Showing papers in "International Journal of Green Energy in 2022"
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the renewable energy-based hydrogen production potential using onshore and offshore wind power, along with the available undersea currents in Turkey, and found that the hydrogen generation potential for all Turkish cities are provided and discussed for a hydrogen economy platform.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The present study aims to investigate the renewable energy-based hydrogen production potential using onshore and offshore wind power, along with the available undersea currents in Turkey. Wind energy potential varies based on the cities location, for both onshore and applicable offshore applications. Furthermore, undersea current turbines are considered for generating renewable energy potential. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers are considered for water splitting and hydrogen production. The total hydrogen production potential for Turkey is estimated to be 248.56 million tons. The onshore wind, offshore wind, and undersea current hydrogen production potentials are found to be 233.38, 15.17, and 6.65 million tons, respectively. In this regard, Erzurum, Van, Konya, and Sivas appear to be the cities with maximum hydrogen production potentials of 13.83, 12.81, 12.05, and 11.82 million tons, respectively. The hydrogen generation potentials for all Turkish cities are provided and discussed for a hydrogen economy platform. It may help promote Turkey to a hydrogen hub leadership position in the region through creating jobs supporting energy sector, and providing a sustainable future by establishing local, national, and international connections and networks. It furthermore gives a country-wide spectrum of how effective role the wind energy can play in paving the road for a sustainable energy country. The study results may serve as a reliable base for planning and strategizing purposes as required for the country and help create new energy policies for exploiting renewable energy resources.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a novel energy management strategy based on game theory is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of most existing strategies, which contributes to better performance in three areas: energy economy, maintaining ultracapacitor state of charge (SOC), and durability of fuel cell.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The energy management strategy (EMS) is a key technology to improve the economy and durability of fuel cells. To overcome the shortcomings of most existing strategies, a novel EMS based on game theory is proposed. The power flow modes are mainly divided into four modes, and the power flow distribution problem is modeled as a noncooperative game problem. Different preferences of the power sources are quantified through their individual utility functions. The Nash equilibrium is used to balance the different preferences of the independent power sources. The proposed EMS contributes to better performance in three areas: energy economy, maintaining ultracapacitor state of charge (SOC), and durability of fuel cell. According to the results, compared with the fuzzy control strategy and the power follow strategy, the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the proposed strategy is reduced by 7% and 4.57%, respectively, and the durability of the fuel cell is improved by 125% and 21.8% under the WLTP driving cycle.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a review of traditional fabrication techniques for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) components with their working principles is presented, and future prospects of SOFC with modern fabrication techniques are also presented.
Abstract: ABSTRACT An alternative power generation system for high‐scale stationary application and power plants is the so-called solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Efficient energy production and conversion are the major outcomes when utilizing SOFCs. The pollution caused by burning fuel in energy production is reduced in SOFC systems, making them environment friendly and a fascinating green technology. The necessity of a suitable fabrication method for each SOFC component arises on account of its straightforward design and bounded utilization in transportation and portable applications. It is also important to upgrade the constancy of SOFC application in power generation on small-scale industries. This review focuses on traditional fabrication techniques such as tape casting technology, screen printing, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, plasma spraying, electrophoretic deposition, dip casting, electroless nickel plating, electroless nickel co-deposition, and binder jet printing so far explored on SOFC components reported by researchers with their working principles. Future prospects of SOFC with modern fabrication techniques are also presented in this review article.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the effect of the regenerator, inertance, resonator, compliance, and buffer tubes on the overall performance of TASEs was investigated, and it was shown that increasing the number of regenerators (core section) in the engine results in the performance improvement of the engine.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Thermoacoustic Stirling engines (TASEs) are the acoustic equivalents of Stirling engines. They have attracted much attention from researchers due to their unique features such as low manufacturing cost, high efficiency, maintenance-free characteristics, and self-starting nature. This paper reviews the state of literature to investigate the components of thermoacoustic Stirling engines and determine the effect of each component on the overall performance of these engines. To achieve this goal, the important components such as regenerator, inertance, resonator (stub), compliance, and buffer tubes are investigated. This review work shows that applying changes in dimensions or locations of the engine components influences the performance of such engines, and also reveals the essentiality of a careful design. Besides, it is shown that increasing the number of regenerators (core section) in the engine results in the performance improvement of the engine. In addition to that, the appropriate location of compliance in the looped-tube is about and away from the core section and this factor is for inertance section as well. Also, the effect of changing other mechanical components on the engine performance is predicted. Next, this study reviews the effect of fluid parameters of the thermoacoustic Stirling engines (i.e. temperature, mean pressure, output power, and amplitude of pressure changes) on each other. Finally, all thermoacoustic Stirling engines that have been developed so far, were reviewed. This review work confirms the increasing interest of researchers in working and researching in this field in the past recent years due to the highlighted benefits.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article , anaerobic digestion of three different animal droppings namely; cow, camel, and chicken was investigated and the results showed that the amount of biogas produced versus dry solid mass fraction goes through a maximum.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to investigate enhancing biogas production by anaerobic digestion of three different animal droppings namely; cow, camel, and chicken. The investigation showed that biogas production can be enhanced by mixing equal mass of the above three animal manures and diluting by tap water at 37°C. The amount of biogas produced was increased by 12, 28 and 5 folds compared to that produced from digesting only cow, camel, or chicken manure, respectively. The digestion process was carried under batch mode condition in plastic bottles of 1.5 L volume. The bottles were immersed in a water bath to control its temperature at the desired values. The amount of biogas produced was determined via a syringe tightly connected to the bottle exit. The effect of dry solid mass fraction, pH, and temperature on the amount of biogas produced by digesting certain types of manure alone was studied. The results showed that the amount of biogas produced versus dry solid mass fraction goes through a maximum. The maximum value of the biogas produced occurred at solid mass fraction of 0.11, 0.1, and 0.16 for cow, camel, and chicken manure, respectively. Digestion of cow, camel, and chicken manure at 37°C increased the production by 2.2, 2.1, and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to that obtained at 25°C.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present a comprehensive review on different aspects of hydrogen-based storage system (HSS) based micro-grids, including electrolyzer, hydrogen storage unit and fuel cell.
