Showing papers in "International Journal of Green Pharmacy in 2009"

Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial screening of crude extract of the leaf of Adhatoda vasica. L

Abstract: Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial investigations were carried out of the crude extracts obtained from the leaf of Adhatoda vasica, using solvents of varied polarity. The presence of phenols, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, flavanoids, aminoacids and reducing sugars was indicated by the tests conducted. The effect of ethanol, petroleum ether and water extracts were tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klesiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the crude extracts was determined for various organisms. Key words: Adhatoda vasica, antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration

International market scenario of traditional Indian herbal drugs – India declining….

Abstract: In the present article, an endeavor has been made to present an overview of the comparison of Indian traditional herbal medicine in the international market. This article intends to contribute to this knowledge by giving a survey of published data regarding the microbial contamination of herbal plants, by dealing with methodological aspects and by considering the influence of different commonly used pharmaceutical preparation techniques on the microbiological status of the products. It also highlights heavy metal poisoning of these herbal products and the need for India to follow the Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) guidelines. As herbal medicinal products are complex mixtures, which originate from biological sources, great efforts are necessary to guarantee a constant and adequate quality. By carefully selecting the plant material and a standardized manufacturing process, the pattern and concentration of constituents should be kept as constant as possible, as this is a prerequisite for reproducible therapeutic results. China has successfully overcome such difficulties by modernizing its traditional medicine profession with government-sponsored GAPs. The cultivation practices offer Standard Operating Procedures for use of fertilizers, irrigation systems and disease management allied with insects and pest prevention and cure. GAPs also establish standards for noxious and harmful contaminants like heavy metals, pesticide residues and microbes in plants. Key words: Ayurveda, traditional Indian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, herbal products, microbial loading, heavy metal poisoning, good agricultural practices, traditional drugs, complementary and alternative medicines

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Vitex agnus-castus

Abstract: The leaves of Vitex agnus-castus was sequentially extracted in hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous medium and studied for in vitro antibacterial property. The ethyl acetate extract was found to be most active against all the bacterial species tested except K. pneumoniae. The best MIC value (0.312 mg/ml) was seen against MRSA. Active ethyl acetate extract was further studied for HPTLC fingerprint and phytochemical analysis. HPTLC analysis confirmed segregation of eight individual compounds with individual Rf values and peak area percentage. The results of phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. This analysis revealed the high antibacterial activity in active ethyl acetate from Vitex agnus- castus. Key words: Antibacterial activity, drug resistant, minimum inhibitory concentration, phytochemical analysis, vitex agnus-castus

Processing pharmaceutical grade microcrystalline cellulose from groundnut husk: extraction methods and characterization.

Abstract: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an important ingredient in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. In this work, MCC was prepared from the alpha cellulose content of groundnut husk, a renewable natural resource that has no industrial utilization yet. The effects of pulping methods (sodium hydroxide and multistage pulping) and varying bleaching time on yield and amorphous properties of obtained alpha cellulose were examined. The prepared MCC (groundnut husk-MCC) was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffractometer (X-RPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and compared with commercial-grade MCC. The results showed that complete pulping was achieved only by the use of the multistage pulping method and its yield was 15%. It was also found that the duration of bleaching affected the polymeric form of the processed alpha cellulose and hence, it is suggested that X-ray diffraction analysis should form an in-process check in the production of cellulose to ensure batch-to-batch consistency and performance. It was concluded that GH-MCC compared favourably with the commercial-grade MCC as well as conform to official specifications for MCC in the British Pharmacopoeia. Key words: Extraction and characterization, groundnut husk, microcrystalline cellulose

The combination effect of curcumin with different antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract: The different investigation has been carried out on the biological activities of curcumin but the effect of this natural product on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics has not been demonstrated. In this study the enhancement effect of curcumin on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus. Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics in the absence and presence of sub inhibitory concentration of curcumin. A clinical isolate of S. aureus was used as test strain. In the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of curcumin (500 μg/disc) the antibacterial activities of cefixime, cephotaxime, vancomycin and tetracycline have been increased against test strain. The highest fold increase in area was observed for cefixime against S. aureus (a 52.6 % increase in inhibition zone surface area). Also the increases in inhibition zone areas (%) for cephotaxime, vancomycin and tetracycline were 24.9%, 26.5% and 24.4%, respectively. No enhancing effect on the antibacterial activities of others antibiotics was detected against S. aureus at content of 500μg/disc. Conversely, in case of nalidixic acid, curcumin showed an antagonistic effect on the antibacterial activity of this antibiotic against test strain. These results signify that the curcumin potentiates the antimicrobial action of cefixime, cephotaxime, vancomycin and tetracycline suggesting a possible utilization of this edible compound in combination therapy against S. aureus. Key words: Antibacterial activity, combination effect, Staphylococcus aureus, curcumin

