Showing papers in "International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion in 2020"
TL;DR: The findings of this study would help transport engineers and planners to design safer roadways for both pedestrians and vehicles in Dhaka from the findings of the developed countries.
Abstract: Although the rate of road crashes and their severity is relatively higher in developing countries, there is still a lack of research on pedestrian-vehicle crash severity in these contexts, particularly in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the contributing environmental, road, and vehicular factors that influenced pedestrian-single-vehicle crash severity in Dhaka, a megacity and the capital of Bangladesh. A binary logistic regression model was developed in this study by analyzing a data set of pedestrian-single-vehicle crashes involving casualties in Dhaka from 2010 to 2015. The model identified seven significant factors influencing pedestrian-vehicle crash severity. Significant factors increasing the likelihood of fatal crashes included crashes during adverse weather, dawn/dusk period, night period (where street light was absent), off-peak period, crashes where road divider was unavailable, road geometry was straight and flat, and crashes those were occurred by heavier vehicles. Besides, crashes at three-legged intersections were less likely to be fatal. Both similarities and differences were found among the significant factors influencing pedestrian-vehicle crash severity in Dhaka from the findings of the developed countries. The findings of this study would help transport engineers and planners to design safer roadways for both pedestrians and vehicles.
33 citations
TL;DR: This study presents a summary of the progress made in understanding pedestrian crash patterns over the last 120 years and suggests new research efforts are required to address pedestrian safety in both HIC and LMICs.
Abstract: This paper looks at the pedestrian safety issue and the research that has followed to understand and solve the problem of pedestrian safety in the last 120 years - since the time of the fir...
26 citations
TL;DR: Poor night visibility coupled with poor visual guidance on roads are the key contributory risk factors associated with night travels and policies must be geared towards provision of functioning street lights in built-up areas and road line markings, delineators and signage for the highways and arterial roads.
Abstract: The study was to examine the nature and risk factors associated with road traffic crashes at night in Ghana and identify potential measures to control them Crash and injury data for the period 201
25 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of how much LMICs would benefit from interventions that address six key risk factors related to helmet use, seatbelt use, speed control, drink driving, and vehicle design for safety of occupants and pedestrians finds relatively large benefits from speed control in all countries, and about 5%-20% reductions depending on who is at risk in each country.
Abstract: Despite strong advocacy, the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020) is ending with most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) no closer to the Sustainable Development Goals target of reducing traffic mortality by half. In contrast, most high-income countries (HICs) have seen large benefits in recent decades from large-scale safety interventions. We aimed to assess how much LMICs would benefit from interventions that address six key risk factors related to helmet use, seatbelt use, speed control, drink driving, and vehicle design for safety of occupants and pedestrians. We use a comparative risk assessment framework to estimate mortality and health loss (disability adjusted life years lost, DALYs) that would be averted if these risks were reduced through intervention. We estimate effects for six countries that span all developing regions: China, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Iran, and Russia. We find relatively large benefits (27% reductions in road traffic deaths and DALYs) from speed control in all countries, and about 5%-20% reductions due to other interventions depending on who is at risk in each country. To achieve larger gains, LMICs would need to move beyond simply learning from HICs and undertake new research to address risk factors particularly relevant to their context.
23 citations
TL;DR: The study findings reveal that pedestrians’ fatalities at intersections are associated with a high vehicular volume, higher pedestrian-vehicular interaction, high approach speed, overtaking tendency of vehicles, certain land-use type, encroachment of footpath, inadequate sight distance, inaccessible pedestrian crosswalk, wider minor carriageway, and lack of enforcement.
Abstract: In developing countries, pedestrian safety is an issue of major concern. Although an extensive body of literature is available on the identification of elements related to the pedestrian’s risk; th...
21 citations
TL;DR: This study proposes a novel approach of PET threshold identification with proof of application by collecting data from ten intersections located on four-lane intercity highways in the National Capital Region (NCR, India) using a quantitative technique and a qualitative analysis by ranking the sites based on cumulative PET and related crashes.
Abstract: Unsignalized intersections in developing countries experience many serious conflicts between cross-traffic due to indiscipline traffic manoeuvrability. Historically, Post Encroachment Time (PET) ha...
