Showing papers in "International Journal of ChemTech Research in 2018"
20 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of writing this review on ethosomes drug delivery was to compile the focus on the various aspects of ethosomes including their mechanism of penetration, preparation, advantages, composition, characterization, application and marketed product.
Abstract: Transdermal drug delivery technology generated tremendous excitement and interest amongst major pharmaceutical companies in the 1980s and 90s. Ethosomes are the ethanolic phospholipid vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin as compared to liposomes hence these can be used widely in place of liposomes. Ethosomes have become an area of research interest, because of its enhanced skin permeation, improved drug delivery, increased drug entrapment efficiency etc. The purpose of writing this review on ethosomes drug delivery was to compile the focus on the various aspects of ethosomes including their mechanism of penetration, preparation, advantages, composition, characterization, application and marketed product of ethosomes. Characterizations of ethosomes include Particle size, Zeta potential, Differential Scanning Calorimertry, Entrapment efficiency, Surface tension activity measurement, Vesicle stability and Penetration Studies etc. Introduction: Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) showed promising [1] result in comparison to oral drug delivery system as it eliminates gastrointestinal interferences and first pass metabolism of the drug but the main drawback of TDDS is it encounters the barrier properties of the stratum corneum i.e. only the lipophilic drugs having molecular weight < 500 Dacan pass through it.TDDS have been developed in order to enhance the driving force of drug diffusion or increase the permeability of the skin. These approaches [2] include the use of Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2018,11(08): 219226. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/IJCTR.2018.110826 International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.11 No.08, pp 219-226, 2018 Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2018,11(08): 219-226. 220 penetration enhancers, supersaturated systems, prodrugs, liposomes and other vesicles. One of the major advances in vesicle research was the finding that some modified vesicles possessed properties that allowed them to successfully deliver drugs in deeper layers of skin. Transdermal delivery is important because it is a noninvasive [3] procedure for drug delivery. Further, problem of drug degradation by digestive enzymes after oral administration and discomfort associated with parenteral drug administration can be avoided. It is the most preferred route for systemic delivery of drugs to pediatric, geriatric and patients having dysphasia. The skin is a multi-layered structure [4] made up of stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer, under which lies the epidermis and dermis. Within these layers of skin are interspersed fibroblasts, hair follicles and sweat glands that originate in the dermis blood supply. To overcome the stratum corneum barrier, various mechanisms have been investigated, including use of chemical or physical enhancers such as iontophoresis, sonophoresis, etc. Liposomes [5], niosomes, transferosomes and ethosomes [6] also have the potential of overcoming the skin barrier and have been reported to enhance permeability of drug through the stratum corneum barrier.Ethosomes are ethanolic liposomes.Ethosomes are defined as noninvasive delivery carriers that enable drugs to reach deep into the skin layers or systemic circulation. These are soft, malleable vesicles tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents. The vesicles have been well known for their importance in cellular communication and for many years. Vesicles would also allow controlling the release rate of drug over an extended time, keeping the drug shielded from immune response or other removal systems and thus be able to release just the right amount of drug and keep that concentration constant for longer [7] period of time. Figure 1:Structure of ethosome Types of ethosomal systems
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TL;DR: In this article, the antioxidant potential of mangrove Sonneratia albayoung leaf collected from Wori village, Wori district, North Sulawesi was investigated.
Abstract: This study was aimed at finding out the antioxidant potential of mangrove Sonneratia albayoung leaf collected from Wori village, Wori district, North Sulawesi. The extract was obtained from dry powder of young leaf of S.albausing 2 extration methods (soxhlet and maceration), and2 solvents (methanol and ethanol). Phytochemical analyses were qualitatively done to detect the presence of phenols, flavonoid, tanin, steroid, triterpenoid,and alkaloid, total phenols using Folin Ciocalteau and antioxidants using DPPH (1-1-diphenil-2pikrihidrasil) method. Results found that the extract rendement was higher in soxhlet extraction using 9.77% methanol or 9.18% ethanol than in maceration method using 2.61% methanol and2.51% ethanol.Phytochemical analyses found that soxhlet extraction with either methanol or ethanol detected all phytochemical components tested, while maceration extraction did not detec the presence of alkaloid. The highest total phenol was recorded in the maceration extract with ethanol (34.2 mgGAE/g extract) followed by soxhlet extraction with methanol (33.6 mgGAE/g), metanol maceration (31.7 mgGAE/g), and ethanol maceration (28.6 mgGAE/g). Higher antioxidant activity was found in 2 samples macerated with ethanol (IC50 DPPH=5.01μg/mL) and sokhlet with methanol (IC50 DPPH=5.16μg/mL) than that of vitamin C (IC50 DPPH=5.21μg/mL), while 2 other samples had lower antioxidant activity than that of vitamin C, soxhlet ethanol extract (IC50 DPPH=6.23μg/mL) and methanol maceration (IC50=7.45μg/mL). As a whole, this study concluded that young leaf extract of S.albais potential as natural antioxidant source.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with the study of reactive extraction of caproic acid using tri-n-butyl phosphate in non-toxic diluents (oils obtain from sunflower, soybean, and rice bran).
