits of normal variation for his age, irrespective of his stage of maturation, and will find useful applications in longitudinal health screening surveys, and in clinical follow-up studies.
Abstract: The present paper presents the first clinical standard for growth in height of Belgian boys and girls, based on purely longitudinal data. Growth charts are provided with centiles of height for age along with growth curves of the typical early, average and late maturing child in the population. These new standards show the classical features of cross-sectional standards, but above that, they also provide information about the variability in individual growth patterns, as a result of variation in maturation. Average adult height is 176.6 cm (SD=6.3 cm) in boys and 163.3 cm (SD=5.7 cm) in girls. The representativity of these new standards with respect to the actual Belgian population has been by comparison with recent cross-sectional data, collected on a large number of subjects. These standards should be applied in all situations where interest lies in the evaluation of the normality of a child's growth pattern over some length of time and will therefore find their usefulness in clinical follow-up studies of growth.
42 citations
TL;DR: The intention of this study is to integrate subsequently discovered cases of bone and soft tissue tumors into this list of previously diagnosed tumors in ancient Egyptian anthropological material, for a comprehensive and timely paleopathology and history of diseases.
Abstract: The most recent compilation of previously diagnosed tumors in ancient Egyptian anthropological material is already eight years old. The intention of this study is to integrate subsequently discovered cases of bone and soft tissue tumors into this list. A structuring of the compilation as in a modern register of tumors will be thereby attempted; that is, a collection of all significant available information (provenience, sex, age, historical period, author(s) and year of publication, diagnosis, possible former diagnosis, cross grading) including that found in the relevant bibliography, for a comprehensive and timely paleopathology and history of diseases. Interpretation of the results should follow only with great caution, as the diagnoses in a number of cases, particularly those of malign tumors, require additional precise methodological clarification.
21 citations
TL;DR: The utility of differentiating if such cusps proceed the hypocone or metacone division and of using metaconule variability in dental anthropology studies are suggested and an objective classification of the meetacone size is proposed to standardize observations.
Abstract: Hypocone and metaconule variability was studied in a large sample of upper molars belonging to several human populations. The identification of these cusps does not generally show problems. However, on second and especially on third molars, it is occasionally difficult to decide if a little cup located on the crown distal border is a hypocone or a metaconule. The identification of supernumerary cusps located between the metacone and the hypocone seldom is clarified. We suggest the utility of differentiating if such cusps proceed the hypocone or metacone division and of using metacone variability in dental anthropology studies. An objective classification of the metacone size is proposed to standardize observations.
8 citations
TL;DR: A sample of 539 individuals, 188 males and 351 females from 35 to 93 years, from a rural area, were studied in order to show ear variability according to age and sex.
Abstract: A sample of 539 individuals, 188 males and 351 females from 35 to 93 years, from a rural area, were studied in order to show ear variability according to age and sex. The characters analyzed were: maximum length and breadth, lobe type, and their possible asymmetries. The individuals were also searched for Darwin’s tubercle.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a matrix of dermatoglyphic distances from several palmar characteristics of 1831 males belonging to different Sardinian linguistic groups was calculated by means of cluster analysis, and a dendrogram was constructed and compared with a diagram of the affinities among the linguistic groups.
Abstract: By means of Penrose's C
H
2
, a matrix of dermatoglyphic distances was calculated from several palmar characteristics of 1831 males belonging to different Sardinian linguistic groups. Then, by means of cluster analysis, a dendrogram was constructed and compared with a diagram of the affinities among the linguistic groups. This comparison shows a good congruency between the dendrogram structure and the diagram of linguistic affinities.
7 citations
TL;DR: When genetic distances are calculated, Northern, Southern and Western Indian poplations show closer resemblances to Western Asian populations, while Eastern Indian populations are more similar to Mongoloid peoples.
Abstract: The genetic variability in Indian populations is examined on the basis of the study of Tf, Gc, Gm, and Km polymorphisms. This variability is not associated with fluctuations, but is related to population history (mainly to migrations, hybrydization and caste endogamy). When genetic distances are calculated, Northern, Southern and Western Indian poplations show closer resemblances to Western Asian populations, while Eastern Indian populations are more similar to Mongoloid peoples.