21 citations
TL;DR: Results of modeling and analysis of pedestrian accidents in different methods showed each of the methods depending on their function investigated the severity of accidents with different point of view and had different results.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop models to predict the severity of pedestrian accidents on rural roads of Guilan, Iran. Therefore, the probability of occurrence of any type of accidents was...
19 citations
TL;DR: Results of the ordinal logistic regression analyses show that the nature of cars, National roads, over speeding, and location (urban or rural) are significant indicators of crash severity.
Abstract: Road traffic accident is one of the major problems facing the world The carnage on Ghana's roads has raised road accidents to the status of a 'public health' threat The objective of the study is to identify factors that contribute to accident severity using an ordinal regression model to fit a suitable model using the dataset extracted from the database of Motor Traffic and Transport Department, from 1989 to 2019 The results of the ordinal logistic regression analyses show that the nature of cars, National roads, over speeding, and location (urban or rural) are significant indicators of crash severity Strategies to reduce crash injuries should physical enforcement through greater Police presence on our roads as well as technology There is also the need to train drivers to be more vigilant in their travels especially on the national roads and in the urban areas The Recommendation is, a well thought out and contextualised written laws and sanctioned schemes to monitor and enforce strict compliance with road traffic rules should be put in place
19 citations
TL;DR: Results of the study show that crashes occurring on the express highways on a multilane road are often associated with hit-and-run behaviour among drivers, and will be useful for state transport authorities to improve countermeasures for mitigating pedestrian crashes and fatalities.
Abstract: Pedestrian safety is of growing concern with an increasing number of traffic accidents, especially in developing economies like India. In 2017, there were 20,457 pedestrian fatalities in India. Pedestrian crashes have also become a key concern in the state of Tamilnadu, India, due to the high percentage of deaths. If the available datasets are large and complex, identifying key factors is a challenging task. In this study, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), an exploratory data analysis technique was used to explore the roadway, traffic, crash, and pedestrian-related variables influencing pedestrian crashes. This study used the data from Government of Tamilnadu Road Accident Traffic Management System (RADMS) database, to analyse accident data of nine years (2009-2017) related to pedestrian crashes. The results of the study show that crashes occurring on the express highways on a multilane road are often associated with hit-and-run behaviour among drivers. Factors such as lighting conditions, location, pedestrian behaviour, crossings, and physical separation are also significantly contributing to pedestrian crashes. The key advantage of MCA is that it identifies a possible association between various contributing factors. The findings from this study will be useful for state transport authorities to improve countermeasures for mitigating pedestrian crashes and fatalities.
14 citations
TL;DR: The application of the TPB in predicting the drivers’ speeding behavior in the context of Oman is confirmed, with the extracted factors of speeding passion and culture, speeding attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control being significant determinants of drivers speeding behavior.
Abstract: Traffic accidents and related fatalities have become a major public health problem in the world. This study aims to identify the significant factors that play an important role in the speeding behavior of drivers. A comprehensive questionnaire was designed and conducted with the students and employees of the University of Nizwa. The questionnaire items were designed considering the theoretical background of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and local socio-cultural aspects of the driving environment. A total of 303 usable samples were obtained. The collected data were analyzed using factor analysis and structural equation modelling technique. The extracted factors of speeding passion and culture, speeding attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are significant determinants of drivers speeding behavior in Oman. The driver's speeding attitudes, speeding culture, and passion have positive association with the drivers' speeding intentions and behavior, and driver's perceived behavioral control forms negative relationship with the speeding behavior. This study confirms the application of the TPB in predicting the drivers' speeding behavior in the context of Oman.
14 citations
TL;DR: Rwandan commercial motorcyclists demonstrate generally proper safety behaviors, but remain a high-risk occupational group, and road safety policy initiatives have been effective in changing driver behavior regardless of driver safety beliefs.
Abstract: Objective: Road traffic injuries (RTI) cause ∼1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries annually, disproportionately occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Although policy changes and infr...
TL;DR: The studies show that ethyl alcohol concentration may harm injury severity, especially in the case of women, and the effect of alcohol concentration on the severity of injuries turned out to be negligible.
Abstract: Introduction: The dominant cause of injuries in traffic crashes. A significant portion of them affects victims under the influence of ethyl alcohol. The goal of the studies was to assess the correl...