Abstract: ABSTRACT There has been a steep increase in the global micro-grid market. The micro-grid provides integration of different types of renewable and nonrenewable technologies. The integration of an efficient energy storage system is essential to handle the intermittency problems associated with renewable energy sources (RES). The majority of micro-grids make use of battery storage systems (BSS). There are several drawbacks associated with BSS viz. large size, low life cycle, and high cost. In this respect, the hydrogen-based storage system (HSS) has attracted the attention of system planners as an effective alternative. The HSS provides requisite support to curb the variability of RES and helps to maintain system reliability. The HSS produces hydrogen when excess power is available from RES. The stored hydrogen can further be put to several other applications besides generation of electric power. Thus, HSS is emerging as a promising technology that can be used alone/in conjunction with BSS to increase the viability of micro-grid through its diversified applications. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on different aspects of HSS based micro-grids. Various problems affiliated with traditional storage systems have been discussed to assert the importance of HSS in micro-grid applications. The review is initiated with an overview of HSS comprising of electrolyzer, hydrogen storage unit and fuel cell. The micro-grid planning and economic optimization approaches with particular reference to HSS based micro-grids are discussed in detail. Finally, a summary of literature survey identifying research scope in HSS based micro-grid has been discussed.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a temporal convolutional network (TCN) was proposed to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).
Abstract: ABSTRACT Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), as potential energy converters with broad application prospects, have low durability owing to several factors that make it difficult to quantify the degradation of PEMFC components. The accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) can help users understand the degradation status of PEMFCs and adopt reasonable maintenance strategies to improve durability. This paper proposes an RUL prediction framework based on a temporal convolutional network (TCN). First, an equivalent circuit model of the PEMFC is established, and complex nonlinear least squares regression is used to fit the model to estimate the polarization resistance. Then, the prediction framework and joint degradation indicator of the TCN are constructed to predict the RUL. The TCN is compared with four models: linear regression, Holt–Winters, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average, and Prophet. The results show that the TCN performs significantly better in terms of all the predictive metrics, including the root-mean-squared error which is at least 13.43% lower than those of the four models. The RUL prediction accuracy of the TCN is at least 7.76% higher than that of the four models. Except at 800 h, the average RUL accuracy of TCN is 92.20%. This confirms that the TCN (double variables) can accurately predict the RUL of PEMFCs.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a review of smart grid management and control systems is presented, which provides an in-depth analysis of advanced cloud computing, internet of things, and blockchain technology with real examples for the related renewable energy projects in smart cities.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The smart grid is not a monolithic system, but rather is a collection of several renewable energy resources and enabling technologies in which, intelligent control is an integral part of its mechanism to improve the utilization of assets. The dynamic characteristics of a smart grid upgrade the conventional system requirements using advanced control strategies to provide continuous power to the load from intermittent renewable generation. The communication networks and control systems that enable the accommodation of distributed generation are crucial technologies in monitoring, protecting, and operating the smart grid in a centralized or decentralized manner. This paper improves the earlier published review articles by exploring the evolution of smart grids in light of renewable energy penetration with associated features. Then, the review gives an overview of notable research works in the literature aimed at developing the management and control of smart energy systems. The reader is provided with an in-depth analysis of advanced cloud computing, the internet of things, and blockchain technology with real examples for the related renewable energy projects in smart cities. Furthermore, a special interest has been paid to quantify the performance of communication technologies along with the protocols through the conceptual investigation of real cases using the optimized network engineering tools. The outcomes of the presented review can assist researchers to understand the driving mechanism of smart grid as a route to intelligently utilize renewable energy storage. It is concluded that the amalgamation of blockchain and artificial intelligence for renewable energy management is the key area where the avenue is still open for future research studies.