Showing papers in "International Journal of Heritage, Tourism, and Hospitality in 2020"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between the central government and the province for economic provision and military protection in the Old Kingdom by examining evidence from Old Kingdom tombs in a range of Upper Egyptian provinces as well as those in the capital cemeteries.
Abstract: Relations between capital and provinces were particularly important for the successful administration of Old Kingdom Egypt. The royal court and the central bureaucracy depended on the provinces for economic provision and military protection. The present paper examines this relationship by a study of evidence from Old Kingdom tombs in a range of Upper Egyptian provinces as well as those in the capital cemeteries. The data suggests that with declining resources the central government was wavering between the need to decentralise the provincial administration by appointing governors to reside permanently in each province, and the risk of these ambitious, energetic officials taking root in their respective provinces, establishing power bases and becoming impossible to remove as the generations progressed. In trying to solve this problem the central administration changed the provincial administrative system a number of times during the reigns of Teti, Pepy I and Merenre.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mongoose (ichneumon) is depicted as a predator in the fowling and fishing scenes, chasing birds in a papyrus thicket.
Abstract: This paper studies the mongoose (ichneumon) as a predator widely represented in the fowling and fishing scenes, chasing birds in a papyrus thicket. From the predynastic period, several scholars attempted to attest the mongoose among other animals prevailed at this time, which had been called different names in ancient Egyptian language. It also deals with specific features of mongoose in order to differentiate it from other similar animals such as Otter and Weasel. The paper reviews many tomb scenes of the mongoose as a predator of young birds in their nests, with several scenes, causing the belief that the ancient Egyptian trying to tame it. Besides, it discusses the unrealistic appearance of the papyrus thicket in which the animals were preyed, as a fictional rather than a true reflection of wildlife. furthermore, the religious meaning interpreted these scenes. Especially, all related scenes were found in a funerary context and therefore one expects them to have a religious dimension, even though this was not explicitly stated.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the level of tourism service quality presented by travel agencies and its influence on tourist's satisfaction in Hurghada city and conclude that tourists are satisfied with accommodation and catering services quality then optional tours services quality.
Abstract: In the world of business, customers are crucial. Companies must keep satisfying their customers to improve profitability and market share to survive in the competition. Companies need to find what their customers need, what they want, and what they value. Service quality has been the topic of many research studies during the last decades. In recent decades, authors found that the quality of services has a significant influence on customer satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of tourism service quality presented by travel agencies and its influence on tourist's satisfaction in Hurghada city. To achieve the aim of the research, quantitative approach based on a questionnaire was developed and directed to a sample of Egyptians tourists. The questionnaire was handled to 650 Egyptians tourists. Out of this number, 578 forms were available for analysis representing 88.9% response rate. The research indicated that Egyptians tourists are satisfied with accommodation and catering services quality then optional tours services quality. But they less satisfied with the arrival and departure times. After discussing the findings of the research, the research pointed to a conclusion and recommendation with respect to assess the tourism services quality in Hurghada city.
8 citations
Abstract: The Egyptian perception of an utterance is the words uttered by a deity, what the deities articulated is considered instructions and regulations. The utterance was a collection of magical words, which were sacred. Whatever comes from the mouth of a deity was believed to be made in his heart, then words were brought or arose from his mouth, which is usually done by the help of the tongue. This idea is clearly represented in the text of the “Memphite Theology”, which was found in the Temple of Ptah. It states that everything was thought in the heart of Ptah, and then came into existence by his tongue. So, the research focusses on the texts concerning the importance and the power of the tongue and the heart. It also discusses the power of uttering a speech in rituals, in addition to a detailed discussion of the texts concerning the force of articulation, and creation through a speech.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between employees' affective organizational commitment and their perceptions of the three forms of organizational justice (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice) in the hospitality context.
Abstract: Drawing on the social exchange theory, this paper investigated the relationships between employees' affective organizational commitment (AOC) and their perceptions of the three forms of organizational justice (distributive justice [DJ], procedural justice [PJ] and interactional justice [IJ]) in the hospitality context. Moreover, the current paper tested the relative impacts of these three forms on AOC. With a sample of 322 Luxor hotels' employees using confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical regression analyses, the results revealed that the three forms of organizational justice have significantly positive effects on AOC. The results also found that the impact's powers of the three forms on AOC are significantly different indicating that PJ has the strongest effect on AOC while IJ has the lowest impact. These findings led to several theoretical and managerial implications and future research.