Anticancer-cytotoxic activity of saponins isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrata on HeLa cells

Abstract: The anticancer-cytotoxic activities of isolated saponins, gymnemagenol (C30 H50 O4) from Gymnema sylvestre and dasyscyphin C (C28 H40 O8) from Eclipta prostrata leaves were tested under in vitro conditions in HeLa cells. The gymnemagenol and dayscyphin C at 50 μg/ml showed a good cytotoxic activity (63% and 52%, respectively) in HeLa cells at 48 hours with the IC50 value of 37 and 50 μg/ ml, respectively. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a positive control, showed 57.5 % cell death with the IC50 value of 36 μg/ml. The percentage of HeLa cell death was maximum (73%) after 96 hours with gymnemagenol, whereas dasyscyphin C showed only 53%. The isolated saponins were not toxic to Vero cells. From this study, it can be concluded that the saponins, gymnemagenol, and dayscyphin C have significant anticancer-cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells under in vitro conditions. Key words: Gymnema sylvestre, Eclipta prostrata, anticancer cytotoxic activity, HeLa cells

Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn

Abstract: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn, to justify the traditional claim endowed upon this herbal drug as a rasayana in Ayurveda. The effect of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata (EBV) on the primary and secondary antibody responses was evaluated by the humoral antibody response for a specific immune response. The effect of EBV on the phagocytic activity was evaluated by the carbon clearance test and neutrophil activation was evaluated by the neutrophil adhesion test for a nonspecific immune response. The data was analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramar multiple comparison tests. On oral administration, EBV showed a significant increase in the primary and secondary humoral antibody responses, by increasing the hemagglutinating antibody titre at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/p.o. There was a significant increase in the phagocytic index and percentage neutrophil adhesion at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/p.o. The present study reveals that the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn holds a promise as an immunomodulatory agent, which acts probably by stimulating both the specific and nonspecific arms of immunity. Key words: Antibody titre, Bauhinia variegata, immunomodulator, neutrophil adhesion, phagocytic activity, rasayana

In vitro antifungal potency of some plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum

Abstract: In an approach towards the development of ecofriendly antifungal compounds for controlling plant diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum, different extracts of three weed plants, namely, Capparis decidua, Lantana camara and Tridax procumbens, were tested for their antifungal potential. The spore germination/spore counting technique was followed for the evaluation of the antibiotic properties of the extracts at three different concentrations. Results revealed that the free flavonoids and sterols of T. procumbens (flower) and bound flavonoids of C. decidua (fruit and stem) totally inhibited spore germination of the fungi (100%). The antifungal components from these plants could be used in developing novel fungicides (biopesticides) for the diseases caused by F. oxysporum (plant pathogen). Key words: Capparis decidua, Fusarium oxysporum, Lantana camara, percentage spore inhibition, Tridax procumbens

Isolation, characterization and formulation properties of a new plant gum obtained from Cissus refescence

Abstract: This study elucidated the physical, thermal, sorption and functional properties of a gum obtained from the stem of Cissus refescence (CRG). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Particle size analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XPRD), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Fourier transmittance infra red (FTIR), and Elemental analysis were used to characterize the gum sample. Tablets were prepared by incorporating an anti asthmatic drug; theophylline. In vitro drug release was carried out in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. Effect of gum concentration on release kinetics was evaluated. CRG had a glass transition (Tg) and melting peak of 233.5 and 270o C respectively. This material showed a 10.59 % loss in weight at 195o C. The sample had very strong peaks at approximately 14o, 15o, 23o, 24o, and 29o2θ degrees of 2-theta (θ) in the X-Ray Powder Diffraction pattern. Elemental analysis showed that CRG contains 44.1, 7.1, 48.5, and 0.3% Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen respectively. Release of theophylline under simulated biologic conditions varied between 2 to 12 hours depending on the concentration of the gum used in formulation. Drug release was found to be erosion-controlled initially (i.e. in SGF), but at later stage, it became swelling -controlled (i.e. in SIF). The results obtained in this study establish the fundamental characteristics of CRG. The matrices were pH sensitive and can potentially be used for intestinal drug delivery. Key words: Characterization, Cissus refescence gum, sustained released tablets, theophylline

Antihyperlipidemic activity of Sphaeranthus indicus on atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats.