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article , an expert knowledge-based proportional resonant (PR) control for the integration of PV power to the grid under abnormal grid conditions is proposed, which adjusts the control parameters based on rules generated from expert knowledge.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Integration of photovoltaic (PV) power to the grid is achieved using three-phase inverters with high-quality current waveforms. The new grid codes impose a limit on the total harmonic distortion (THD) value of the inverter’s current waveforms. Due to simple structure and ease of design, proportional integral (PI) controllers are the most widely adopted methods to control three-phase grid-connected inverters; however under abnormal grid conditions, PI controllers may suffer from instability problems. To address the aforementioned problem, this article proposes an expert knowledge-based proportional resonant (PR) control for the integration of PV power to the grid under abnormal grid conditions. The proposed control method adjusts the control parameters based on rules generated from expert knowledge. Initially, parameters of the proposed control methods are optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. The proposed control is tested with a 100 kW grid-tied three-phase inverter unit under normal and abnormal grid conditions and its performance are compared with PI and fixed gain PR control methods. Moreover, the proposed control is tested experimentally with a scaled down 300 W grid-tied inverter lab prototype module. From the simulation and experimental results, it is verified that the proposed adaptive PR control technique is capable of providing low THD in the injected current under abnormal grid conditions compared with fixed gained PR controllers.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , anode tail gas recycle (ATGR) and reasonable heat recovery were proposed to improve the efficiency and feasibility of SOFC-based hybrid power system for automobiles.
Abstract: Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a clean and efficient energy conversion device, which possesses great application prospects in automobiles. In this review, we not only introduce the simple SOFC system configuration, but also mention two ways to improve its efficiency: anode tail gas recycle (ATGR) and reasonable heat recovery. Moreover, we highlight that the use of SOFC-based hybrid power system (such as SOFC-ICE and SOFC-PEMFC) can further improve the efficiency and feasibility. In addition, the applications of SOFC system as auxiliary power unit (APU) for the heavy truck and as a range extender for electric vehicle are introduced. Despite these broad application prospects, several existing technical challenges, including the long start-up time and energy management issues, are also discussed. Facing these challenges, future research directions are proposed to improve the technical maturity of SOFC system for automobiles.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a 3D sinusoidal-fined-based photovoltaic thermal system (FPVTS) was numerically investigated and compared with pure water as the working fluid.
Abstract: ABSTRACT This research numerically investigates a 3D sinusoidal-fined-based photovoltaic thermal system (FPVTS), which is of a high rate of productivity. The working fluids studied in this work are Cu/water nanofluid and pure water. Simulation accuracy has been verified against published literature data, which showed good agreement. Initially, three configurations including, a PV module, a simple channel photovoltaic thermal system (SPVTS), and the FPVTS, under the same base conditions, were numerically examined and compared. The results revealed that the proposed FPVT system has higher electrical and thermal exergy and energy performances in contrast with the two additional cases. The outcomes show that the FPVTS with Cu/water NF as the working fluid increased both overall exergetic and energetic efficiencies by 2.24% and 7.55%, respectively, compared with the SPVTS via pure water as the working fluid. In addition, a quasi-transient simulation for the FPVTS subject to daily weather conditions has been done. The maximum values for the overall exergy and energy efficiencies are 18.08% and 80.24%, which occurred at hours 12 and 9, respectively, for nanofluid. Also, the impact of miscellaneous quantities comprising volume fraction, volumetric flow rate, and coolant inflow temperature, on the FPVTS’s performance has been studied. Results indicate that high flow rates are more advantageous from an energy viewpoint, while low flow rates are more efficient from an exergy perspective. Low inflow temperatures increase energy efficiency while cutting exergy efficiency.
TL;DR: In this paper , a comprehensive transient fuel cell-battery hybrid power system model is established to explore the output performances and dynamic responses of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and the overall performances under several typical China standard vehicle road conditions are investigated, including power distribution between different power units, battery state of charge, battery charge/discharge rate, fuel cell operating duration, temperature, and other key parameters.