6 citations
TL;DR: Rania Mohamed Bahaa Eldin Ahmed Adel Hammad Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Mansoura University as discussed by the authors has shown that despite the significant cultural value of Gharb Soheil crafts village and the importance of its crafts in preserving a part of the Egyptian cultural heritage, there is no effective marketing for it.
Abstract: Rania Mohamed Bahaa Eldin Ahmed Adel Hammad Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Mansoura University Abstract The crafts' value is widely acknowledged for the cultural heritage, and deserved attention to its different applications in tourism. This illustrates the key role that crafts play in preserving the traditional heritage. This research depended upon primary data through addressing 450 questionnaire forms to tourists: from October 2019 to January, 2020. The number of valid forms was 392, representing 87.1%. The questionnaires were formed to shed light on the role of crafts villages as a way towards preserving the Egyptian cultural heritage and identify the tourism marketing process of Gharb Soheil. It also depended upon secondary data related to the research's subject. The findings have revealed that despite the significant cultural value of Gharb Soheil crafts village and the importance of its crafts in preserving a part of the Egyptian cultural heritage, there is no effective marketing for it. The research recommends adopting a marketing plan depending basically upon promotional methods represented in increasing publications concerning Gharb Soheil crafts village and setting up an official website concerning Gharb Soheil and its unique crafts. Furthermore, it recommends carrying out market research for targeting and segmenting tourists and determining their needs and wants. The research also recommends doing post visit and post purchase research for measuring tourists' satisfaction with their visit to the village, and tackling any problems found.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of total quality management (TQM) practices in the service industry and particularly in the tourism sector has been examined, and the results show that 14 out of 15 proposed hypotheses were supported.
Abstract: Inthelast60years,TotalQualityManagement(TQM)hasbeen under review (theoretically) and under examination (empirically) from several scholars all over the world. Although TQM practices in the manufacturing industry are well studied, fewer attempts have been conducted to examine itsconnotations and effects in the service industry, and particularly in the tourism sector. Two main categories of TQM practices were explored: Soft TQM (STQM)activities/practicesand Hard TQM (HTQM) activities/practices. It is arguable that both TQM practices enhance financial performance, but these relationshipshave not been completely tested in the tourism sector. The main aim of this paper is toassess the impact of STQMon financial performance through the mediating role of HTQM practices. The data were collected from surveying 380 general managers working in hotels and travel agentsin Egypt. A total of 285 valid questionnaires were attained with a response rate reached 75%. Structural equation modelling (SEM) results indicate that STQMimproves financial performance, and HTQMhasa direct influence on financial performance.The results show that 14 out of 15 proposed hypotheses were supported. Therefore, it is important that hotels and travel agents allocate their resources to implement both STQMand HTQM practices to exploit the effectiveness and efficiency of the entireTQM system. Finally, generalconclusions and limitations are outlined.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the three main methods that were used to scare birds as scarecrow in fields and gardens and were represented in the ancient Egyptian harvest scenes: bird netting (the ground net), scarer, and corn dolly.
Abstract: Throughout history scarecrows were made and used by various cultures round the world. Generally the scarecrow is the straw object set up in the fields and gardens to scare birds away from the crops are growing. In ancient Egypt various methods were used with the same concept as the scarecrow to protect the harvest from birds’ attacks. The research displays and discusses these methods that appeared throughout the different periods of the ancient Egyptian history. To achieve the aim of the study the descriptive and analytical methodology will be employed. In spite of the lack of references that clearly and directly deal with the ancient Egyptian scarecrow the study resulted in certain important points including the three main methods that were used to scare birds as scarecrow in fields and gardens and were represented in the ancient Egyptian harvest scenes: bird netting (the ground net), scarer, and corn dolly
5 citations
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to market the Nubian character and to highlight the interesting artistic aspects of the Nubian heritage and to show the world its beautiful appearance. Nubia is considered one of the most significant areas with tourism components. Such components have not been exploited efficiently, which affects negatively the local development of the region. A survey is conducted a group of tourists that viewed the Nubian characters to get acquainted with their views on the provided tourism services. The results indicate that there is an agreement which there was a high level of motivation of travelling to the Nubian society.in addition to the statements Advantages of the Nubian inheritance. Moreover, the results showed that the hotel services provided in Nubian society were characterized by high level of service, which the statement of the quality of food and decor have the highest level of services provided in Nubian. Finally, implications and recommendations are discussed based on the results
5 citations
TL;DR: This study consolidates three dimensions of gamification elements (game design, brand app experience, and consumer–brand satisfy) to explore the impact ofgamification at purchase intentions and indicated that there is no correlation between the mentioned dimensions and gender.