7 citations
TL;DR: This data set allows confirmation of methods for detecting unequal environmental influences on the zygosities which bias estimates of genetic variance and heritability and indicates predominantly complex environmental determinism.
Abstract: The role of genetic and environmental factors on dental asymmetry (in maximum crown dimensions) was examined using 58 pairs of twins (23 MZ and 35 DZ) from Chandigarh, India. The t'-test for equality of means by zygosity showed only one variable significantly different among 56: this is ascribable to Type 1 error. Heterogeneity of MZ-DZ total variance was observed in 42.9% of traits of the two types (fluctuating and directional) of bilateral asymmetry. In general, MZ twins showed higher total variance than DZ pairs. MZ twins also showed stronger environmental covariance for a majority of the traits. Dental asymmetry measures thus yielded consistently low genetic variance ratios and indicated predominantly complex environmental determinism. Since fluctuating asymmetry is widely believed to be an environmental stress indicator, this data set allows confirmation of methods for detecting unequal environmental influences on the zygosities which bias estimates of genetic variance and heritability.
7 citations
TL;DR: The dermatoglyphics of the Muzeina and Gebeliya Bedouin tribes, two small biologically isolated populations, leading a similar nomadic life under the specific conditions of the Sinai desert, were studied and differences found concern particularly the frequencies of palmar and finger pattern types.
Abstract: The dermatoglyphics of the Muzeina and Gebeliya Bedouin tribes, two small biologically isolated populations, leading a similar nomadic life under the specific conditions of the Sinai desert, were studied. The differences found between the studied samples concern particularly the frequencies of palmar and finger pattern types. These differences are in agreement with data on the origin of the tribes, a Negro and/or European admixture being evident in the Gebeliya dermatoglyphics. The coefficients of variation for some quantitative dermatoglyphic traits, presumably with a polygenic determination, are lower in the Muzeina than in the Gebeliya sample. Isolation and consanguinity may exert their influence on the dermatoglyphic traits influencing the frequencies of the corresponding genes.
6 citations
TL;DR: This study examines the coefficient of inbreeding in the population of Rio de Onor (Portugal), for a period of 120 years, using the dispensations for consaguineous marriages and isonymy.
Abstract: This study examines the coefficient of inbreeding in the population of Rio de Onor (Portugal), for a period of 120 years. Two distinct methods were used: the dispensations for consaguineous marriages and isonymy. The two methods produced different results and these differences are explained, for the period after 1960, in terms of emigration.
6 citations
TL;DR: Infant mortality appears to explain most fertility variation; an earlier marital age and at first maternity leads to an increased family size and survival seems to be the result of the apposite interaction of both fertility and mortality in early childhood.
Abstract: The determinants of complete family size and offspring survival were assessed by means of family reconstitution data from a 19th & 20th century rural population of Northwest Spain.
6 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the TRC variability is conditioned by the frequencies of the same genes which are responsible for the presence of the different finger pattern types.
Abstract: The total ridge count (TRC) was viewed as a common composite trait with definite correlations between its components — the ridge counts (RC) of individual fingers. The TRC variability was accordingly examined as a function of the variability of these components. The distribution of pattern types on the fingers, the RC of patterns per total as well as per finger location, and the mean finger RC were all analyzed in relation to the RC variability and to a newly described phenomenon — the mutual influence on the RC variability of different patterns present concomitantly in an individual. It was concluded that the TRC variability is conditioned by the frequencies of the same genes which are responsible for the presence of the different finger pattern types. A high negative correlation coefficient, −0.901, was found between the pattern intensity index (PII) and the coefficient of variation of the TRC. The linear regression equation was: CV=90.75−4.20 PII. Biological isolation and the ensuing consanguinity may affect the TRC variability of a population by modifying the frequencies of these genes. This influence may be a decreasing as well as an increasing one. In contrast, when a common metric trait which is determined by additive genes without any dominance (as the TRC is frequently believed to be) is subjects to consanguinization effects, only a decrease in the variation is expected. The dermatoglyphics of 625 Jewish males were investigated and the general character of some dermatoglyphic regularities and trends was compared with and corroborated by data from the literature.
TL;DR: In this article, the morphological variability of the principal masculine series of the Iberian Peninsula from the Middle to the Modern Era was analyzed using the thirteen most important measurements of the neuro- and splanchnocranium.