Abstract: ABSTRACT In the study, a comprehensive transient fuel cell-battery hybrid power system model is established to explore the output performances and dynamic responses of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). A fuel cell system sub-model, a one-dimensional transient Li-ion battery sub-model, two direct current/direct current (DC/DC) sub-models as well as a vehicle load sub-model are integrated. The coupled heat and mass transfer processes are considered inside fuel cell system and Li-ion battery. After rigorous model validation, the overall performances under several typical China standard vehicle road conditions are investigated, including power distribution between different power units, battery state of charge (SOC), battery charge/discharge rate, fuel cell operating duration, temperature, and other key parameters. During the 100 km h−1 acceleration processes under the preliminary rule-based energy management strategy (EMS), the accelerated speed is found to be the largest in the beginning, resulting in the fact that the discharge power for battery increases sharply. The shorter the acceleration time, the larger the maximum power demand for Li-ion battery. During the combined 1300 s high-speed operating conditions under the on-off switch EMS, the total operating duration of fuel cell system is calculated to be about 531 s, and the total output power is calculated to be 11,556 kJ. In comparison, the vehicle saves about 1044 kJ energy and increases the fuel cell operation duration by 333.7% under the power-following EMS. The present study provides important guidance in terms of dynamic simulation analysis and energy management strategy for FCEVs.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provide a statistically detailed analysis of hydrogen production using Response Surface Methodology and Lichtenberg Algorithm, aiming to develop a methodology that can quickly optimize steam reforming cycles respecting process limitations, different feedstock compositions, and other particularities.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The growing energy demand is causing the energy sector to look for new sources of efficient and environmentally acceptable fuels. Although hydrogen is traditionally produced through steam reforming of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, different fuels and applications, have also been considered over the years. In this sense, several studies have focused on finding the best operational conditions for enhancing hydrogen production for each particular cycle. This study provides a statistically detailed analysis of hydrogen production using Response Surface Methodology and Lichtenberg Algorithm, aiming to develop a methodology that can quickly optimize steam reforming cycles respecting process limitations, different feedstock compositions, and other particularities. Process optimization was conducted by creating a direct and interactive link between the thermodynamic simulation software and the optimization algorithm. Lichtenberg Algorithm proved to be an efficient multi-objective optimization tool for quickly optimizing steam reforming cycles, finding Pareto fronts with substantial convergence and coverage. Finally, comparison with other optimization studies showed that previously suggested optimal conditions are close to points obtained from the Lichtenberg algorithm, thereby proving that this new methodology offers a quick and consistent method for optimizing steam reforming and potentially other thermodynamic cycles.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyzed critical success factors (CSFs) for EESC adoption in the construction sector of Pakistan and found that top-management support, international pressure for energy-efficient supply chain, and environmental policy pressure are the most important factors that contribute to the success of adoption.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Energy management in the construction supply chain is considered an important instrument to reduce the environmental impacts of the construction industry. Sustainable construction through energy conservation is not well accepted in developing countries. Very few studies considered energy-efficient supply chain (EESC), but such studies are scarce in developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to explore factors contributing to success in the adoption of EESC practices in construction projects. This study aims to analyze critical success factors (CSFs) for EESC in the construction sector of Pakistan. By integrating the Delphi method, ISM, and MICMAC, this study introduced a novel framework to analyze CSFs for EESC. Initially, CSFs were searched from previous literature and screened out with the Delphi method. Later, CSFs were analyzed and classified through ISM and MICMAC. Results show that top-management support, international pressure for EESC, and environmental policy pressure are the most important factors that contribute to the success of EESC adoption. Further, Risk identification and management, awareness of EESC, sustainable Strategic planning, research and development activities, competitive advantage, green manufacturing, and supplier management are the least important factors regarding EESC adoption in the construction industry of Pakistan. These results will contribute by supporting managers to take necessary measures for the effective progress of EESC adoption. Further, it would be useful for governments and policymakers to implement environmentally friendly practices in the construction sector.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors determine the optimal scenario for obtaining the highest efficiency and profitability for a rural household in Africa, where the tracking options include fixed-tilt (FT), horizontal axis (HM), vertical axis (HV), and dual-axis tracker (DA) using to discover the lowest cost between LF and CC dispatch strategies.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Photovoltaic (PV) panel has received attention due to its environmental advantages; however, It has yet to achieve the desired efficiency and economic maturity. In this regard, PV tracking techniques play a pivotal role in maximizing the performance of the PV system. The main objective of this paper is to determine the optimal scenario for obtaining the highest efficiency and profitability for a rural household in Africa. The tracking options include fixed-tilt (FT), horizontal axis (HM), vertical axis (HV), and dual-axis tracker (DA) using to discover the lowest cost between LF and CC dispatch strategies. The optimal solution according to the lowest net present cost (NPC) as an optimization indicator is identified, and then sensitivity analysis is conducted to generalize the results for other technical, economic, and climate conditions. The FT-based solution indicates the profitable option with NPC, levelized energy cost (LCOE), and CO2 emissions of $13.7k, $0.258/kWh, and 281.11 kg/year, respectively. The increase in SOCmin values would escalate reliance on the DG to meet the required load, resulting in higher NPC and CO2 emissions. The highest and lowest increase of NPC by raising fuel price is found under DA and FT trackers, respectively. PV production and the renewable fraction of FT-based and HM-based hybrid systems are more sensitive to changing albedo. Comparison with the previous paper also shows that the optimal HES has $58k and $0.005/kWh lower values of NPC and LCOE, respectively, to satisfy the same load demand.