Abstract: In order to anticipate, address and overcome the new challenges and trends of the Tourism sector, the World Tourism Organization is currently focusing on a strategy on Innovation and Digital Transformation. Gamification can be a key element Digital Transformation and one of AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (virtual reality) applications. gamification has gained up growing attention from researchers of multiple fields including health care, education, marketing, and tourism. It is believed that gamification of tourism can contribute to a richer experience and higher level of satisfaction.
This paper discusses how game designs elements can be enhancing destination visiting process (before, during and after the visit) through 6D framework design (it is a design process with 6 steps including, define business objectives, delineate target behavior, describe your players, devise activity loops, do not forget the fun, and deploy appropriate tools).
This study consolidates three dimensions of gamification elements (game design, brand app experience, and consumer–brand satisfy
aaaction) to explore the impact of gamification at purchase intentions. The results indicated that there is no correlation between the mentioned dimensions and gender. It also indicated that game design, and brand applications experience were critical factors for influencing the purchase intention of clients while consumer–brand satisfaction has no influence on purchase intention.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the influence of hotel safety culture on employees' safe-behavior during the crisis of Covid-19 in order to recommend some practices and allowing those who in charge of this industry to follow during this period to overcome this crisis.
Abstract: Several investigations on crisis management are demonstrating interest in the role of occupational safety culture awareness factors. Thus, focusing on safety culture factors is an essential issue in health and safety as a means of the mitigating crisis caused by nature in the workplace. This study investigates the influence of hotel safety culture on employees' safe-behavior during the crisis of Covid-19 in order to recommend some practices and allowing those who in charge of this industry to follow during this period to overcome this crisis. Therefore, the first step is to identify the relevant safety culture factors. A measurement tool in the form of a questionnaire was used to explore the impact of hotel safety culture (HSC) on employee safe-behavior. The questionnaire survey contains twelve constructs, namely: “risk management; safety training; safety knowledge; safety rules; safety perceptions; safety supervision; safety commitment; safety rewards and punishment; safety environment; safety communication; safety compliance and safety participation". Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to analyze 257 questionnaire forms collected from employees. The study results depict six safety culture factors out of ten proposed (risk management; safety training; safety rules; safety supervision; safety environment; safety communication) were the most important factors affecting employees' safe-behavior during the crisis of COVID-19.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed different forms of industrial heritage in different tourist destinations and provided a basis for understanding, management and development of Industrial heritage in tourism with a special reference to Mina EL-Basal district in Alexandria by proposing two main hypotheses; first, there are potentials of reusing industrial heritage buildings of Mina el-basal in tourism.
Abstract: Industrial heritage has become a new tourist attraction and Alexandria has great potentials in this field. This paper aims to review different forms of industrial heritage in different tourist destinations. It also attempts to provide a basis for understanding, management and development of industrial heritage in tourism with a special reference to Mina EL-Basal district in Alexandria by proposing two main hypotheses; First, there are potentials of reusing industrial heritage buildings of Mina EL-Basal in tourism. And second, Re-using industrial heritage buildings of Mina EL-Basal can positively contribute to sustainable tourism development. Methodology of "case study" was used, and data was collected using semi-structured interview addressed to stakeholders. The study shows that there are potentials for re-using industrial heritage of Mina EL-Basal district in tourism industry, and more efforts should be undertaken in this direction. The research indicated to the important role the industrial heritage of Mina EL-Basal district can play in sustainable tourism development in Alexandria, and a vision for re-using of the industrial buildings of Mina EL-Basal district has been proposed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the benefits of applying creative cultural tourism in Egypt in order to deliver authentic and unforgettable experiences to tourists, where two case studies were introduced as an attempt for engaging tourists in cultural heritage activities.