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the Antihyperlipidemic activity of alcoholic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus L. flower heads in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemia. Sphaeranthus indicus extract was administered in a dose of 500 mg/kg/day, p.o. for eight days. Marked decrease in body weight, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein whereas significant increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein were obtained after treatment with Sphaeranthus indicus extract. The present work indicates that, Sphaeranthus indicus extract in a dose of 500 mg/kg/day effectively suppressed the atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats, suggesting the potential protective role in atherosclerosis. Key words: Sphaeranthus indicus, atherogenic diet, hyperlipidemia

In vitro anthelmintic activity of three medicinal plants against Haemonchus contortus

Abstract: The development of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in-vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of crude aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Lawsonia inermis and seeds of Jatropha curcas, on eggs and adult Haemonchus contortus. Both extracts of C. ambrosioides and J. curcas inhibited the hatching of eggs at a concentration less than or equal to 2 mg/ml, while the effect of L. inermis was not dose-dependent and did not inhibit the hatching of eggs of H. contortus, significantly, at all tested concentrations. Based on their ED50, the two most potent extracts using egg hatch assay were the hydroalcoholic extract of C. ambrosioides (0.09 mg/ml) and the aqueous extract of J. curcas (0.1 mg/ml) in a decreasing order of potency. With regard to the effect of extracts on the survival of adult parasites, extracts from C. ambrosioides have shown a moderate effect, while J. curcas and L. inermis have shown no statistically significant effect on the survival of adult parasites at the concentrations tested, and the few mortality cases recorded were not dose-dependent (P < 0.05). The overall findings of the present study have shown that C. ambrosioides and J. curcas contain possible anthelmintic compounds and further evaluation of these plants should be carried out. Key words: Anthelmintic activity, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Haemonchus contortus, Jatropha curcas, Lawsonia inermis

Antilithiatic effect of flowers of Jasminum Auriculatum Vahl

Abstract: The effect of oral administration of aqueous and alcohol extracts of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl (Oleaceae) flowers on calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis has been studied in male albino rats. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Supplementation with aqueous and alcohol extract of J. auriculatum flowers significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The increased deposition of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats was significantly lowered by curative and preventive treatment using aqueous and alcohol extracts. The results indicate that the flowers of J. auriculatum are endowed with antiurolithiatic activity. Key words: Ethylene glycol, flowers, hyperoxaluria, Jasminum auriculatum, nephrolithiasis

Hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merill. leaves.

Abstract: The methanolic extract of Tylophora indica leaves was screened for hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The degree of protection was measured by estimating biochemical parameters like Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, total protein and level of serum bilirubin (both total and direct). Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight, i.p., was compared with Silymarin (25 mg/kg, i.p.) treated animals. Tylophora indica leaves (200 and 300 mg/kg) exhibited significant reduction in serum hepatic enzymes when compared to rats treated with carbon tetrachloride alone. Furthermore, histopathological studies were also done to support the study. Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective activity, Silymarin, Tylophora indica

Anxiolytic activity of Vitex negundo Linn. in experimental models of anxiety in mice.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic-like activity of an ethanolic extract prepared from the roots of Vitex negundo (VN) using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light–dark exploration test in mice. Male mice were either treated orally with the VN extract or the positive control diazepam, respectively, 1 hour before behavioral evaluation. Oral administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg of VN extract significantly (P > 0.01) increased the percentage time spent on and the number of entries into the open arms of the EPM. The effect was comparable to that of the benzodiazepine diazepam (2 mg/kg p.o.). In light–dark exploration test, diazepam-treated rats significantly increased the time spent in light arena and decreased the duration of immobility, while VN treated rats also showed a significant (P >0.01) increase in the time spent (100 and 200 mg/kg) in light arena. Diazepam and the VN extracts do not produced any overt motor dysfunction. These results indicate that VN is an effective anxiolytic agent. In conclusion, the action of extract upon the anxiety models tested are in accord with the traditional use of VN L. and could be useful in primary medical care. Key words: Vitex negundo, anxiolytic, elevated plus maze, light–dark exploration, locomotor activity