Abstract: The present paper deals with the study of reactive extraction of caproic acid using tri-n-butyl phosphate in non-toxic diluents (oils obtain from sunflower, soybean, and rice bran) in different proportions and combinations of extractant and the non-toxic diluents. Results were presented in terms of distribution coefficients, loading ratio, degree of extraction, equilibrium complexation constants and the kinetics of reaction involved. The data obtained were found to be useful for process engineers to efficiently design reactive extraction process for the recovery of caproic acid by thorough understanding of the equilibrium characteristics. Also, the problem of toxicity in reactive extraction could be reduced by using the natural non-toxic diluents with the extractant.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the vibrational spectra analysis of Sitagliptin was calculated using density functional theory method (B3LYP) by employing 6-31G (d, p) basis set, compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra in the region of 4000-400 cm -1 and 4000-100 cm −1.
Abstract: The vibrational spectra analysis of Sitagliptin was calculated using density functional theory method(B3LYP) by employing 6-31G (d, p) basis set, compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra in the region of 4000-400 cm -1 and 4000-100 cm -1 . The electronic properties like Homo-Lumo energies and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) have been computed. The experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were compared with theoretical spectrograms. The Mullikan atomic charges were also calculated. The inter and intramolecular interactions of title molecule has been visualized using NBO analysis. Electronic stability of the title compound arising from hyper conjugative interactions and charge delocalization were also investigated based on NBO analysis.
6 citations
TL;DR: Omar et al. as mentioned in this paper used the pH-metric technique to determine the order of stability constants of the binary complexes of N-[-(4-chlorophenyl)methylene]nicotinohydrazide.
Abstract: Pharmacologically active organic ligands (N-[-(4-chlorophenyl)methylene] nicotinohydrazide) synthesized through the condensation of equimolar mixture of Antimycobacterial agent(nicotinohydrazide)with aromatic aldehyde. The reaction progress and purity of organic ligands were verifying by thin layer chromatography. Formation of organic ligands was confirming with the help of MP, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and elemental analysis.Further formation of complexes of transition elements like Mn(II), CO(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with organic ligand (Schiff base) N-[-(4-chlorophenyl)methylene] nicotinohydrazide, were studying by the pH-metric technique at 27±1 0 C in 70%(v/v) ethanol water medium at 1M (NaClO4) ionic strength. The stability constants of these binary complexes were evaluating and order of stability constant found as Zn (II) > Cu (II) >Ni (II) >Mn(II) > Co (II). Key word : Binary complexation,N-[-(4-chlorophenyl)methylene]nicotinohydrazide, transition metals, pH metric technique. Introduction In the field of coordination chemistry, metal ions perform vital roles in biological processes. The mineral complexes have been studied with the basic Schiff links to be utilized in the biological, clinical, analytical and pharmacological fields 1 .Schiff bases perform an important function in coordination chemistry because they easily form stable complexes with most transitional metal ions 2 .Schiff bases have a broad assortment of applications in different regions such as biological chemistry, organic and inorganic chemistry 3 .Schiff bases are now attracting the attention of medicinal chemist. Schiff base containing an amine group (–RC=N–) are commonly formed by the intensification of an initial amine with an active carbonyl 4 . Schiff bases and their complexes have a variety of applications in biological clinical and analytical fields 5 .The complexation of Schiff base with transition metals increasethebiologicalactivity 6 . Isoniazid is antimycobacterial drug and used. Zamzam Taher Omar (Al-Ahdal) et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2018,11(11): 211-216 DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/IJCTR.2018.111121 International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.11 No.11, pp 211-216, 2018 Zamzam Taher Omar (Al-Ahdal) et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2018,11(11): 211-216. 212 also primarily as a tuberculostatic 7 .Itbecomes a starting point in the search for new vital derivatives and analogues such as hydrazones which have been informed as active anti-tuberculosis drugs 8 .For the investigation of stability constant various techniques are utilizing such as potentiometry etc. pH-metric study is one of the best widely used technique because it has several superiority such as, it is easy to understand and work, cheap technique etc.A pH meter is using to find the stability constant which is useful for the formation of a complex in solution 9-16 .The stability of metal complexes with medicinal drugs perform greater role in the biological and chemical activity 17 . Due to these valuable findings observed in literature review, present work was planning and well executed for the preparation of organic ligands through the condensation of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde with isoniazid. Complexation of newly synthesized organic ligand was carrying out with transition metals to determine the order of stability constants by using pH-metric technique. Material and Methods:
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the latest development of azoles as novel chemotherapeutic agents with improved therapeutic competency in cancer and five-membered heterocyclic system.