Abstract: Creative Tourism is considered as a new generation of tourism that involves tourists themselves and locals in the creation of the tourist products. Egypt is known for its varying productions from clothing, jewelry, weaving embroidery, tentmaking, leather, basketry, pottery, metals, glassblowing, stained glass, sculptured stones, batik, and papyrus…etc.
This study aims to explore the benefits of applying creative cultural tourism in Egypt in order to deliver authentic and unforgettable experiences to tourists. Therefore, two case studies were introduced as an attempt for engaging tourists in cultural heritage activities. The first one is the manufacturing of papyrus at El Qaramous village, in the Sharqiya governorate of Egypt’s Nile Delta. The second case study is the manufacturing of pottery that goes back to the ancient Egyptian times. "Garagos", a village about 25 km North of Luxor, was very famous of this craft.
The study used both the qualitative as well as the quantitative approach; Interviews with were conducted Data collected was transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. In addition, an online survey addressed to tourists was designed and results discussed.
This study concluded that creative cultural tourism could engage tourists with the Egyptian intangible cultural heritage, granting them unique lifetime experiences. This type of tourism will not only attract more tourists and increase the tourism income, but also refresh the economy of the involved villages and offer locals financial benefits. In addition, it will encourage locals to appreciate and preserve their intangible cultural heritage.
TL;DR: In this paper, a false door of Shepsi was discovered in Saqqara and conserved now in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo (JE 68923), which dates to the fifth Dynasty.
Abstract: The Memphite necropolis was the site which provide numerous false doors dating to Old Kingdom. The limestone false door of Shepsi was discovered in Saqqara and conserved now in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo (JE 68923). It was commissioned by a man named Shepsi (Spsi). This research aims to publish this false door, to indicate its characteristics and to date. According to its shape, inscribed titles and costumes, this false door could be dated to fifth Dynasty.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the relationship between tour guide performance and responsible tourist behavior at archaeological sites by analyzing the impact of intermediate factors like tourist satisfaction and experience on tourists' behavior.
Abstract: In spite of, Alexandria has many tourist attractions, but its archaeological sites are seen as most attracting many tourists. In consideration of the growth of mass tourism at archaeological sites, tourists’ behavior and their numbers may have many possible harmful effects such as noise, overcrowding and pollution. Although, there are many factors that can affect tourists' behavior in the destination, but this research has interested to study the relationship between tour guide performance and responsible tourist behavior at archaeological sites by analyzing the impact of intermediate factors like tourist satisfaction and experience. This research has been based on a descriptive survey method through distributing a set of questionnaires from 21 November 2019 until mid-December 2019 at certain archaeological sites in Alexandria. The structural model was tested on a sample of 334 tourists who have visited these sites. This study was based on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate and check the reliability and validity of the current conceptual model and path analysis to test the mediation effects of tourism experience and satisfaction. Finally, the Structural equation modeling (SEM) has shown the effective role of tour guide performance, tourism experience and tourism satisfaction in directing tourists' behavior towards responsible behavior.
TL;DR: Using metaphors of self-perfection and pride are considered clear and strong indication that the Egyptians gave care for their social image and the way it was presented for the readers of their literary texts as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Using metaphors of self-perfection and pride are considered clear and strong indication that the Egyptians gave care for their social image and the way it was presented for the readers of their literary texts. Therefore, they strived to present their self- perfection in an aesthetic and atypical way through a decorative and beautiful language. The study discusses representations of the self-perfection by the individuals in ancient Egyptian literature untill the early Ptolemaic Period. The researcher argued that the ancient Egyptians were aware of how to draw pictures of their reality and characters in metaphorical way by using the most appropriate examples. For example, they used some natural elements like sun, moon, stars, flowers, plants, trees, flowing waters of the Nile and others because of their beautiful and beneficent nature. These metaphors express many moral aspects of ancient Egyptians' character such as great-hearted, brave, trusted, sharp, lovable and cool person.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the fabric's decoration and the Egyptological analysis of three textile pieces preserved in the ‘Egyptian Textile Museum’ in Cairo that carry religious importance.