TL;DR: The validity of the proposed fuzzy approach was confirmed as its implementation provided better results than from statistics, in this case multiple regression analysis.
Abstract: This research proposes an assessment and decision support model to use when a driver should be examined about their propensity for traffic accidents, based on an estimation of the driver's psychological traits. The proposed model was tested on a sample of 305 drivers. Each participant completed four psychological tests: the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Aggressive Driving Behaviour Questionnaire (ADBQ), the Manchester Driver Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ) and the Questionnaire for Self-assessment of Driving Ability. In addition, participants completed an extensive demographic and driving survey. Various fuzzy inference systems were tested and each was defined using the well-known Wang-Mendel method for rule-base definition based on empirical data. For this purpose, a programming code was designed and utilized. Based on the obtained results, it was determined which combination of the considered psychological tests provides the best prediction of a driver's propensity for traffic accidents. The best of the considered fuzzy inference systems might be used as a decision support tool in various situations, such as in recruitment procedures for professional drivers. The validity of the proposed fuzzy approach was confirmed as its implementation provided better results than from statistics, in this case multiple regression analysis.
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to propose the superlative approach of GIS applicable to accident analysis in different circumstances and suggest some prolific accident analysis tools for road safety.
Abstract: The number of road crashes is significantly growing worldwide. In the transportation sector, accident outcomes are usually the loss of lives and injuries. To avoid further damages, a tool entitled geographical information system (GIS) could be helpful. GIS has the most demanding tools used to analyze road accidents and road design that can be noteworthy in traffic accident prevention. The purpose of this review is to propose the superlative approach of GIS applicable to accident analysis in different circumstances. The reviewed statistical results of accidents are performed by GIS but the numerical study is not consummate by GIS. Mainly, four essential GIS techniques are introduced and discussed in this review paper to simulate road accidents and suggest some prolific accident analysis tools for road safety.
TL;DR: This study offers passengers insightful suggestions about how to protect themselves by choosing the right passenger seat in a vehicle by constructing a hierarchical ordered probit model.
Abstract: Although many studies have investigated the correlations between injury severities and seat positions, few researchers explored the correlates of injury severities (e.g., seat positions) within a c...
TL;DR: This history has important lessons today for many low-and-middle-income countries that have growing numbers of motor vehicle crash deaths and injuries, many of which are pedestrians and motorcyclists.
Abstract: Not long after the beginnings of motorization in the early 1900s, deaths and injuries from motor vehicle crashes became a problem in a number of high-income-countries (HIC)s, especially the United States. With the biggest problem the US led early efforts to address this issue, and for six decades these efforts were based on folklore (ie a body of widely held but false or unsubstantiated beliefs). They were not evaluated, but clearly were unsuccessful as crash deaths and injuries continued to rise. It was not until the 1970s that a broader range of countermeasures began to be adopted and was scientifically evaluated, and as a result, crash deaths and injuries declined. This history has important lessons today for many low-and-middle-income countries that have growing numbers of motor vehicle crash deaths and injuries, many of which are pedestrians and motorcyclists. This is because there continue to be advocates for many of the failed approaches (especially educational) that dominated the early efforts in HICs.
TL;DR: A robust noise filtering technique to deal with the mislabels in the imbalanced crash dataset using the advanced machine learning algorithms is presented and the proposed M-IPF filter outperforms its counterparts in terms of the effectiveness and efficiency in eliminating the misLabels in crash data.
Abstract: The quality of vehicular collision data is crucial for studying the relationship between injury severity and collision factors. Misclassified injury severity data in the crash dataset, however, may...
TL;DR: The need to review recent advances in the understanding of the care process and how to improve it is discussed and how there is a pressing need to generate valid evidence on what the authors do in emergency care is discussed.
Abstract: Modern medicine and surgery is historically very recent, and most interventions that are so commonly done in a hospital now are only 60 to 70 years old. Understanding of emergency care of t...
TL;DR: The results show that fire-related mortality rates amongst older adults in Europe is correlated with living arrangements after adjusting for GDP, and when the share of older adults living alone increases by one percentage point, fire mortality rates increase by roughly 4 percent for both sexes.
Abstract: In Europe, a demographic transition has occurred meaning that countries have larger older adult populations who are increasingly living alone and receiving homecare rather than institutional care. ...