Isolation, identification and purification of caffeine from Coffea arabica L. and Camellia sinensis L.: A combination antibacterial study

Abstract: The present study was conducted to isolate the most important bioactive compound from Coffea arabica (coffee) beans and Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaves. Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione) was isolated from both plants using a liquid–liquid extraction method, detected on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates in comparison with standard caffeine, which served as a positive control. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were used to confirm the purity and characterization of the extracted caffeine. The isolated material(s) from both plants were investigated for their single and combined antibacterial activities against six selected pathogenic bacteria. The Grampositive bacteria were; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative bacteria included; Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both compounds at a concentration of 2 mg/ml showed similar antibacterial activities against all tested bacteria, except for P. mirabilis, and the highest inhibitory effect was observed against P. aeruginosa using a modified agar diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of caffeine was determined using a broth microdilution method in 96 multi-well microtitre plates. MIC values ranged from 62.5 to 250.0 μg/ml for the caffeine isolated from coffee and 62.5 to 500.0 μg/ml for green tea caffeine. Combination results showed additive effects against most pathogenic bacteria especially for P. aeruginosa, using both antibacterial assays. Key words: Antibacterial activity, Coffea arabica, camellia sinensis, Caffeine

Antihyperlipidemic potential of a polyherbal preparation on triton WR 1339 (Tyloxapol) induced hyperlipidemia: A comparison with lovastatin

Abstract: We investigated the antihyperlipidemic activity of an aqueous extract of a herbal preparation from a combination of six Indian medicinal plants. The current study was undertaken to assess the hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic potential of the polyherbal extract using Triton WR 1339 (Tyloxapol) induced hyperlipidemia. The animals were divided into four groups’normal control, hyperlipidemic control, hyperlipidemic plus polyherbal extract and hyperlipidemic plus Lovastatin. Hyperlipidemia was induced by single intravenous injection of Triton WR 1339. Intragastric administration of polyherbal extract (500mg/kg of body weight) significantly decreased plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, non-HDL-C and phospholipids levels and increased HDL-C levels. Atherogenic index and triglyceride secretion rate were lowered in the polyherbal extract fed animals when compared to hyperlipidemic animals. Polyherbal extract exhibited quite competitive potential when compared with the reference drug Lovastatin affording a possible alternative therapeutic agent in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Key words: Hypercholesterolemia, polyherbal, triton WR 1339

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antiplatelet aggregation effects of Solidago chilensis Meyen.

Abstract: Solidago species have been used in popular medicine for the treatment of several inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate both the antimicrobial and antiplatelet effects of Solidago chilensis Meyen rhizome aqueous extract and its derived fractions using in-vitro models. The antimicrobial analysis was performed against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The measurement of platelet aggregation was determined by turbidimetric methodology. Significant differences were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA), Dunnett’s or Student’s t tests. Values of P < 0.05 were considered significant. Theaqueous extract and its derived fractions prevented the growth of all the three tested microbial species. Furthermore, these extracts also significantly inhibited platelet aggregation (% of inhibition: AE: 45.0±4.0%, BuOH: 29.6±3.1% to 13.8±2.6%, and AR: 41.7±4.2%). Solidago chilensis Meyen rhizomes demonstrated important antimicrobial and antiplatelet aggregation activities, which may underlie their beneficial effect on bacterial infection and atherothrombotic diseases. Key words: Antimicrobial effect, antiplatelet activity, Solidago chilensis Meyen

Study of extraction and HPTLC - UV method for estimation of caffeine in marketed tea (Camellia sinensis) granules

Abstract: A simple, precise and accurate high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been established and validated for screening and quantitative estimation of caffeine in different extracts of tea samples (Camellia sinenesis). Separation was performed on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with ethyl acetate:methanol in the proportion of 27: 3 (v/v), as a mobile phase. The determination was carried out in the ultraviolet (UV) region using the densitometric remission-absorbance mode at 274 nm. Maximum recovery of caffeine was achieved when extracted with 5% diethyl amine in DM water (v/v). The maximum concentration of caffeine in tea samples was found to be 2.145%, dry weight basis. Caffeine response was found to be linear over the range of 2-14 μg per zone. Limits of detection and quantitation were found to be 40 and 120 ng/spot, respectively. The HPTLC method was validated in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and robustness. Some rare parameters for the HPTLC method like calculation of flow constant (k) and plate efficiency (N) are included specially. Key words: Caffeine, Camellia sinensis, HPTLC - UV method, theaceae, tea granules