Abstract: Cancer a disease where anomalous cells divide irrepressibly and abolish body tissue with potential to invade or extent to other parts of the body which acknowledged as metastasis. Although substantial advancement in chemotherapy, but the delinquent of drug resistance enforced the search of new class of drugs with more efficacy. Azoles are five-membered heterocyclic system displayed numerous pharmacological activity proved the future prospective in pharmaceutical industry. This review summarizes the latest development of azoles as novel chemotherapeutic agents with improved therapeutic competency.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed a quantitative estimation of priority pollutant benzidines composed of various benzidine BZ, including substituted 3, 3'-dichlorobenzidine DCB and 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine DMB.
Abstract: Benzidines and phenols are the most priority pollutants. Separation and quantitative estimation of priority pollutant benzidines composed of various benzidines BZ, including substituted 3, 3’-dichlorobenzidine DCB and 3, 3’-dimethylbenzidine DMB, and priority pollutant phenols (9 compounds, i.e., phenol, 2and 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2-, 2,4-di-, 2,4,6-tri-, Pentachlorophenol, and 4-chloro-3-methylphenol)was performed using high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet techniques. Both groups were separated using a C-18 column with a UV detector at a wavelength of 280 nm, and the flow of the mobile phase was isocratic. The mobile phase consisted of 75:25 methanol: water. The column temperature was 50°C, and the flow rate was 1.8 ml/min for the Benzedine’s separation. The mobile phase consisted of a 50:50 acetonitrile: phosphate buffer. The optimum pH was 7.1, the flow rate was 0.7 ml/min and the optimum column temperature was 45°C for the phenols separation. The separation parameters were calculated, including the chromatographic parameters such as the capacity factor (k), the number of theoretical plates (N) , the selectivity factor (α), and the resolution factors (Rs).This method was applied to real samples. The water samples that were analyzed were obtained from a petroleum refinery wastewater treatment unit. The results ranged between undetectable levels and 246.9μg/L of the selected benzidines.The results were ranged between undetectable levels and 1865.61 μg/L of the selected phenols.
TL;DR: In this article, the zinc and copper is the best material for SMFC, which generate the maximum voltage across the electrode, and the maximum power was 3.491mW.
Abstract: The consumption rate of energy around the world is rising on each successive day. In this result, Non-renewable sources of energy are ended at a fast rate. Sediment Microbial fuel cell (SMFC) aimed to deliver opportunities to generate pollution-free, cost-effective sustainable energy from sediment. The potential generated by the SMFC, microbes existing in the sediment. In this research, test the different electrode material in SMFC and here find the zinc and copper is the best material for SMFC which generate the maximum voltage across the electrode. Here maximum generated voltage and current of SMFC for steady state operating condition, with a copper anode and zinc cathode were 1.160V and 0.301mA and maximum power was 3.491mW. SMFC is gifted for long-term operation, sustainable low-cost green electricity harvest and stable power generation. SMFC can be used as a renewable power source as a remote environmental monitoring.
TL;DR: The method obeys Lambert Beer's law at 2 to 12 μg/mL for both orphenadrine citrate and paracetamol and recovery studies showed a satisfactory recovery of both the drugs.
Abstract: Orphenadrine Citrate and Paracetamol is a combination prescription drug used to relax muscles and relieve pain and discomfort caused by muscle injuries. Hence, an uncomplicated, specific, precise and economical method for the estimation of orphenadrine citrate and paracetamol in formulation by simultaneous equation method was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. The simultaneous equation was formed and solved for two wavelengths 202.8 and 248 nm. The method obeys Lambert Beer’s law at 2 to 12 μg/mL for both orphenadrine citrate and paracetamol. Results from the validation proved that the method is accurate, precise and robust. Recovery studies showed a satisfactory recovery of both the drugs.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple, rapid, accurate, and economical UV-spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of tenofoviralafenamide from bulk drug.