TL;DR: In this article , a two-dimensional multiphase transient PEMFC model is developed to investigate the purge strategy of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) with DEA and DEC.
Abstract: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with the dead-ended anode (DEA) and dead-ended cathode (DEC) can achieve high utilization of hydrogen and oxygen but also cause the accumulation of liquid water in the cell and performance degradation. In this study, a two-dimensional multiphase transient PEMFC model is developed to investigate the purge strategy of the PEMFC with DEA and DEC. This model is well validated with the experimental data. The simulation results show that the voltage increases to a certain extent at the beginning of the dead-ended operation and then decreases gradually. During the purging period, the voltage reaches a peak value and then decreases. Therefore, the optimal purge duration is defined as the purge stops when the voltage reaches the maximum value, and the optimal purge duration decreases with the increase of scavenging velocity and increases with the increase of voltage drop rate, however, the energy efficiency under the optimal purge duration is not the highest. Besides, compared with the purging anode and cathode operation, the peak value of the purging cathode operation decreases gradually. Compared with the counter-flow operation, the co-flow operation leads to earlier purging moment, larger ohmic resistance, and voltage decay rate. The excessive accumulation of liquid water leads to a more poor uniformity of the local current density distribution. The purging cathode and counter-flow operation is the most ideal purge strategy during short-time operation, due to the highest energy efficiency about 52.3%, the second-highest output performance, and the second-longest purge interval about 180.01 s.
TL;DR: In this paper , a capacity fading model considering the migration of water molecule migration of VRB based on conservation of mass and charge is proposed, and the electrolyte volume variation and capacity fading can be observed.
Abstract: ABSTRACT During the long-term operation of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRB), the battery is subject to capacity fading as vanadium ions diffuse at different rates. Water molecules will migrate from one side to another resulting in an imbalance of electrolyte volume. An accurate model is needed to describe the capacity fading process. In existing models, a capacity fading factor due to vanadium ions crossover is well addressed, but the fading factor due to water molecule migration is often ignored. In this paper, a capacity fading model considering the migration of water molecule migration of VRB based on conservation of mass and charge is proposed. Based on this model, the electrolyte volume variation and capacity fading can be observed. Meanwhile, the mechanism of battery capacity fading can be analyzed from the imbalance of reactant concentrations. From the comparative simulation results, the influence of the migration of water molecules on capacity fading is explored. Simulation results show that the proposed model and in-depth analysis provide a cost-effective way to describe the mechanism of VRB capacity fading.
TL;DR: In this paper , six certificates have been proposed and three of them used by airport terminal building to analyze, measure, and score environmental damage were compared and the results have shown that the energy and atmosphere category is vital for all certification systems.
Abstract: In this study, six certificates have proposed and three of them used by airport terminal building to analyze, measure, and score environmental damage were compared. Certifications handled in the study are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment for Building Environmental Efficiency), SBTool (Sustainable Building Tool), ACA (Airport Carbon Accreditation) and Green Airport and Green Company certificates. As a result, this research gathered the most widely used certificates in the literature. In addition, the Green Airport and Green Company certificate, the first green airport certificate in Turkiye, was added to the study for comparison, which has been offered just for airports. Hong Kong International Airport’s sustainability report was examined to determine how many points it would have received if it had applied for the most widely used LEED, BREEAM, and Green Airport and Green Company Certificates regarding the reported activities. The results have shown that the energy and atmosphere category is vital for all certification systems. Also, the study reveals that LEED gets 89.09 over 100 points, BREEAM 93.1 over 100 points, and Green Airport 75 over 100 points which display BREEAM to get a higher environmental response. This study aims to guide green building practices to decision-makers, which has become necessary in many countries. Employees and managers want to know the quality and quantity of sustainable tasks or planning at airports.
TL;DR: In this paper , the cleanliness of a square mirror in the climatic conditions of eastern Morocco, as well as to exploit the experimental results in simulations that can allow us to have an idea of the energy losses of large plants and their economic impacts.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Over the last few years, the number of solar power plants has increased, the latest being a solar thermodynamic power plant commissioned in February 2016 near Ouarzazate (Southern region) in Morocco. These solar technologies suffer from different types of losses such as optical ones due to the deposit of dust on the mirrors. A degradation process of the solar mirror reduces the reflectance by absorbing and diffusing sunlight, thereby reducing its efficiency, which in turn affects power plant production and the Levelized Cost Of Electricity (LCOE). This work aims to experimentally study the cleanliness of a square mirror in the climatic conditions of eastern Morocco, as well as to exploit the experimental results in simulations that can allow us to have an idea of the energy losses of large plants and their economic impacts. The economic analysis includes the LCOE and the Net Present Value (NPV), while the technical comparison is based on power generation and capacity factors. The results showed that the soiling rate can decrease the monthly electrical production with an average rate of 14,08% and 15,615% for the two technologies Solar Tower (ST) and Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR), respectively. However, the LCOE increases with an average rate of 16,03% and 18,05%. And thus, ST technology has better technical and economic performance compared to LFR technology.