Antihyperglycemic activity of root of Berberis aristata D.C. in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the antihyperglycemic activity of root of Berberis aristata D.C. in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Five groups of albino Wistar rats were used (n = 6). The two dose of 71.42 and 100 mg/kg body weight ethanol extract of B. aristata were selected for antidiabetic activity. Blood glucose levels were estimated in all the groups by the commercial kit (Span diagnostic Pvt. Ltd, Surat) on 1st, 5th, 10th and 20th day of the treatment with B. aristata. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, liver glycogen and body weight were estimated on 20th day of treatment in all the groups compared against diabetic control group. The different extracts of root of B. aristata were also tested for glucose tolerance test in normal fasted rats. The ethanol extract of root of B. aristata 71.42 and 100 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (P<0.01) reduction of serum glucose level in alloxan induced diabetic rats at 15th day as compared to diabetic control group. Cholesterol and triglycerides level were increased very significantly (P<0.01), in diabetic animal when compared with normal control group. The level of cholesterol and triglycerides reduced very significantly (P<0.01), when compared with diabetic control group. The level of HDL cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) increased in the extract treated group when compared to diabetic control group. In oral glucose tolerance test ethanol extract of B. aristata increase the glucose tolerance. It is concluded that the ethanol extract of B. aristata possess anti-diabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The ethanol extract of B. aristata is very promising to develop standardized phytomedicine for diabetes mellitus. Key words: Berberis aristata, Indian berbery, daruharidra, alloxan-induced diabetes

Role of Ocimum sanctum in the experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease in rats

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder incapacitating elderly people towards the end of their life, accounts for approximately 70% of dementia. It affects 17-25 million elderly people worldwide. In spite of the remarkable increase in scientific knowledge about the pathobiology of AD, attempts other than modifying the cholinergic neurotransmission have proved futile. In Ayurveda a number of agents are in use, since ancient times, for chronic debilitating disorders. One such preparation, Ocimum sanctum (OS) has been found to possess anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Because of the nonavailability of proper curative therapy for AD, the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the possible role of OS in experimental AD in rats. Experimental AD in rats was produced by a nucleus basalis magnacellularis lesion with ibotenic acid (IB) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) administration of colchicine (Col). Various behavioural tests and biochemical analysis were performed to explore the possible role of OS in AD. OS exhibited anxiolytic activity in an open field test. In an elevated plus maze test, OS significantly alleviated IB, and Col induced anxiety and depression in the Porsolt’s swim test. In Morris’ water maze test, OS pretreatments improved reference memory, working memory and spatial learning. Both IB and Col induced deficits in active avoidance learning and retention of learned behaviour, which were significantly reversed by OS. IB and Col induced increased lipid peroxidase activity, which was significantly reversed by OS (as seen from the reductions in the malondialdehyde level) and stabilized the rise in superoxide dismutase activity, but it had no effect on the acetylcholinesterase activity. OS might be effective in clinical AD by virtue of its cognition enhancement, antidepressant and antianxiety properties, which are the primary needs to be addressed in AD. Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, eugenol, Ocimum sanctum

A rapid and simple scheme for the standardization of polyherbal drugs

Abstract: In America and Europe, fast growing awareness and confidence has been shown by consumers for alternative medicine. The Indian system of medicine comprises of Ayurved, Unani and Siddha. In these systems maximum drugs are made up of polyherbal materials. The Indian System of Medicine is a pioneer in the use of herbominiral material as medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999, had given a detail protocol for the standardization of herbal drugs comprising of a single content, but very little literature is available for the standardization of polyherbal drugs. We have developed a rapid and simple scheme for the standardization and authentication of a polyherbal drug comprising of many substances. Madhunashini is a polyherbal drug, which is a complex mixture of different herbal and mineral substances. We have undertaken the task of developing a novel scheme for a sensitive, specific and accurate standardization of Divya Madhunashini. The present scheme could also be applicable for the standardization of other polyherbal drugs, for their consistency, potency and efficacy. A packet of 120 tablets of Madhunashini, 500 mg, has been taken from the Divya pharmacy, Haridwar outlet; batch No.DPO-12 Exp. 9/2009. Madhunashini is a mixture of 23 poly herbal materials. We have categorized all 23 herbominiral materials into four categories, alkaloid content, glycoside content, bitter content and tannin content. Our result indicates that the extraction of polyherbal drugs in different solvents, in a particular sequence, yields all the four categories of active constituents, which are further identified by high performance thin layer chromatography, whereas, material extracted with one solvent has not exhibited any clear Rf values and always appears in the formof a tail. Key words: Ayurvedic formulation, polyherbal drugs, standardization

Role of Centella asiatica on cerebral post-ischemic reperfusion and long-term hypoperfusion in rats.