Abstract: A simple, rapid, accurate, and economical UV-spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of tenofoviralafenamide from bulk drug. The developed method is validated as per ICH guidelines. The method uses a shimadzu UV-Visible with matched quartz cells (1 cm) for the estimation of drug from bulk. The λmax of tenofoviralafenamide in methanol was found to be 259 nm. The drug follows linearity in the concentration range 5-35μg/mL with a correlation coefficient value of 0.9968. Themethod applied was area under curve (AUC) in which area was integrated in the wavelength of range250.12261.26 nm.The proposed method was found to be precise as % RSD values for intraday aswell as interday precision was satisfactory. The drug at each of the 80 %, 100 % and 120 % levels showed goodrecoveries that is in the range of 98.00 to 99.00%, hence itcould be said that the method was accurate.The LODand LOQ were calculated as 0.3819 μg/ml and 1.5917μg/ml.Thus, the developed method is found to be robust and rugged which can be applied as a rapid tool for routine analysis of tenofoviralafenamide in the bulk and in the pharmaceutical dosage form.
TL;DR: B BeiHang keystroke dataset comes about are one of the well-known classifier random forest classifier it best results achieved were respectively 90% accuracy when compared with other classifier results such as Support Vector Machine and Random tree classifier.
Abstract: Keystroke dynamics has been used to strengthen password-based user authentication systems by considering the typing characteristics of legitimate users. Dependence on computers to store and process sensitive information has made it necessary to secure them from intruders a behavioral biometric, keystroke dynamics flow which makes utilization of the typing style of an individual can be utilized to reinforce existing security systems adequately and inexpensively and the examination of keystroke validation, to use the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to describe the keystroke progression, and gives BeiHang keystroke dataset comes about are one of the well-known classifier random forest classifier it best results achieved were respectively 90% accuracy when compared with other classifier results such as Support Vector Machine and Random tree classifier.
TL;DR: Bacterial identification showed that LK12 and KD5 were closed to Stenothrophomonas maltophilia strain ATCC 19861 and Enterobacter tabaci strain YIM Hb3 with similarity of 91 and 88%, respectively.
Abstract: A study on isolation of chitinolytic bacteria from two lizard digestive tract of tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)and golden skink (Mabouya multifasciata), and characterization of their crude chitinase has been done. Bacterial isolation was conducted on chitin medium incubated at 31 ̊C. Chitinolytic index was measured as ratio of clear zone diameter divided by colony diameter. Crude enzyme activity of the isolates was spectrophotometrically assayed using Schales reagent at 420 nm.Bacterial identification was conducted by using its 16S rRNA gene sequences. Twelvebacterial isolateswere isolated from digestive tract oftokay gekko and eight were isolated from digestive tractof golden skink.LK12 and KD5 showed to haverelatively highchitinolytic index of 1,551 and 1,098 respectively. Optimum enzyme activity of LK12 and KD5 was observed in 6 days of incubation with activity of 0,205 U/mL and 0,225 U/mL, respectively. Bacterial identification showed that LK12 and KD5 were closed to Stenothrophomonas maltophilia strain ATCC 19861 and Enterobacter tabaci strain YIM Hb3with similarity of 91 and 88%, respectively.
TL;DR: In this article, the free radical scavenging capacity of the sample was measured by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method.
Abstract: Vitex negundo belongs to the family Verbenaceae. Literature survey of the plant reveal that the vitex negundo possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-insects activities. In the present study the phytochemical compounds present in the ether extract of vitex negundo linn leaves extract analyzed and the free radical scavenging capacity of the extract. The experimental data showed that the ether extract of vitex negundo linn contain alkaloids, carbohydrate, glycosides, amino acids, proteins, tannins and phenolic compounds. The free radical scavenging capacity of the sample was measured by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The IC50 value of the ascorbic acid which is used as the standard is 14.97 while for sample is 46.84. the ether extract of vitex negundo leaves shows good antioxidant property.
TL;DR: In this paper, 40 water samples were collected from 40 different locations in Karur Town during summer and rainy seasons and their physio-chemical characteristics such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+) ), sodium (Na + ), and potassium (K + ) are analyzed and the result is compared with the WHO standards of drinking water quality.
Abstract: The Karur town depends on the Amaravathi River and ground water resources for their domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose. Urbanization and industrialization leads to disposal of solid waste, textile effluent and sewage which contaminate the ground water resources in this area. 40 water samples were collected from 40 different locations in Karur Town during summer and rainy seasons. Their physio-chemical characteristics such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), sodium (Na + ), and potassium (K + ) are analysed and the result is compared with the WHO standards of drinking water quality. The study indicates that groundwater near Amaravathi river basiin area are not fit for human with consider to many parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the most relevant Adomian polynomials were tested; some biological models that involve differential equations with delay and integro-differential equations were solved, and the numerical comparison was made with other approximation methods and the convergence of the method in some solutions was analyzed.