Abstract: Textile decorations spread all over Egypt during the New Kingdom not only due to the prosperity of the country’s economy but also the expansion of the Egyptian Empire and the influence on textile decorations by foreign weavers. mainly Syrian, on Egyptian clothes is powerful. The present study aims to investigate the fabric’s decoration and the Egyptological analysis of three textile pieces preserved in the ‘Egyptian Textile Museum’ in Cairo that carry religious Neither surveying nor comparing the decoration techniques of the New Kingdom has been done by author. This paper aims to compare the textile decoration techniques occurred in ancient Egyptian New Kingdom depending on the decorated pieces in the newly inaugurated “Azhar Textile Museum Significance. The paper studies the morphological appearance of the pieces through visual examination of fibers by light microscopic to reveal what decoration techniques were used. Then it analyzes the religious significance of the decorations through analyzing scenes and texts they form. Eventually, technical setting about the techniques of the fabric decoration is delivered, bringing into argumentation the religious role of these pieces revealed from their decorations. The paper concluded that three different decoration techniques occurred in New Kingdom clothes encompassing Weft looping, Tapestry Weave, and coloring. It investigated reasons behind the spread of these specific techniques. Coloring techniques of the three studied pieces are also analyzed. Moreover, major similarities and differences among decoration and coloring techniques have been resulted.
TL;DR: In this paper, a questionnaire was used as an instrument for collecting primary data that consisted of four dimensions; adjust hotel operations; food and beverage offers provided at the hotel; cleaning and disinfection practices; and social distancing practices.
Abstract: Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic is a highly contagious and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome. This pandemic has negatively affected all sectors of the world, especially the tourism sector. Therefore, this research aimed to study the procedures used in 5-star hotels to deal with this crisis and to analyze the gap between actual and targeted practices. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for collecting primary data that consisted of four dimensions; adjust hotel operations; food and beverage offers provided at the hotel; cleaning and disinfection practices; and social distancing practices. The sample of the research was selected using a convenience sampling technique from 5-star managers (49) and customers (155) at Hurghada and Sharm El-Sheikh cities to select a sample of the research. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the opinions of managers and customers in terms of all procedures applied at 5-star hotels during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Moreover, there are significant differences between that procedures and the standard level. The research suggested that it is necessary to review the procedures followed by 5-star hotels during COVID-19 pandemic such as adjusting hotel operations, food and beverages offers, cleaning and disinfection practices and social distancing practices.
TL;DR: In this paper, the representation of different types of elephant on coins uncovered from Egypt in the Græco-Roman period is discussed and the iconography of the Ptolemaic kings and Roman emperors on such coins.
Abstract: This article focuses on the representation of different types of elephant on coins uncovered from Egypt in the Græco-Roman period. It equally highlights on the iconography of the Ptolemaic kings and Roman emperors on such coins. The representation of four elephants on numismatic evidence uncovered from Græco-Roman Egypt may have served as an emblem of the victoryof Alexander the Great over the Persian king Porusin Hydases battle which occurred in May 326 B.C. This coincides with the representation of the Macedonian king wearing the elephant scalp headdress which signified his conquest of India. Later on, the elephant skin headdress began to be associated with a female figure as a remarkable sign of Alexandria. Unlike their depictions on the Roman-dated coins, it will be concluded that accurate details of the representations of facial features of the Ptolemaic king and the elephant are remarkable features of the Ptolemaic coins. The four Indian elephants driven by the king or the Roman emperor are mostly represented on coins to symbolize the victory of Alexander the Great over the Persian king and his successful conquest of India. The elephant scalp representing the Indian species may have similarly been used to refer to the Macedonian conquest of India. Later, the appearance of the skin of the African elephant accompanied with the female figure was meant to symbolize Alexandria city.
TL;DR: The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) as mentioned in this paper is one of the world's largest museums for the preservation and preservation of cultural and heritage artifacts from the Pharaonic, Greek and Roman eras and will give a major boost to the tourism sector in Egypt.