Abstract: This paper studies the morphological variability of the principal masculine series of the Iberian Peninsula from the Middle to the Modern Era. This analysis was based on the thirteen most important measurements of the neuro- and splanchnocranium. The method used was a univariated comparison by means of graphic techniques and diverse statistical tests. The knowledge of each population studied, its dating, geographic location, cultural aspects, as well as the possible influence of diverse microevolutionary factors was fundamental in the interpretation of the results. This paper is a continuation of an earlier study on the Epipaleolithic-Ancient Age populations of the Iberian Peninsula (Garralda and Mesa, 1984).
TL;DR: A sample of unrelated individuals coming from Sardinia has been typed for AB0, Rhesus, Kell, 6-PGD, G-6-PD, PGM1, AK polymorphisms, and a considerable heterogeneity appears among the Sardinians and the Italian of mainland populations.
Abstract: A sample of unrelated individuals coming from Sardinia has been typed for AB0, Rhesus, Kell, 6-PGD, G-6-PD, PGM1, AK polymorphisms. The gene frequencies are compared with the published data from other Italian population samples. With regard to these polymorphisms a considerable heterogeneity appears among the Sardinians and the Italian of mainland populations.
TL;DR: The finger and palmar prints of 60 women with breast carcinoma were studied and the dermatoglyphics seem to be of little use in the diagnosis of cancers of ectodermic origin.
Abstract: The finger and palmar prints of 60 women with breast carcinoma were studied. The results were compared with two groups of healthy women, the first consisted of old women and the second of young women. The dermatoglyphics seem to be of little use in the diagnosis of cancers of ectodermic origin.
TL;DR: With time, the relative height of the subtalar, talonavicular, cune onavicular and first tarsometatarsal joints in the reconstructed medial arch enlarged, in parallel with the increase in the inclination angles of both the calcaneus and the first metatarsal.
Abstract: This study concerns secular changes of the foot of Japanese, from the prehistoric Jomon period to early modern times. The size of the talus, calcaneus and first metatarsal changed in parallel with the estimated stature, during this period. In the case of the calcanues, length-height-index, length-tuberosity height-index, Bohler's tuber-joint angle and angle of cuboidal articular surface gradually increased with time. Thus, all may take part in elevation of the longitudinal arch. With time, the relative height of the subtalar, talonavicular, cuneonavicular and first tarsometatarsal joints in the reconstructed medial arch enlarged, in parallel with the increase in the inclination angles of both the calcaneus and the first metatarsal. In addition, valgus deviation of the distal phalanx of the great toe became conspicuous in comparatively recent times. These changes no doubt were accelerated by modification in life style.
TL;DR: The present work collects one of the partial aspects treated in a larger study about the morphophysiological characteristics of the Cuenca population: the incidence of obesity and their possible effects in present day populations.
Abstract: The present work collects one of the partial aspects treated in a larger study about the morphophysiological characteristics of the Cuenca population: the incidence of obesity and their possible effects in present day populations.
TL;DR: Analysis of the dermatoglyphics of a sample of Kung Bushmen living in the Kalahari of north-east Namibia shows a high frequency of arches, a low ridge count, and high frequencies of pattern reduction forms, appear characteristic.
Abstract: Analysis of the dermatoglyphics of a sample of Kung Bushmen living in the Kalahari of north-east Namibia is presented, and the results are compared with those of other Bushmen studies. A high frequency of arches, a low ridge count, and high frequencies of pattern reduction forms, appear characteristic.
TL;DR: The chromosomal polymorphism found in the sub-species of C. nictitans stampflii was analysed with high resolution G-banding techniques and with the aid of an image analysis computer system.
Abstract: The karyotype of the speciesC. nictitans stampflii was analysed with high resolution G-banding techniques and with the aid of an image analysis computer system. The diploid number is 2n=70; chromosomes n. 13 and n. 33, and the NOR-bearing chromosomes have variant forms. The high degree of chromosomal variability in the genusCercopithecus is well known, but the degree, the role, and the phylogenetic relevance of the chromosomal variants are yet to be clarified. For this reason it seems worthwile to report on the chromosomal polymorphism found in the sub-species ofC. nictitans stampflii even if the data comes from a single specimen.