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of the recent research progress of RFBs based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is presented, with focus on the metal-based and metal-free DESs.
Abstract: As a potential energy storage technology, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been developed rapidly in recent years. However, designing systems with low cost and high energy density remains a major challenge for the development of RFBs. Redox active substances are the carriers of energy conversion and the core components of RFBs, increasing their concentration in the electrolyte can effectively improve the energy density. As a new type of green solvent, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have inherent characteristics, such as low cost, easy synthesis, and environmental friendliness. Meanwhile, this solvent can effectively increase the concentration of redox active substances, showing a good prospect in RFBs. This paper reviews the recent research progress of RFBs based on DESs, with focuses on the metal-based DESs and metal-free DESs (the choice of materials, the state-of-the-art cell performance) and outlines the challenges and potential research directions for realizing large-scale applications, aiming to provide guidance for the development of higher energy density and more efficient flow batteries.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors compared the energy and exergy efficiency of a box-type solar cooker with a Fresnel lens magnifier (FLMG) to determine the efficiency variation of the BTSC by addition of the FLMG.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The variation of energy and exergy efficiency of a Box-type solar cooker (BTSC) incorporated with a Fresnel lens magnifier (FLMG) is evaluated in this study. The comparison in energy and exergy efficiency was investigated in the absence and presence of the FLMG to determine the efficiency variation of the BTSC by addition of the FLMG. With the implementation of FLMG, the average values of energy and exergy efficiencies had increased by 10% and 8.52%, respectively. The magnitude of energy efficiency with and without FLMG decreased with time, whereas the exergy efficiency enhanced with time for both cases. The manuscript discusses the effect of different thermodynamic parameters like temperature difference, energy and exergy output, absorber mean plate temperature, and heat losses in the modified cooker. The total heat loss coefficient ranged from 5.48 to 8.44 W/m2K and depended on the variation of wind velocity. The maximum heat loss and mean plate temperature were found to be 120 kJ and 128.3°C, respectively. The time for sensible heating was reduced by 16 mins by the implementation of the FLMG. The addition of the lens showed an increase in the Area concentration ratio (AR) of the BTSC by 48.7%. By comparing the cost and energy usage of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), the payback period and the quantity of carbon dioxide reduced per month were calculated as 3.19 years and 8.265 kg, respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper , the ion transport in porous electrode of the capacitive deionization is investigated via numerical simulation and physical similarity analysis, and fourteen dimensional physical parameters involved in ion transport are unified into eight dimensionless parameters based on the nondimensionalization of Navier-Stokes and Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations.
Abstract: Capacitive deionization is an electrochemical ion removal technique that has broad application prospects for the efficient desalination of brackish water. The current research mainly focuses on the improvement of the electrode material performance and device structure for capacitive deionization. However, the capacitive deionization process is subject to the coupling effect of multiple physical parameters inside the porous electrode, the dominant order and optimization of multiple physical parameters in the capacitive deionization process are needed to be further investigated. In this study, the ion transport in porous electrode of the capacitive deionization is investigated via numerical simulation and physical similarity analysis. Fourteen dimensional physical parameters involved in ion transport are unified into eight dimensionless parameters based on the nondimensionalization of Navier–Stokes and Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations, and the dimensionless parameters are summarized into four categories, including ion adsorption capability, ion transport characteristics, ion motion driving force, and ion adsorption equilibrium time. Analysis based on the numerical models with an irregular porous electrode structure shows that the dimensionless parameters can explain a series of similar physical phenomena in the capacitive deionization processes. Moreover, a parametric sensibility analysis is performed to reveal that the concentration and velocity of inlet solution are dominant factors for optimizing the salt adsorption capacity per unit area and the average salt removal rate. In addition, the inlet solution concentration and electrode potential are critical factors for improving the removal efficiency. The physical similarity and parametric sensitivity analysis in this study provide theoretical guidance for performance improvement in the practical application of capacitive deionization.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors make a comparative assessment of alternative fuels used in the aviation industry and electric aircrafts designed in accordance with battery technologies for the purpose of emission reduction, and conclude that SAFs used in commercial airplanes offer a long term, environment-friendly solution, while battery technologies require further developments for safety and reliability.