Abstract: Centella asiatica (CA), a well known adaptogenic agent in Indian system of Medicine (Ayurveda), is believed to have beneficial effects in improving memory, treating anxiety and eczema. It also possesses antioxidant, cognitive enhancing and antiepileptic properties. Acute ischemia followed by reperfusion is known to bring about biochemical and histopathological alterations. In the present study the effect of Centella asiatica on acute cerebral reperfusion and long-term cerebral hypoperfusion in rats was investigated. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced under Ketamine anaesthesia by blocking bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAO) for 30 min and then reperfusion was allowed for 45 min by releasing the block. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and brain protein were estimated, behavioral and histopathological studies were done for both acute ischemia-reperfusion and chronic hypoperfusion studies. One way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey test was used. In the present study, acute ischemia-reperfusion induced increases in lipid peroxidation and superoxide SOD activity. CA pre-treatment (100 mg/kg p.o. for 5 days) attenuated the reperfusion induced biochemical alterations. Long-term cerebral hypoperfusion in rats caused a propensity towards anxiety and listlessness (open field paradigm and elevated plus maze test) accompanied by deficits in learning and memory (Morris’ water maze testing) and tendency towards depression (Porsolts swim test). Additionally, histopathological observations in forebrain revealed changes like gliosis, astrocytosis, cellular edema and inflammatory changes. CA treatment (100 mg/kg p.o. for 28 days) alleviated these behavioral, cognitive and histopathological changes. The results suggest that CA may be useful in cerebrovascular insufficiency conditions. Key words: Centella asiatica, cerebral hypoperfusion, ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatoprotective activity of Amomum subulatum Roxb against ethanol-induced liver damage.

Abstract: The hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Amomum subulatum Roxb (Zingiberaceae) seeds was studied against 20 % ethanol (3.76 g/kg/days, p.o for 18 days) induced liver damage in rats. Ethanol produced significant changes in various liver parameters such as functional (thiopentone-induced sleeping time) and physical (increased liver weight and volume). It also increased the biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamate pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and decreased total protein along with changes in histological parameters (damage to hepatocytes). Treatment with methanolic extract of A. subulatum (100 and 300 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 18 days) and silymarin significantly prevented the functional, physical, biochemical and histological changes induced by ethanol, indicating the recovery of hepatic cells. These results demonstrate that methanolic extract of A. subulatum seeds possessed the hepatoprotective activity. Key words: Amomum subulatum, hepatoprotective activity, ethanol

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves.

Abstract: Bambusa vulgaris, commonly known as “Bamboo,” possesses various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory activity. The present study is designed to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of B. vulgaris (MEBV) on rats and mice. The anti-inflammatory effect is investigated employing acute inflammatory models: formaldehyde-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, subacute anti-inflammatory model: cotton pellet granuloma, estimation of plasma MDA and carrageenan-induced peritonitis. MEBV (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) exhibited a dose-dependent and significant inhibition (P <0.01) in all the experimental models. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, and alkaloids. The extract produces no mortality in the dose up to 2000 mg/kg, p.o. The results obtained suggest marked anti-inflammatory activity of the MEBV and support the traditional use of this plant in some painful and inflammatory conditions. Key words: Bambusa vulgaris, poaceae, vascular permeability, granuloma, peritonitis, edema

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydroalcoholic extract from Gloriosa superba Linn