TL;DR: Familial aggregation for 33 different variables from the craniofacial complex was estimated through intraclass correlation coefficients for four different relationships: parent-offspring paris, sibs, cousins and unrelated pairs.
Abstract: Familial aggregation for 33 different variables from the craniofacial complex was estimated through intraclass correlation coefficients for four different relationships: parent-offspring paris, sibs, cousins and unrelated pairs. The population chosen for the study was La Sabana, D.F., a Venezuelan isolate of Negroid origin. The general tendency observed among the different correlations was as anticipated: sibs show higher correlations than cousins and these were higher than for unrelated pairs. Parent-offspring correlations were lower than expected. The significant correlations observed among sibs for 17 of the variables indicate aggregation due to genetic and/or common environmental factors. On the other hand, little genetic determination was detected for sella-C point distance or for upper dental arch depth both of which show intraclass sib correlations ≤0.1.
TL;DR: The paleopathological study revealed cases of traumatism, inflammations, degenerative osteoarthropathies, benign as well as malign tumours, anaemias, congenital anomalies, senile changes and dental diseases.
Abstract: Anthropological material unearthed by the excavation of the Egypt Exploration Society (London) in the Tomb of King Horemheb at Saqqara consists of original burials dated 14th cent. B.C., of a series of 18 individuals dated 13th cent. B.C. and of a large amount of material (seven burials and a lot of scattered isolated bones) from a secondary cemetery dated Late Period. In it the total number of individuals was determined as 260, divided into 37.3% immatures and 62.7% adults, which consist of 60.7% males and 39.3% females. The mean age at death was for the whole series 24.1 years, for adult males 33.3 years and for adult females 29.4 years. In all metric features a well-cut sexual dimorphism is apparent and a similarity with a contemporary nearly located series from the Mastaba of Ptahshepses at Abusir. The average stature reconstructed by the Negro equations of Trotter and Gleser equals 166.5 cm for males and 154.7 cm for females. Cranioscopic, epigenetic and osteoscopic features, however, showed many differences between the Horemheb and the Ptahshepses series. The paleopathological study revealed cases of traumatism, inflammations, degenerative osteoarthropathies, benign as well as malign tumours, anaemias, congenital anomalies, senile changes and dental diseases.
TL;DR: In this article, the analogies and differences in shape and size between a rural school population (6-14 aged) of the Lozoya-Somosierra region (Madrid) and several recent and past Spanish populations from different environments have been studied.
Abstract: In this work the analogies and differences in shape and size between a rural school population (6–14 aged) of the Lozoya-Somosierra region (Madrid) and several recent and past Spanish populations from different environments have been studied. The results show the growth trend as well as the influences of ecological and socioeconomical factors.
TL;DR: The marital correlations between 97 pairs of parents of Punjabi twins reveal positive phenotypic assortative mating for body traits while almost random mating with respect to cranio-facial traits, contradict the earlier reported hypothesis that assortic mating is associated with lowered fertility.
Abstract: The marital correlations between 97 pairs of parents of Punjabi twins reveal positive phenotypic assortative mating for body traits while almost random mating with respect to cranio-facial traits. There is no evidence of any significant negative assortative mating for any of the 50 traits. The results have been compared with those from other world populations. The data contradict the earlier reported hypothesis that assortative mating is associated with lowered fertility.
TL;DR: The purpose of this report is to present data about two !Kung Bushmen! population, inhabiting savannah country, in order to check the existence of significant differences between them and to see if these are imputable to environmental factors.
Abstract: The purpose of this report is to present data about two !Kung Bushmen! population («Cassequeles» and «Mucuancalas»), inhabiting savannah country, in order to check the existence of significant differences between them and to see if these are imputable to environmental factors.
TL;DR: A classification of dermatoglyphic pattern variants is proposed which takes into account some features of form and asymmetry not incorporated in previous schemes.
Abstract: A classification of dermatoglyphic pattern variants is proposed which takes into account some features of form and asymmetry not incorporated in previous schemes. The additional notation is simple and easily understood. The procedure is not intended to replace the traditional classification but to complement it.
TL;DR: The alveolar arcades of a large number of fossil mandibles including Australopithecus and hominids from Homo habilis and Homo erectus up to modern man have been characterized by fourteen cartesian points each representing a tooth, and a linear dependance of dimensions and angles on the logarithm of age has been found.