Abstract: Egypt is considered as one of the weighty touristic countries in the world. It possesses a cultural and natural heritage that attracts millions of tourists every year. The Egyptian government decided to create a new cultural and heritage attraction which is the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) that will house more than 100,000 artifacts from the Pharaonic, Greek and Roman eras and will give a major boost to the tourism sector in Egypt. Announced in 2002, the GEM is believed to be the national Egyptian project of the century as it is one the largest museums in the World displaying the heritage of a single civilization. The Memphite necropolis is a historical place near the GEM and has many archaeological and environmental tourism attractions as well as many traditional handicrafts that form a diversified tourism product. However, there are clearly still shortcomings in this area to be put on the map of sustainable tourism. The existence of the GEM could be a strong motivator for achieving tourism development and finding solutions for the tourism sustainability in the region. The objectives of the study are to indicate the role of the GEM as a global museum on the Egyptian tourism sector. The paper would find effective tools, with the GEM facilities, for revival and touristic development of important heritage sites in the Memphite Necropolis (specifically the strip from Abu Rawash to Dahshur). It shows the historical relationship between the artifacts of GEM that were discovered at the Memphite necropolis and their places of discovery. In displaying these artifacts and in demonstrating the story behind them, a connection would be created to attract the tourists for visiting their places of discovery (mostly including important pyramids). This would be a tool of upgrading and enhancing the archaeological map of the site for increasing the number of tourists by using the Tourism Routes and Trails starting by the GEM. Besides, the study sheds the light on the other factors of tourist attraction and identifies the problems facing the marketing and the tourism sustainability of the region to develop solution and proposals for it. It also indicates the main principles of tourism sustainability and proposes some means for creating a sustainable tourism in the region that serve the local community without damaging the region’s cultural heritage as well as its natural and environmental wealth. The study relied on a descriptive analytical methodology based on a field study analysis. It describes and analyse the significance of GEM and the historical and archaeological importance of the Memphite Necropolis. It also sheds light on the problems facing the Sustainable Development and the needed Projects: A survey was made by distributing a random sample for tour guides, academic members in faculties and institutes of tourism and hotels, tourist experts, workers in ministry of tourism and antiquities as well as secondary data. The study concluded the necessity of sustaining these world heritage sites, completing and improving its services, making a good marketing plan for it, and including it in the tourist itineraries as main places for visits. Finally, it recommends some additional cultural, educational, entertaining, touristic, building, and economic projects for creating new motivations for the tourist attraction and more chances for a sustainable tourism.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the perception of UAE residents about the economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism, and assessed the influence of residents' perceptions towards tourism impacts on their support for future tourism development.
Abstract: The United Arab Emirates is one of the most prosperous countries in the Middle East as regards travel and tourism development. In 2018, the net contribution of the travel and tourism industry represented 11.1% of UAE GDP. COVID-19 pandemic has had a major negative impact on the tourism industry in the UAE as well as around the world. The number of international tourists has dropped sharply and big events like Dubai Expo 2020 have been canceled or postponed. Considering COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on travel and tourism industry worldwide, the aim of the present study is to examine the perception of UAE residents about the economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism. The study also aims to assess the influence of residents’ perceptions towards tourism impacts on their support for future tourism development. The study used the quantitative method to test the research hypotheses. 362 usable responses were collected from five different emirates in UAE. Data were analyzed using the advanced structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The findings indicated a major disparity between locals’ and expatriates’ perceptions of the tourism impacts. Nevertheless, both groups continue to support the development of tourism in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a study to determine the availability of the basic ingredients for BSC application and its opportunities and obstacles in Egyptian travel agencies and found that the obstacles do not significantly affect the application of BSC.
Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that Egyptian travel agencies face more competition and need to apply the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as effective performance measurement systems in order to be competitive and to remain in existence. The purpose of this study is to determine the availability of the basic ingredients for BSC application and its opportunities and obstacles. 300 questionnaire forms targeted managers of head offices and their branches. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used to analyze collected data. The result of the study showed that Egyptian travel agencies could apply the BSC. The obstacles do not significantly affect the application of BSC. There are significant differences between the head offices and branches regarding the availability of the BSC basic ingredients and its perspectives application. The study recommends that travel agencies need to support intensives and training programs to their staff to awareness them by the BSC implementation and its use to monitor the performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the history of camel's entrance into Egypt, uncover the the camel's scenes in Egypt during the Coptic period and study the different appearances of camels and its development in art.