Abstract: Gloriosa supberba (family: Liliaceae) is widely used as a medicinal plant, and the alkaloids from the plant (Colchicines and Gloriosine)are used in the treatment of gout and rheumatism. We evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroalcoholic extract (50% v/v) of dried aerial parts of G. superba. The analgesic activity of the extract was evaluated by using Eddy’s hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing method. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using the cotton wool granuloma model and the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The percentage inhibitions of writhes or percentage protection were found to be 64.09%, 78.56% and 81.45% for extract at a dose 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively, in the acetic acid-induced writhing method (P <0.01) when compared with control. The percentage increase in reaction time at 90 minutes were 21.02%, 79.96% and 158.05% for extract at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively, in Eddy’s hot plate method (P <0.01) when compared with control. The percentage inhibition of paw edema was increased with time and gave maximum effect at 2 hours, then declined in case of standard extract 400 mg/kg body weight. Only the 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight extracts exhibited significant result (P <0.05) when compared with control. The rats exhibited 9.59%, 28.72% and 45.8% inhibition of granuloma mass formation after the 7 days treatment with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of extract when compared with control (P <0.05) in cotton pellet granuloma. Key words: Gloriosa supberba, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity

Comparing the anti-arthritic activities of the plants Justicia gendarussa burm F. and Withania somnifera linn

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the anti-arthritic activities of the plants Justicia gendarussa and Withania somnifera. Arthritis is induced in male albino rats using Freund’s complete adjuvant and bovine type II collagen. Leaves of J. gendarussa and roots of W. somnifera were powdered and extracted with ethanol (95%) using the soxhlet method. The effect of these plant extracts on arthritic rats were assessed by various blood parameters and also by taking the change in paw volume. The plants J. gendarussa and W. somnifera suppressed the anti-arthritic changes induced in rats and the results were statistically significant. Key words: Arthritis, collagen, paw volume, plant extract

Study of methanolic extract of flower of Spathodea campanulata L. as an anti-solar.

Abstract: Sunlight stimulates hormone production, allows for the synthesis of vitamin D, promotes skin cell regeneration and contributes to all overall sense of well-being of individual. Also sunlight stimulates the melanin, the pigment that acts as the skin natural sunscreen. But excessive unprotected exposure to sunrays can lead to painful sunburn or other skin-related complications. This paper evaluates the UV absorption ability of flowers from Spathodea campanulata L. (Bignoniaceae) as an anti-solar agent. The extract was prepared by maceration with a mixture of distilled water and methanol (2:5). The method is performed by UV–visible spectrophotomety in the range of 200–400 nm and result of the extract showed maximum absorbance at 200–240 nm, while good absorbance at 240–325 nm. The moderate absorbance was noted at 310–340 nm. Key words: UV protective, Spathodea campanulata, anti-solar

Ethnomedicinal plants for prevention and treatment of tumours

Abstract: The plant kingdom plays a major role in the life of human beings and animals. The plant, as one of the important sources, still maintains its original place in the treatment of various diseases, including tumours (neoplasms), with no ill effects. Considerable studies have been carried out on ethnomedicinal plants of India; however, only few medicinal plants have attracted the interest of scientists, to investigate them for a remedy for tumours. Plants may promote host resistance against infection by restabilizing body equilibrium and conditioning body tissues. In fact, ethnomedicinal plants (indigenous system of medicine) are easily available, cheaper and possess no toxicity. Hence, this review contributes to the knowledge of certain ethnomedicinal plants, which are prevalent for prevention and treatment of benign and malignant (cancer) tumours. Key words: Ethnomedicinal plants, prevention and treatment of tumours, anticancer activity

Modulatory effect of an isolated compound from Syzygium cumini seeds on biochemical parameters of diabetes in rats.

Abstract: In the search of natural hypoglycemic agents as alternatives to synthetic ones and to justify the use of Syzygium cumini seeds in folklore system of medicine for diabetes the present study was carried out. To evaluate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of an isolated compound from S. cumini seeds in normal and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rats. Study was carried out in Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in neonates. Oral administration of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone,methanol, and water extracts of S. cumini (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 days caused a decrease in fasting blood sugar (FBS) in diabetic rats. Among all the extracts, methanol extract was found to lower the FBS significantly in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide was used as standard antidiabetic drug (5 mg/kg, p.o). Methanol extract was subjected to column chromatography that led to isolation of an active principle, which was given trivial name Cuminoside. Cuminoside (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was studied for its hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential. The unpaired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Cuminoside caused a significant decrease in FBS level, lipidperoxidation level, and improvement in the levels of antioxidant enzymes (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) in diabetic rats. A considerable decrease in lipid peroxidation and improvement in the antioxidant enzymes level in NIDDM rats indicated that Cuminoside has antioxidant potential with antidiabetic activity and provides a scientific rationale for the use of Cuminoside as an antidiabetic agent. Key words: Antioxidants, β sitosterol, diabetes, lipid peroxidation, streptozotocin, Syzygium cumini