Abstract: The alveolar arcades of a large number of fossil mandibles including Australopithecus and hominids fromHomo habilis andHomo erectus up to modern man have been characterized by fourteen cartesian points each representing a tooth From these points, dimensions and angles have been calculated These values are correlated to the geological age of the fossils A linear dependance of dimensions and angles on the logarithm of age has been found These results are discussed in the framework of a continuous gradual development within genus Homo and contrasted to prehominid data Using these mean arcades and selected angles thereon the European and the AfroasiaticHomo erectus are compared and contrasted to the Neandertalians
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided analytical data of digital dermatoglyphics on 150 subjects from Bluefields, Nicaragua and 146 (98 males, 48 females) from Livingston, Guatemala.
Abstract: The present report provides analytical data of digital dermatoglyphics on 150 subjects (79 males, 71 females) from Bluefields, Nicaragua and 146 (98 males, 48 females) from Livingston, Guatemala. They were classified as belonging to three sub-samples: Negroes (Bluefields) or Black-Caribs (Livingston), Ladinos and Creoles. However due to the very small size of some sub-samples, the findings, related to brief demographical and ethno-historical perspectives, were compared, for Pattern Intensity Index and Total Finger Ridge Count, with those of other human groups. Statistically significant differences occur between Negroes (Bluefields) and Black-Caribs (Livingston) but no sharp differences were found within the other sub-samples. Because the literature doesn't contain dermatoglyphic data for the Afro-American Communities spread over the Atlantic coast of Middle America, from Belize to Panama, and really few data have been collected regarding other anthropological observations, large gaps remain to be filled about these interesting inbreeding populations. It is right to remark that an investigation oriented to a population mixture study necessitates the collection of more dermatoglyphic data before the dermatoglyphic results can be properly evaluated.
TL;DR: Variance between and within sibships in anthropometric traits was ascertained in a sample of Mexican families in the U.S.A. and Mexico, by sex and siblings intraclass coefficient of correlation for the various traits by means of the one-way variance analysis manifested differences between the sexes in various Anthropometric traits.
Abstract: Variance between and within sibships in anthropometric traits was ascertained in a sample of Mexican families in the U.S.A. (migrants) and in Mexico (sedentes), by sex. The factor of age was eliminated by standardization. The siblings intraclass coefficient of correlation for the various traits by means of the one-way variance analysis manifested differences between the sexes in various anthropometric traits. Variance between sibships was found to be significantly higher than within sibships in all the traits in each sex, and both migrant and sedente sibships. This result, also noted in other groups, would seem to reflect a general population phenomenon.
TL;DR: A subject with pericentric inversion of chromosome 2: 46, XY, inv(2) (p11q13) is described and all the family members which present the same inversion are clinically normal.
Abstract: A subject with pericentric inversion of chromosome 2: 46, XY, inv(2) (p11q13) is described. All the family members which present the same inversion are clinically normal
TL;DR: The graveyard excavated at the Newgate (General Post Office) site in the City of London contained 436 badly damaged individual graves of a medieval Saxon population, showing that the population was fairly homogenous with very small range of individual variations.
Abstract: The graveyard excavated at the Newgate (General Post Office) site in the City of London contained 436 badly damaged individual graves of a medieval Saxon population. Detailed studies of the individual skeletons showed that the population was fairly homogenous with very small range of individual variations. The people were short in stature and were muscular in build. Old individuals were uncommon. One third of women's graves also contained a child. Some congenital deformations, degenerative disease and injuries were noted on the excavated bones. Everyone suffered from severe dental caries, periondontal disease and subsequent loss of teeth. The skeletal features are described and inferences drawn concerning the biological status of the population.
TL;DR: The internal breaking-up of the Yukpa subtribe due to the microevolutionary process supports the results presented here.
Abstract: This study deals with the incidence of finger pattern types in five subtribes of Yukpa natives from Sierra de Perija (State of Zulia —Venezuela). The frequencies of several pattern types vary to a great extent between subtribes with statistically significant difference in most of the cases. The largest differences were found between Pariri and other subtribes in both male and female series, as it occurs when other dermatoglyphic features (quantitative) are considered (Diaz Ungria and Martin, 1984, in press). The internal breaking-up of the Yukpa subtribe due to the microevolutionary process supports the results presented here.