Abstract: The approximate interpretation of some natural phenomena has led to introduce in certain types of differential equations changes in the temporal variable called delays, which makes these equations and their solutions have a more consistent behavior with reality. These equations, called differential equations with delay require complex methods for their solution and in most cases, only a numerical approximation is achieved. In this article we initially show a theoretical development on the decomposition method applied to ordinary differential equations with delay in which the most important properties were studied. Subsequently, the most relevant Adomian polynomials were tested; some biological models that involve differential equations with delay and integro-differential equations were solved. Finally, the numerical comparison was made with other approximation methods and the convergence of the method in some solutions was analysed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of copolyesters from xylitol, lactic acid and sebacic acid through a catalyst free melt polycondensation method was reported.
Abstract: In this paper, we report on the synthesis and characterization of copolyesters from xylitol, lactic acid and sebacic acid through a catalyst free melt polycondensation method. The synthesized aliphatic random copolyesters were characterized by means of fourier transform infrared (FTIR), viscosity measurements, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) studies. The effect of copolymer composition on the physical and thermal properties as well as degradation test was investigated. The mechanical properties evaluated for the polyester films in the tensile mode shows that the polymer has characteristics of elastomers and stiff thermosets. The degradation test was carried out in alkali medium. The phase behaviour of the polymers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. As all the monomers used in these materials are component of other biomaterials, the synthesised xylitol based triblock copolyesters could be excellent candidates as future biomaterials.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the ranges of work and the advantages of taking advantage of the available resources to reduce the costs presented in the different processes and equipment involved in a plant production system.
Abstract: In plant production systems, the use of steam is of vital importance in carrying out industrial processes. Steam distribution allows us to transfer energy or driving force for the operation of equipment such as steam turbines, furnaces and heat exchangers, which are important for regulating the operating conditions of the process. Therefore, it is convenient to analyze the ranges of work and the advantages of taking advantage of the available resources to reduce the costs presented in the different processes and equipment involved.
TL;DR: In vitro release studies of the prepared formulation of Nimesulide were performed using dialysis membrane and results indicated that Emulgel showed better release than Gel system.
Abstract: Emulgel is one of the recent technologies in Novel DDS used for dual control release of emulsion and gel for topical use. In the present Investigation, topical gel and emulgels of Nimesulide were formulated using 2 3 Factorial Design and Carboplol 934 as a polymer.The oral use of Nimesulide is associated with side effects like gastrointestinal disturbances, epigastric pain, nausea, heartburn, vomiting and diarrhea. Topical application of the drug prevents these side effects and offers potential advantage of delivering the drug at the site of action. The rational of the present study was to increase the penetration of drug into the skin.The Formulations were subjected to various physicochemical studies such as spreading coefficnt, Vioscosity and in vitro release studies. In vitro release of the tests formulations was performed to determine drug release from Gel and emulgel. From the in vitro studies, formulation F4 showed maximum release of 59.58% in 240 min and 45.02% from the Gel. In vitro release studies of the prepared formulation were performed using dialysis membrane and results indicated that Emulgel showed better release than Gel system.
TL;DR: Underweight, overweight, and obesity are prevalent in several regions of Chitradurga, indicating a village level dual burden.
Abstract: Background: Obesity is defined as the abnormal growth of adipose tissue due to enlargement of fat cells size or increase in their number or a combination of both. The goal of the study is to assess the prevalence of overweight, underweight, normal weight and obese children in chitradurga and also include assessment of overweight and its risk factors. Methods: This is a prospective multi-centric study carried out on two government and two private schools of chitradurga for a period of six months. 355 students effectively interviewed by predesigned questionnaire regarding Socio-demographic profile ie , age, diet, life style practices like the physical activity questions designed to asses typical time spent per day on games and outdoor activity, on sedentary activities, including television viewing, study time, transportation to school etc. Result: Total 355 students enrolled for the study, among them 196 (55.2%) were females and 159 (44.8) were males. In this prevalence of overweight is 19(5.4%), underweight 170 (47.8%), normal weight 161 (45.6%) and obese is 5 (1.5%) respectively. Conclusion: Underweight, overweight, and obesity are prevalent in several regions of Chitradurga, indicating a village level dual burden. A variety of variables are associated with overweight, including physical inactivity, sedentary life changes, television use, and diet etc.