Abstract: The camel is considered one of the most important desert animals. Evidence for its presence returns to the early periods but it was not widely used as other animals in Egypt. From the 1st and 2nd dynasties camels were known among the domesticated animals such as donkeys, oxen, pigs, and other cattle, then it stopped in appearance for a period. The camel’s real spread in Egypt was with the Greek conquest, the Ptolemaic and Roman periods to the degree that they were used in their armies. Evidence for their presence in Egypt since the early periods were found; painted on walls or artifacts that were found formed in the shape of camels, beside the daily life utensils and toys. Moreover, pieces of ostraca having contracts for sales and purchases operations including its prices gave us more information about it and about the new job of the camels’ shepherds. Camels were known during the Coptic period, as represented on the walls of the tombs as in Al- Bagawat tombs in Kharga oasis especially the chapel of Exodes and walls of the Monasteries and Churches. Camels were used by the artists in depicting the religious stories of the Old Testament or accompanying saints especially St. Mena and were represented during sharing in daily life works such as transporting crops from place to another. Applying descriptive and analytical methods, this research aims to indicate the type of camels, to trace the history of camel’s entrance into Egypt, to uncover the the camel’s scenes in Egypt during the Coptic period and to study the different appearances of camels and its development in art.
TL;DR: In this article, a questionnaire of 13 items was constructed by a sample of decision-makers in the Jordanian Ministry of Tourism and applied to a random sample of (180) members of the tourism decision makers in the sector.
Abstract: Viewpoint of a sample of decision-makers in the Jordanian Ministry of Tourism. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire of 13 items was constructed. After verifying its validity and consistency, it was applied to a random sample of (180) members of the tourism decision makers in the sector. Therapeutic tourism, data were entered into the SPSS program for analysis. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the challenges facing medical tourism in Jordan due to the two sex variables with scientific qualification, while statistically significant differences appeared due to the impact of the experience variable. In light of the previous results, the researcher recommended the necessity to take into consideration the list of challenges revealed by the current study and work to solve them in order to promote medical tourism in Jordan. The need to review the cost of medical treatment and reduce taxes as much as possible in this sector, where the high cost represents the most prominent challenges facing the tourism sector in general and particularly medical tourism.
TL;DR: In this article, a questionnaire form was developed and directed to a random sample of guests in a five-star hotels in Sharm El-Sheikh, and a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed among them; only 377 forms (94.25%) were valid.
Abstract: There are many factors that affect guests' complaining behaviors as follows: guests' lack of knowledge about the accessibility of making complaints, perceived justice, and expected costs and efforts of complaining. This study aims to determine the effect of guests' awareness towards these factors on their complaint’s behaviors. The study also aims to determine if there is a difference in guests' awareness towards the research variables backs to their demographic characteristics. In order to achieve these objectives, a questionnaire form was developed and directed to a random sample of guests in a five star hotels in Sharm El-Sheikh. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed among them; only 377 forms (94.25%) were valid. The results indicated that guests have not knowledge enough about the entity they should go when they face a problem or bad service, and they didn’t realize that there is justice in hotels towards complaints handling. The respondents usually take a great negative action through speaking to friends and relatives about their bad experience Based upon the findings, some recommendations were suggested and directed to hotel managements. One of the main recommendations was putting guidelines and instructions in clear places inside the hotel which direct guests to how delivering their complaints.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the level of customers' trust in the safety of food and beverage labels at Egyptian hotels and found that the overall evaluation of customer's trust in foods served at the hotels of Cairo, Luxor and Aswan came at a high level (4.04) and SD= 0.14.
Abstract: The aim of the current paper is to investigate the level of customers' trust in the safety of food and beverage labels at Egyptian hotels. Descriptive approach was used. Data was represented by customers’ opinions through a questionnaire. There is a difficulty in identifying the members of the population. Therefore, it is suitable to choose a non-probability sample such as a convenience sample. The stratified sample has included 492 tourists who visited the hotels of Cairo, Luxor and Aswan in Egypt. The findings revealed that the overall evaluation of customer's trust in foods served at the hotels of Cairo, Luxor and Aswan came at a high level (4.04) and SD= 0.14. Therefore, the coefficient of variance is 0.03 %. In addition, the customer's trust is significantly different according to city, nationality, gender, age, marital status, and educational level at a significant level (0.05), while there is no statistically significant difference according to the family size factor. Moreover, the customer's trust is significant correlated with the perceived quality (r = 0.794), behavioral attitudes (r = 0.104), subjective norms (r = 0.426) and perceived behavioral control (r = 0.192). There is no significant correlation with behavioral intention. Finally, there is a positive correlation between customers' purchase intention and subjective norms (r = 0.126). Finally, the paper concludes with a set of recommendations including Egyptian hotels dependence on food products from accredited international organizations, increasing organic foods, and merging them in the hotel's marketing plan.
