Showing papers in "International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents in 2000"

TL;DR: Since the EU ban of avoparcin, a significant decrease has been observed in several European countries in the prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococci in meat (products), in faecal samples of food animals and healthy humans, which underlines the role of antimicrobial usage in food animals in the selection of bacterial resistance and the transport of these resistances via the food chain to humans.

TL;DR: Improved bioavailability is one target achieved with most of the more recent compounds allowing for once-daily dosing, and improvements in pharmacokinetic properties, greater activity against gram-positive cocci and anaerobes, activity against fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, and improved in activity against non-fermentative gram-negative species.

TL;DR: Few anti-staphylococcal agents were launched from 1970 to 1995, but the situation is now improving, and S. aureus is a resilient foe, able to regain its importance if drugs are used profligately or if hygiene is slackened.

TL;DR: It seems clear that such drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles) allow increased drug concentration at infected sites but reduce drug toxicity.

TL;DR: Because virginiamycin has been used as growth promoter in animals but streptogramins have been used infrequently in human medicine, this suggests an animal origin of resistance, which supports the ban of antibacterial growth promoters that might interfere with human chemotherapy that has been introduced in European Union countries.

TL;DR: CTX-M enzymes share extensive sequence similarity with the chromosomal β-lactamases of Klebsiella oxytoca and efficiently hydrolyze many newer broad-spectrum oximino-β- lactams including cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam and are readily inhibited by tazobactam and clavulanate.

TL;DR: Psychotropic drugs have been shown to have antimicrobial activity against several groups of microorganisms, and show synergistic activity when combined with some antibiotics against several bacteria.

TL;DR: Although resistance genes transfer in aquatic environments as evidenced from sequence comparison of such genes, whether this is due to rare but important transfer events or whether there is a more frequent exchange in aquatic or terrestrial environments needs further elucidation.

TL;DR: To investigate the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance in the authors' hospital, antimicrobial susceptibility and use data from existing microbiology laboratory and pharmacy databases were collected and autoregressive integrated moving average and transfer function models were built.

TL;DR: The minimum epidemiological and microbiological requirements for establishing a surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin are defined and involve different bacterial species, veterinary pathogens, zoonotic bacteria and commensal bacteria used as indicators.

TL;DR: In ICUs prevention of AAD remains based on limitation of antibiotic overuse and spread of C. difficile or other agents of A AD should be prevented by improved hygiene measures, and the increasing use of biotherapeutic agents such as S. boulardii should permit the prevention of the major side effect of antibiotics.

TL;DR: Probiotics could be used for several conditions such as diarrhoea, candidal vaginitis, urinary tract infections, immune disorders, lactose intolerance, hypercholesterolaemia and food allergy.

TL;DR: Most strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were inhibited by 50-100 mg/l of the anti-inflammatory agent, diclofenac sodium (Dc), which was found to be due to inhibition of DNA synthesis which was demonstrated using 2 micro Ci (3H) deoxythymidine uptake.

TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo anti-leishmanial activity of Fungizone and the three lipid formulations are compared and differences could be due to the interaction of the formulations with the biological milieu and uptake into different cell types.

TL;DR: Long-term approaches include the use of microbial genomic sequencing techniques to discover novel agents active against potentially new bacterial targets and better use of existing agents using pharmacodynamic data to optimise antibiotic regimens is increasingly being addressed.

TL;DR: It is proposed that pharmacodynamic and population pharmacokinetic data should be integrated through use of the sigmoidal E(max) equation, together with mathematical modelling and appropriate statistical analyses, to take account of the natural variation in drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

TL;DR: The targeting of various microbial species is discussed in relation to the physicochemical make-up of the photosensitizers, and future directions are suggested.

TL;DR: These data demonstrate widespread antimicrobial resistance in Canada, Latin America and the USA, with a notable increase in oxacillin-resistance among staphylococci.

TL;DR: A more complete understanding of these signaling pathways may provide new targets for the development of drugs to ameliorate staphylococcal virulence and disease.

TL;DR: The results of the study indicate that doxycycline prophylaxis does not prevent leptospiral infection in an endemic area, but has a significant protective effect in reducing the morbidity and mortality during outbreaks.

TL;DR: Combining time kill and chequerboard tests gives reproducible results and good correlation between FIC and FBC indices, which were also predictive of synergy in time kill studies.

TL;DR: All patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections treated with vancomycin at this institution in 1998 are reviewed, to see how this antimicrobial is performing.

TL;DR: The search continues for a drug that acts predominantly on secretory pathways without affecting gastrointestinal motility, and novel therapeutic approaches include 5-HT(2) and 5- HT(3) receptor antagonists, calcium-calmodulin antagonists, and sigma-receptor agonists.

TL;DR: The tropical Feijoa sellowiana Berg fruit showed both antibacterial and antioxidant properties and therefore its extract might be used as a new multifaceted drug.

TL;DR: The objectives of the Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP) are to monitor trends in resistance among bacteria from animals, food and humans, to monitor the consumption of antimicrobial agents and to determine the association between consumption and occurrence of resistance and to model transmission of resistance from animals to humans.

TL;DR: All compounds were highly active (overall) against Gram-negative pathogens with ciprofloxacin being the most active agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

TL;DR: The objectives of the present study are to generate knowledge of the ecology and epidemiology of enterococci in the food chain by studying the population structure, the association between vancomycin resistance and individual strains ofEnterococci and the diversity of the drug resistance genes in Enterococci.

TL;DR: Therapy against Candida spp is recommended in ICU patients with endophthalmitis or chorioretinitis, in symptomatic patients with risk factors for invasive candidiasis, and for asymptomatic high-risk surgical patients (with recent abdominal surgery or recurrent gastrointestinal perforations or anastomotic leakages).

TL;DR: Bacteroides, Prevotella and/or Porphyromonas species have been isolated from clinical specimens in cases of infection from almost all anatomic sites and several multicentre surveys have documented an alarming gradual increase of resistance rates.

TL;DR: The low rate of appropriate antibiotic use in Celal Bayar University Hospital in Manisa reflects the urgent need of rationalization.