TL;DR: It is argued that the reversal in the traffic injury trend did not occur because HICs reached an income threshold, and that countries at different income levels established regulatory institutions that had a legislative mandate and financial resources to conduct large-scale safety interventions.
Abstract: Road traffic deaths in high-income countries (HICs) have been steadily declining for five decades, but are rising or stable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We use time-series cross-sectional methods to assess how age- and sex- specific death rates evolved in 20 HICs during 1955-2015, controlling for income, population density and urbanization. Past work has attributed improvements in safety in HICs to income growth, suggesting that countries intervene when they become richer (Kuznets hypothesis). In contrast, we show that HICs had statistically significant declines in road traffic injuries starting in the late 1960s that persist after controlling for income effects, and inclusion of a lagged dependent variable. These findings are consistent for all age-sex groups but the effects are strongest for the elderly and young children. We argue that the reversal in the traffic injury trend did not occur because HICs reached an income threshold. Instead, the 1960s were a period of paradigmatic change in thinking about road safety. Subsequent, safety improvements occurred because countries at different income levels established regulatory institutions that had a legislative mandate and financial resources to conduct large-scale safety interventions.
TL;DR: Model estimation results reveal that collision with pedestrians, head-on collisions, ran-off road collisions and crashes involving high occupancy passenger vehicles were more likely to result in fatalities and severe injuries in Namibia.
Abstract: Road crash is a leading cause of death and disabilities in Namibia and other developing countries. Based on recent trends, the World Health Organization indicated that progress to realize Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.6 - which calls for a 50% reduction in the number of road traffic deaths by 2020 - remains far from sufficient. To contribute to efforts in reducing road fatalities in Namibia, this study examined risk factors associated with the severity of crashes recorded in the country. Mixed logit modelling methodology was adopted to address the problem of unobserved heterogeneity in injury severity analysis. Model estimation results reveal that collision with pedestrians, head-on collisions, ran-off road collisions and crashes involving high occupancy passenger vehicles were more likely to result in fatalities and severe injuries. The findings and recommendations of this study are expected to enhance countermeasure implementation to reduce road crashes in Namibia.
TL;DR: The study reveals that the highly populated areas (e.g. commercial areas, employment centres, and subway station catchment areas) have a higher risk of accidents involving elderly drivers and the factors which represent complex driving condition for elderly drivers are found to be positively associated with therisk of accidents.
Abstract: Due to the rapid ageing of the population, the number of traffic accidents involving elderly drivers has dramatically increased in Northeast Asia countries including South Korea. In order to ensure...
TL;DR: Even if the mortality rate in children in Turkey has decreased in recent years, more measures are still needed to prevent drowning in children.
Abstract: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of unintentional fatal drowning in children aged 0–17 years in Turkey between 2005 and 2017 and to determine the risk factors in drownin...
TL;DR: There is little progress on reducing speeds in Europe, and it is time for authorities to see to it that lower speeds with the help of efficient vehicle-based solutions becomes part of the agenda.
Abstract: Speed control is the most important aspect of promoting road safety world-wide. The question is how are speeds developing? The European Transport Safety Council concludes: There is little p...
TL;DR: It was found that the legislative changes are more easily accepted by the common workers than by the mine management, and the key recommendation for the safety of coal mine companies in Serbia is the investment in the new technology.
Abstract: The study presented here analyzes mining accidents and fatal injuries in Serbian underground coal mines over a period of 50 years, in order to assess the effectiveness of legislation changes in the...
TL;DR: The prevalence of mortality in cannabis consumer motorcyclists was estimated 0.15 (95% CI = 0.08–0.22) and subgroup analysis based on country type showed that the mortality rate of cannabis consumerMotorcyclists in developed countries is 16% and in developing countries is 8%.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to estimate prevalence of mortality in cannabis consumer motorcyclists across the world. A systematic review was conducted from publications PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar from August 2010 to March2019. The variances of each study were calculated using the binomial distribution formula and the heterogeneity among the studies was analyzed by Q-Cochran test with a significant level less than 0.1 and the index of changes attributed to I2 heterogeneity. The prevalence of mortality in cannabis consumer motorcyclists was estimated 0.15 (95% CI = 0.08-0.22). Subgroup analysis based on country type showed that the mortality rate of cannabis consumer motorcyclists in developed countries is 16% (0.08-0.24) and in developing countries is 8% (0.04-0.10). These findings have implications for developing interventions through presenting appropriate solution, educating people and raising awareness to address the changing nature of drug use among motorcyclists in the world.
TL;DR: There is a need for targeted public awareness campaigns on the dangers of red light running and automatic surveillance cameras should be installed at all critical signalized intersections to supplement Police efforts to enforce traffic safety laws and regulations.
Abstract: Red light running places the violator and other road users at risk of road traffic crash. The aim of this research was to undertake a baseline study to establish the current rate of red light running in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana and to determine the associated risk factors. An uninterrupted road side observational survey was conducted at 10 signalized intersections using pro-forma checklist. A binary logit model was employed to determine the risk factors associated with traffic light violations. Overall, drivers were observed running the red light in 35% of all the red phases studied. From the statistical model, red light running was found to be influenced by the age and gender of the driver, presence of a passenger in the vehicle, vehicle type, junction type, cycle length of the signal and queue length. There is a need for targeted public awareness campaigns on the dangers of red light running. The education on red light violation must be accompanied by sustained Police enforcement of the traffic law to reduce the rate of violation. Automatic surveillance cameras should be installed at all critical signalized intersections to supplement Police efforts to enforce traffic safety laws and regulations.
TL;DR: This study provides important insights into the cost-benefit analysis of China's road safety policies and shows the more serious the injury, the higher the unit economic cost.
Abstract: Fatalities and injuries resulting from road traffic crashes is always a serious problem. The overall economic losses caused by road traffic crashes are beyond imagination. Including the economic cost of property damage, productivity loss, medical cost, travel delay time cost, legal cost and insurance cost, the total economic cost of traffic crashes in China in 2017 is calculated as 490.1 billion yuan (72.6 billion USD 2017), which is equivalent to 0.60% of the GDP. The cost of productivity loss accounts for the highest proportion of total economic cost, which is 72%. The second is the travel delay cost, accounting for 12% insurance cost, property damage cost and medical cost are followed. The more serious the injury, the higher the unit economic cost. The unit cost of a crash that caused only property damage is 11,274 yuan. The unit cost of a minor injured crash is 20,223 yuan. The highest unit economic cost is the unit cost of a fatal crash, which is 3,181,394 yuan. This study provides important insights into the cost-benefit analysis of China's road safety policies.
TL;DR: The time series model estimate confirms declining trend of drivers not wearing safety seat belt and can be used by policymakers to develop intervention strategies to increase seat belt usage in Mumbai and other cities having similar traffic characteristics and social environment features.
Abstract: Safety seat belt usage has been a great interest to the transportation community. Understanding factors that influence driver’s decision of wearing a safety seat belt or not is essential in determi...
TL;DR: It is essential for the municipal agencies to focus on the public’s convenience through providing need-based infrastructures especially suiting to the elderlies and introduce pedestrian penal system, penalty for using phone while driving, or superior road crossing mechanisms such as those discussed inside.
Abstract: The pedestrians are among the most vulnerable group. This study was conducted to explain the challenges associated with pedestrian safety by taking into account the perspectives of Iranian residents in Tabriz. In this qualitative study, applying purposeful sampling approach, we recruited 49 residents to participate in structured qualitative interviews. To collect data, 3 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with 28 participants, and 21 individual interviews were conducted. Data analysis was performed applying conventional content analysis. MAXQDA10 was applied for the purpose of data management. After data analysis, six themes emerged including: (a) Pedestrians' own obstacles and challenges, (b) Driver' related obstacles and challenges, (c) Penal system related obstacles and challenges, (d) Advocacy-related obstacles and challenges, (e) Infrastructural obstacles and challenges, and (f) Management obstacles and challenges. Pedestrian safety was identified as a major but extremely intricate urban traffic and transportation issue. To promote pedestrian safety, it is essential for the municipal agencies to focus on the public's convenience through providing need-based infrastructures especially suiting to the elderlies. The agencies, here, must also introduce pedestrian penal system, penalty for using phone while driving, or superior road crossing mechanisms such as those discussed inside. The agencies should also focus on gross political commitment, and a broad strategy involving education, engineering and enforcement, institutional co-ordination within and between different levels of government and with private actors.