Abstract: The aviation industry is one of the greatest sources of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and one of the most climate-intensive modes of transportation. For these reasons, the aviation industry faces significant challenges including fuel costs, along with environmental and energy security problems arising from the use of petroleum-based jet fuel. At present, there are numerous strategies to improve energy efficiency, while also tackling environmental problems, including alternative fuel solutions and innovative battery technologies. Alternative fuels are attractive because they help address energy and environmental challenges, allowing for the advancement of sustainable aviation. They hold the potential to improve air quality and slow down global climate changes, while expanding access to domestic energy sources with the diversification of fuel supplies. Alternative fuels may also contribute to price and supply stability, and help to stimulate economic development in rural communities. Electrification and decarbonization of aircrafts also offer numerous advantages, including less energy consumption, lower GHG emissions, less noise production compared to conventional aircrafts, and more reliable electric subsystems. However, production rates of available sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) technologies can meet only a portion of the market size of the commercial aviation industry. Similarly, short-range all-electric aircrafts, while having great potential to reduce environmental impacts, will still require significant improvements in battery technologies to remain cost-competitive. The purpose of this study is to make a comparative assessment of alternative fuels used in the aviation industry and electric aircrafts designed in accordance with battery technologies for the purpose of emission reduction. According to the case study discussed herein, it can be concluded that SAFs used in commercial airplanes offer a long term, environment-friendly solution, while battery technologies require further developments for safety and reliability. In addition, it is necessary to investigate the operational parameters of batteries such as energy density, weight, operating temperature and battery recycling, and to analyze environmental effects and emission release of battery technologies from production to recycling of batteries, for a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental implications of this latter proposed solution to solve the current negative consequences of a booming aviation industry.
TL;DR: In this article , a power-based model of the RSOC system is developed and the corresponding capacity configuration strategy especially for the HRE system is also proposed in this paper, where an optimization program of a hybrid energy system model composed of the wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic panels (PV), reversible solid oxide cell (RSOC) system, hydrogen storage tank (HST), and battery are presented to urge the minimization of the total system cost, power redundancy, and power shortage.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Different from low-temperature electrolysis systems, the large power consumption for the balance of plant (BOP) of the reversible solid oxide cell (RSOC) system for a high-temperature operating condition needs to be considered in the determination of the capacity configuration of the hybrid renewable energy (HRE) system. To address this issue, a power-based model of the RSOC system is developed and the corresponding capacity configuration strategy especially for the HRE system is also proposed in this paper. An optimization program of a hybrid energy system model composed of the wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic panels (PV), reversible solid oxide cell (RSOC) system, hydrogen storage tank (HST), and battery are presented to urge the minimization of the total system cost, power redundancy, and power shortage. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized to determine the optimum size and operational energy management within the system. The results show that after the regulation of the energy storage system, the power redundancy and shortage of the hybrid energy system are greatly reduced with the decreases by 85.08% and 64.42%, respectively. Moreover, the power mismatch is still significantly affected by seasons. It is also found that the energy storage efficiency of the RSOC system is within 20% due to the fact that part of the electric energy is consumed by the BOP to maintain the operation of the RSOC system. Thus, more improvements should focus on simplifying the BOP system of the RSOC system and reducing the excess power consumption in the future.
TL;DR: In this paper , a two-dimensional, two-phase, non-isothermal, and time-independent corrected model was employed to numerically study reactant and products transportation strategy by using orientational flow channels having porous-blocked baffles.
Abstract: Orientational flow channels having baffles with proper shapes enhance the reactant transportation and facilitate improving the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. For the purpose of further increasing reactant supply into the membrane electrode assemblies, blocks with different porosities can be constructed between baffles and gas diffusion layer surfaces. It has been known that using orientational flow channels having baffles with porous blocks can further enhance the reactant transporting, however, the transporting process of reactants from channels into gas diffusion layers includes diffusion and convection processes, and how the diffusion and convection transporting processes perform in such channel structure is still unknown, which is probably beneficial to better understanding the mass transferring strategy in the cells whose channel spaces are blocked. In the present study, a two-dimensional, two-phase, non-isothermal, and time-independent corrected model adding non-Darcy flow influence is employed to numerically study reactant and products transportation strategy by using orientational flow channels having porous-blocked baffles. The diffusion and convection of species are separately discussed. Simulation results reveal that by distributing blocks with different porosities, the convective flux of reactant is enhanced significantly, as a result, the main transporting approach switches to convection. However, produced water vapor removal is weakened due to porous blocks.
TL;DR: In this article , a two-stage stochastic programming framework is proposed to achieve the optimized results in terms of both design and operation in integrated energy systems with combined cooling, heating, and power.