TL;DR: In this paper, a literature review paper that aims to investigate theoretically the antecedents of employee turnover intention is presented, where the authors find that human resources management practices enhance employee intrinsic motivation which can strongly boost employee loyalty to their organization resulting in decrease employee intention to leave the workplace.
Abstract: In light of the difficult challenges facing the hospitality industry, actual employee turnover becomes an important issue facing the hospitality industry due to its negative impacts on hotels' performance, sustainability, and growth as well as the failure to satisfy customers' needs. Drawing on the social exchange theory, the present paper is a literature review paper that aims to investigate theoretically the antecedents of employee turnover intention. Some critical research gaps were found through this theoretical investigation. For instance, human resources management practices play a critical role in hotels' success through enhance employees' attitudes and behaviors but lack research existed to identify deeply the impact of these practices on employee turnover intention. Theoretical evidence was found that human resources management practices enhance employee intrinsic motivation which can strongly boost employee loyalty to their organization resulting in decrease employee intention to leave the workplace. In other words, employee intrinsic motivation can play a mediating role between human resources management practices and employee turnover intention.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the impact of user-generated content on the digital transformation of Egyptian travel agencies as well as investigating how UGC can stimulate tourism and travel services.
Abstract: The continuous development of information technology has fundamentally revolutionized our communication patterns and behavior through the Internet, establishing a digital medium in which information is consumed and disseminated. In this context, most tourism researches focus on the role of UGC in directing the decision of visitors in determining the tourist destination that could be visited or the service provider that could be selected.
This research aimed at measuring the impact of user-generated content on the digital transformation of Egyptian travel agencies as well as investigating how UGC can stimulate the digital transformation of tourism and travel services.
For this purpose, the researchers used the deductive approach and quantitative method. Semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 278 managers out of 1008 travel agencies, in addition to a sample of internet users including social media users, using a simple random sampling technique.
Moreover, researchers analyzed the literature regarding the fast-paced e-commerce environment to understand the complicated behaviour of consumer which shows that consumers are rapidly changing and that is what they also expect from the mediums they are dealing with. Findings of the study have indicated that User-generated content has a weak positive effect on the digital transformation of Egyptian travel agencies.
Implications for practice were suggested to support the digital transformation of Egyptian travel agencies based on user-generated content.
TL;DR: The result indicated that home delivery handlers know the right knowledge regarding avoiding COVID-19but they did not know how to apply it, and the total score of Attitudes and knowledge of food handlers mean is an excellent score.
Abstract: Home delivery is one of the most critical steps in the food cycle regarding avoid COVID-19 in quick-service restaurants. The home delivery must meet or exceed food safety and hygienic practices because guest safety is the overall goal of foodservice. Therefore, home delivery is a complex process, but it can be successful when it focuses on guest needs and expectations. This study aims to measure the awareness, knowledge, and practices of food delivery handlers regarding home delivery procedures in order to apply the HACCP steps to protect food delivered from COVID-19 in quick-service restaurants. To achieve that, 600 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to home delivery handlers to ensure that proper hygienic home delivery practices during procedures are applied. The data were analyzed by SPSS program version 20. The result indicated that home delivery handlers know the right knowledge regarding avoiding COVID-19but they did not know how to apply it. As the total score of Attitudes and knowledge of food handlers mean is 4.52and, it is an excellent score, while the score of home delivery practices means is 3.86 and mean 3.32 in-home delivery area and equipment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between transformational leadership and empowering the employees in The Egyptian Travel Agencies, and concluded that transformational leaders positively affect empowering employees in the Egyptian travel agencies category A.
Abstract: The research was conducted with a purpose to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and empowering the Employees in The Egyptian Travel Agencies. One hundred Travel Agencies category A were selected on simple random sampling basis. A total 600 questionnaires were circulated, out of which 585 questionnaires returned back, after reviewing these questionnaires, 10 questionnaires were excluded for their lack of statistical analysis, so that the number of valid questionnaires became 575, with 95.83% of the total distributed questionnaires. The findings of the study concluded that transformational leadership positively effects empowering the employees in the Egyptian travel agencies category A.