International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 

About: International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies is an academic journal. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Population & Context (language use). It has an ISSN identifier of 2028-9324. Over the lifetime, 2430 publications have been published receiving 6147 citations.

A Survey of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks Routing Protocols

Abstract: In recent years, the aspect of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is becoming an interesting research area; VANET is a mobile ad hoc network considered as a special case of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Similar to MANET, VANET is characterized as autonomous and self-configured wireless network. However, VANET has very dynamic topology, large and variable network size, and constrained mobility; these characteristics led to the need for efficient routing and resource saving VANET protocols, to fit with different VANET environments. These differences render traditional MANET's protocols unsuitable for VANET. The aim of this work is to give a survey of the VANETs routing mechanisms, this paper gives an overview of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and the existing VANET routing protocols; mainly it focused on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication and protocols. The paper also represents the general outlines and goals of VANETs, investigates different routing schemes that have been developed for VANETs, as well as providing classifications of VANET routing protocols (focusing on two classification forms), and gives summarized comparisons between different classes in the context of their methodologies used, strengths, and limitations of each class scheme compared to other classes. Finally, it extracts the current trends and the challenges for efficient routing mechanisms in VANETs.

Interoperability in Healthcare: Benefits, Challenges and Resolutions

Abstract: Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play significant roles in the improvement of patient care and the reduction of healthcare cost by facilitating the seamless exchange of vital information among healthcare providers. Thus, clinicians can have easy access to patients' information in a timely manner, medical errors are reduced, and health related records are easily integrated. However, as beneficial as data interoperability is to healthcare, at present, it is largely an unreached goal. This is chiefly because electronic Health Information Systems used within the healthcare organizations have been developed independently with diverse and heterogeneous ICT tools, methods, processes and procedures which result in a large number of heterogeneous and distributed proprietary models for representing and recording patients' information. Consequently, the seamless, effective and meaningful exchange of patients' information is yet to be achieved across healthcare systems. This paper therefore appraises the concepts of interoperability in the context of healthcare, its benefits and its attendant challenges. The paper suggests that the adoption of a standardized healthcare terminology, education strategy, design of useable interfaces for ICT tools, privacy and security issues as well as the connection of legacy systems to the health network are ways of achieving complete interoperability of electronic based Health Information Systems in healthcare.

Biodegradable waste to biogas: Renewable energy option for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Energy recovery from waste is not a new field of study, but its implementation continues to be a challenge in some Arab countries. Although there is abundance of useful waste in the urban markets, practices aiming at waste to energy conversion are still negligible. In the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, so-called green markets are abundant with renewable energy potential, but the practical implementation of this potential is missing. Therefore the objective of this paper is the evaluation of waste generation in KSA for the energy recovery purpose, and to show that the conversion of green waste into biofuel is not only environmentally friendly but also financially rewarding. Since the result illustrate that the major portion of the waste generated is organic waste, anaerobic digestion is proposed waste to energy technology because of its feasibility for biodegradation of moist organic wastes into biogas. Diversion of waste into biogas and bio-fertilizer will ensure that it is treated in such a way that it becomes a useful product instead of harmful one. Furthermore as the policy makers and planners in renewable energy sector have intended for kingdom of Saudi Arabia to be "kingdom of sustainable energy" as well, hence they are needed to give special attention toward the largest Saudi Arabia's green market and should invest more to implement this plan.

Recognition of plants by Leaf Image using Moment Invariant and Texture Analysis

Abstract: This paper presents a simple and computationally good method for plant species recognition using leaf images. Recognition of plant images is one of the research topics of computer vision. The use of shape for recognizing objects has been actively studied since the beginning of object recognition in 1950s. Several authors suggest that object shape is more informative than its appearance properties such as texture and color vary between object instances more than the shape. Initially we have scanned leaf images which are two dimensional in nature and segmented the images by mathematical morphological segmentation and then extracted the high frequency feature of image. For removing the noise, the image has been converted into binary, than complemented and multiplied by filtered image. We quantitatively establish the use of texture for detection various leaf images of same tree that are difficult by other classical methods of image processing. Further we use Nearest Neighborhood classification method to classify plant leaf. In this paper we focuses mainly on image enhancement, image segmentation, high frequency feature extraction, noise remove from background, volume fraction, inverse difference moment, moment invariant and morphological feature such as area convexity.

Consumer buying decisions models: A descriptive study

Abstract: Most of the theories of consumer buying decision-making assume that the consumer's purchase decision process consists of several steps. However, it may vary from product to services but all the customers pass through similar process. This study will help the marketers to understand various steps in the whole process of consumer decision making for final purchase of the products of their choices. The marketers may improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues which are most common in the different consumer decision model developed by earlier researchers and scholars of marketing management. In the present study we have tried to identify the major cues for purchase decision making and we have also explained various buying decision model which are most valuable in marketing literature like consumer psychology (how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives), the psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment, behavior while at shopping, consumer knowledge or information processing abilities etc. and we have focused as how marketer can improve methods to convince the customers effectively.