Abstract: ABSTRACT In the face of the ever-increasing pressure on climate change, recent decades witnessed booming interests in the integrated energy systems (IES) consisting of intermittent renewable energy and dispatchable power sources, such as reformed gas-fed solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). However, optimization of system design and operation is challenging due to the system complexity, inevitable couplings, and various constraints. To this end, this paper proposes a comprehensive model to describe integrated energy systems with combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP). Optimal economic performance is formulated as the objective function. Constraints are derived based on the safety and operation requirements. The problem is solved by developing a two-stage stochastic programming framework to achieve the optimized results in terms of both design and operation. The second stage concerns the operation scheduling given the operation plan and stochastic characteristics, based on which the first stage concerns the design planning to realize the prescribed CCHP capacity. Considering the computation complexity of the second stage, the stochastic characteristics are represented by selected scenarios. And to present the mutual influence of energy demands and climate conditions, the time sequence correlation among energy demands and renewable energy availability is considered in the clustering-based scenario selection technique. To solve the proposed two-stage framework, the real-coded genetic algorithm and mixed integer linear programming method are applied in the first and second stages, respectively. A case study in San Francisco is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, providing some intuitive guidance for future IES operation and system planning.
TL;DR: In this article , a coupled model of structural dynamics model and large-eddy-simulation-based CFD model was used to evaluate the fatigue damage of wind turbine blade from the wake control.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Offshore environment contains rich and high-quality wind resource with higher wind speed and lower turbulence intensity. In the offshore wind farm, the wake flows of different wind turbines will interact with each other, which will cause the energy loss and fatigue damage increase on wind turbines, namely wake effect. To alleviate the wake effect in the wind farm, several control methodologies have been proposed. The previous researchers have made a great progress on the power-augmentation effect. However, the fatigue damage from the wake control was not fully quantified in most current research. As a result, in this study, the fatigue damage of wind turbine blade from the wake control will be researched based on the coupled model of structural dynamics model and large-eddy-simulation-based CFD model. The flow field and dynamic loading for the wind turbine blades are simulated and analyzed. The equivalent fatigue damage (DEL) caused by the wake control for the upstream and downstream wind turbines has been calculated. It was found that the yaw-based wake control can cause 50% fatigue damage increase with increasing yaw angle. This research will provide guidelines for the design of both large wind turbine and wind farm.
TL;DR: In this article , a chaotic-based moth swarm algorithm (CMSA) is introduced by incorporating chaos into the MSA algorithm to overcome slow convergence feature of MSA, and a newly developed fractional order tilt integral derivative double integral filter plus (FOTIDF-II) controller is proposed in this research work.
Abstract: In the upcoming era, when conventional sources will mostly be replaced by renewable energy sources, engineers may face huge problem during controller design. For this large interconnected hybrid automatic generation control (AGC) system, high proficient and intelligent control techniques are needed. Hence, a newly developed fractional order tilt integral derivative double integral filter plus (FOTIDF-II) controller has been proposed in this research work. To overcome slow convergence feature of moth swarm algorithm (MSA), chaotic-based moth swarm algorithm (CMSA) is introduced by incorporating chaos into the MSA algorithm. Afterward, to upgrade the performance of AGC, the newly proposed controller is incorporated to the said system. The gains and fractional order parameters such as order of integrator, differentiator and filter coefficients of the proposed controller are optimized using CMSA optimizing technique. It is observed that the dynamic performance of the proposed CMSA optimized FOTIDF-II controller is better than the CMSA optimized PID. Furthermore, the performance of CMSA in the presence of different flexible AC transmission system (FACTs) and storage devices such as distributed power flow controller (DPFC), redox flow battery (RFB), and Tesla power wall (TPWA) battery (i.e Storage devices) along with proposed controller is compared with MSA-based PID controller with same combination of FACTs controller. Afterwards, superiority of the proposed controller has been judged in three area renewable-based AGC system under realistic environment.
TL;DR: In this article , an experimental and simulation investigation on the harvesting of sinusoidal mechanical vibration utilizing a triboelectric mechanism is presented, where the amount of energy harvested depends on many input elements such as movement of the upper electrode, external resistance, phase angle, contact area, and thickness of the dielectric layer.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The triboelectric energy harvester (TEH) could power small electronic devices, including temperature sensors, GPS trackers, accelerometers, and humidity sensors. An experimental and simulation investigation on the harvesting of sinusoidal mechanical vibration utilizing a triboelectric mechanism is presented in this article. According to numerical results, the amount of energy harvested depends on many input elements such as movement of the upper electrode, external resistance, phase angle, contact area, and thickness of the dielectric layer. The influences of the dual parameters, including the dielectric thickness, contact area, external resistance, phase angle, and vibration frequency on electrical output, were investigated systematically. The stability and durability test are performed for fabricated TEH. Simultaneously, a bridge rectifier has been used to convert produced A.C. signals into D.C. signals. The output voltage is stored in capacitors of various sizes (0.47, 3.3, 10, 22, 47 µF) with no load resistances. The feasibility of the developed TEH is proved by lighting up 35 red Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs).