Showing papers in "International journal of innovative research and development in 2013"

Pavement Deterioration and its Causes

Abstract: In this paper Pavement failure is defined in terms of decreasing serviceability caused by the development of cracks and ruts. Before going into the maintenance strategies, we must look into the causes of failure of bituminous pavements. Failures of bituminous pavements are caused due to many reasons or combination of reasons. Application of correction in the existing surface will enhance the life of maintenance works as well as that of strengthening layer. It has been seen that only 3 parameters i.e. unevenness index, pavement cracking and rutting are considered while other distresses have been omitted while going for maintenance operations. Along with the maintenance techniques there are various methods for pavement preservation which will help in enhancing the life of pavement and delaying of its failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible causes of pavement distresses, and to recommend remedies to minimize distress of the pavement. The paper describes lessons learnt from pavement failures and problems experienced during the last few years on a number of projects in India. Based on the past experiences various pavement preservation techniques and measures are also discussed which will be helpful in increasing the serviceable life of pavement.

Rough Set Theory and Its Applications

Abstract: Similar to data mining, three major web mining operations include clustering, association rule mining, and sequential analysis. Typical clustering operations in web mining involve finding natural groupings of web resources or web users. Researchers have found and pointed at some important and fundamental differences between clustering in conventional applications and clustering in web mining. Moreover, due to variety of reasons inherent in web browsing and web logging, the likelihood of bad and incomplete data is higher. This is where Rough Set Theory can play a crucial role and researchers have been utilizing this in clustering the incomplete data and thus aiding in decision making. This paper aims at understanding the Rough Set Theory and its applications in web mining.

Survey on Mining High Utility Itemset from Transactional Database

Abstract: In this paper, discovery of itemsets with high utility like profits. Many algorithms have been proposed that having problem of producing a large number of candidate itemsets for high utility itemsets. Such a large number of candidate itemsets degrades the mining performance in terms of execution time and space requirement. This situation is difficult when the database contains lots of long transactions or long high utility itemsets. In this paper, we propose two algorithms, namely utility pattern growth (UP-Growth) and UP-Growth + , for mining high utility itemsets with a set of effective strategies for pruning candidate itemsets. Information of high utility itemsets maintained in Up-tree, candidate itemsets can be generated efficiently with only two scans of database. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms, especially UP Growth + , not only reduce the number of candidates effectively but also outperform other algorithms substantially in terms of runtime, especially when databases contain lots of long transactions.

Working Capital Management And Corporate Performance. Special Reference To Manufacturing Firms On Nairobi Securities Exchange

Abstract: This paper captures aspects regarding relationships between Working Capital Management and Corporate Performance of manufacturing firms listed on the Nairobi securities exchange. A sample of 20 companies whose data for 5 years from 2007-2011 was selected. For analysis Principal components analysis (PCA) is used due to its simplicity and its capacity of extracting relevant information from confusing data sets. Regression of the principal component show that that working capital proxies CCC, ACP and control variables CLTA, NSCA & FATA are significant at 95% confidence (p values are < .05) To performance.

Analysis of Critical Causes of Delays in Indian Infrastructure Projects

Abstract: Due to the inherent risks and increasing complexity of modern construction projects, delays and cost overruns have become common facts in the industry. Researchers and practitioners have used many techniques to assess project delays and apportion delay responsibility among the parties involved. This paper deals with the causes which critically effect in delay of infrastructure projects in India. The delays and cost overruns have become a hallmark of infrastructure projects in India. Recently commissioned, Bandra-worli sea link amply demonstrates the state of project delivery system in the country. It was planned as a Rs300 crore project to be completed by 2004, has actually cost Rs1600 crores with the delay of five years. A survey with different construction companies in India is done to find out the critical reasons which are mainly affecting in the delay of the construction projects in India. With the help of the literature reviews and a discussion with various construction parties 73 causes of delay are found which are mainly affecting the industry. The identified causes are combined into nine groups. The field of survey included 20 cotractors, 1 consultant, and 1 owner. Data collected were analyzed by frequency, severity and importance indices. The members of survey were from the various construction industries of India. The names were listed in the paper.

Data Mining: Performance Improvement In Education Sector Using Classification And Clustering Algorithm

Abstract: T h e ability to predict a student’s performance is very important in educationalenvironments. Students’ academic performance is based upon diverse factors like personal, social, Psychological and other environmental variables. A very promising tool to attain this objective is the use of Data Mining. Data mining techniques are used to discover hidden information patterns and relationships of large amount of data, which is very much helpful in decision making. A single data contains a lot of information. The type of information is produced by the data and it decides the processing method of data. A lot of data that can produce valuable information, in education sector contains this valuable information. Which helps the education sector to capture and compile low cost information for this information and communication technology is used. Now-a-days educational database is increased rapidly because of the large amount of data stored in it. The loyal students motivate the higher education systems, to know them well; the best way is by using valid management and processing of the students' database. Data mining approach provides valid information from existing student to manage relationships with upcoming students.

Socio-Economic Status Measurement Scale: Thirst Area With Changing Concept For Socio-Economic Status

Abstract: Background: socioeconomic status (SES) is an important determinant of health and it also influences actual utilization of various available health facilities. Society is not static social classes change over the time with changing concepts of SES. Objectives: To develop and test a new Scale to measure SES Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the year 2012 on 1155 families identified by stratified random technique. The proposed SES scale is having 7 items scoring each one from ‘0’ to ‘7’. Applicability and reliability were tested 60 (5% of sampled population) families. Proposed SES scale was compared with VAS score scale for SES in 1155 families. Data collected were analysed and inferred with chi-square and correlation test. Result: The proposed SES scale includes education, occupation, income per capita, expenditure, housing Condition, living status and debt to assets ratio. Applicability (96.67%), Reliability (r=0. 93) and validity (r=0. 97) of the proposed SES was found very high in the present study. Proposed SES scale determines SES classes almost in a similar way as with the VAS score with a little difference (P=0. 431) in Class III and Class IV. Conclusion: The proposed SES scale includes the majority of the determinants of social class in a composite subjective manner. Applicability, Reliability and validity of the proposed SES was found very high. Proposed SES scale is able to discriminate families between different socioeconomic statuses. So this proposed scale is fit to use in community based study.

Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) - A Review

Abstract: As the world population increases, the demand increases for quality drinking water. Surface and groundwater resources are being utilized faster than they can be recharged. Rainwater harvesting is an old practice that is being adopted by many nations as a viable decentralized water source. This paper reviews the methods, design of rainwater harvesting systems, and its impacts adopted in all parts of the world.

Mobile Banking: A Study on Adoption&challenges in Southern Rajasthan, India

Abstract: Information technology has basically been used under two different avenues in banking. One is communication and connectivity and other is business process. Today, banks have welcomed wireless and mobile technology into their boardroom to offer their customers the freedom to pay bills, planning payments while stuck in traffic jams, to receive updates on the various marketing efforts while present at a party to provide more personal and intimate relationships. This paper examines consumer adoption of a new electronic payment service as mobile banking and the factors influencing the adoption of mobile banking in South Rajasthan. A sample size of 100 account holders with different banks was taken for the study and random sampling method was used. Both primary & secondary data's were used for the study. Primary objective of this study is to- To study the adoption of Mobile banking services by Customers in Southern Rajasthan. To identify factors influencing the Adoption and Usage of Mobile banking in South Rajasthan. The paper is based on Exploratory Research. This research is both quantitative and qualitative. This research is based on the data collected through "Questionnaire" with Mobile banking User and Non-user. Total period for this study was forty days. Results indicate that consumers get disheartened by the complicated functions while accessing the mobile banking services which lead them to the dissatisfaction level as no proper guidance is to be provided to them. The fact is that the factor risk and security are the most considerable significant factors for banking service adoption, and particularly in relation to 'new' electronic environment. The result indicate that consumers are serious about the risk of conducting banking via a wireless channel, measured in terms of overall security and trustworthiness of the services offered. However, because of various problems in mbanking system this is not widely accepted by South Rajasthan bank customers.

Mobile Phones; A Boon or Bane for Mankind? - Behavior of Medical Students

Abstract: As the science develops new innovations as well as new products come for the comfort and help of mankind to lesser physical and mental labor and input efforts for a particular task. One of the good examples is calculator and other is mobile phone, they help us to this extent that somehow we become dependent on both of them and to a larger extent on mobile phones. Today this is difficult to think a life without a mobile phone because this is not only a phone but also a calculator, camera, computer, email, store house of information, play station and a lovely music system too. These reasons are enough compelling to have and use mobile phones in our day to day life for any gender or age. This usage of mobile phone is increasing day by day in numbers as well as in per hour per person usage too. This too much or unusual use or unsafe usage has become some sort of psychological and physical dependence to an extent of addiction lending in behavioral changes. This is dual sword. As a good citizen, we are in a position to analyze whether the science and technology like mobile is doing good to human beings or it harms if, so on what cost? mobile is lifeline in hands of health care professionals, aa need in emergency to anyone, plumber,electrician, laundry, food and catering services all are just a phone call away but misuses are also many like small time to big time thieves, terrorists, match fixing, MMS scandals, ransoms, crimes etc. Anything of too much becomes a nuisance, mobile phones are helpful or do much harm in terms of studies, concentration, focus, behavior and dependency? is the purpose of this survey and analysis in MBBS medical students.

Influence Of Social Media Marketing On Performance Of Telecommunication Firms In Kenya

Abstract: Social media has altered how people lives and institutions in ways that people are only beginning to comprehend. The main objective of this study is to establish the effect of social media marketing on performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya; a case of Safaricom Ltd. To achieve this, the study was guided by four objectives: how does social media affect the performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya;the effect of technology on Safaricom performance in Kenya’s market share; promotional campaigns and its impact on performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya; and examine the role of customer feedback on business sales performance. The study found out that social media improved the performance of the organization as it offered a platform for marketing at a cheaper cost compared to other forms of marketing available. As a result of improvement in technology, the study established that social media increased the competitiveness of the firm. The study also established that promotional campaign boosted performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya as it increased sales and revenue beyond the promotion period. As a result of real-time customer feedback facilitated by social media, the study established that customer feedback on social media enabled the firm in understanding the needs of customers hence meet them better thereby promoting customer loyalty.

Motion Artifact Reduction in Photoplethysmographic Signals: A Review

Abstract: Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a simple and low-cost optical technique that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. The PPG technology has been used in a wide range of commercially available medical devices for measuring oxygen saturation, blood pressure and cardiac output, assessing autonomic function and also detecting peripheral vascular disease. The recorded PPG signal acquired using PPG sensors are usually corrupted with Motion Artifacts (MA) due to the voluntary or involuntary movements of patient. The identification and elimination of MA has received much attention in the literature over recent years. This review focuses on the methods for MA reduction from corrupted PPG signals.

Scenario Of Climate Change And Human Health In India

Abstract: The article review the issues related to climate change and its adverse impact on human health in India. Evidences shows that in India climate change has caused threat to public health from extreme weather related disasters like air and water borne infection, vector borne infectious diseases and heat related morbidity and mortality. Research linking tem­perature and health effects in India is sparse. Understandingof the current impact of weather and climate variability on population health is the first step for assessing theeffects of temperature, rainfall, infectious diseases and extreme weather.

Personal Values Approach for a Better Understanding of Consumer Behaviour

Abstract: Studies on consumer behaviour aims to gain a deeper understanding of individual consumer and their behaviour patterns to develop an understanding of what motivates and influences their buying behaviour. There is a significant shift in the focus of studies on consumer behaviour - from demographics to psychographics. The common psychographic variables used in studies relate to personality, values, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles. Studies indicate that personal values may be more useful than the other psychographic variables in understanding human behaviour as they are more central to an individual's cognitive system. Past studies have attempted to establish an association of values with individual buying decision behaviour. This paper substantiates that 'personal values of individuals have significant influence on their behaviour as a consumer' by drawing references to few studies that had used personal values as the independent variable in understanding consumer behaviour. A brief introduction to various values scales used in consumer behaviour studies is also presented here.

Preventive Medicine In Children: An Ayurvedic Approach Highlighting Native Vaccinations

Abstract: Preventive medicine is the specialty of medical practice that focuses on the health of individuals, communities, and defined populations. The proper healthy public should be built right from the childhood itself. For the same purpose, the ancient science of life, Ayurveda advocates several tonics / immune boosters that build up the child's strength to fight diseases. The various such preparations are randomly explained by different Ayurveda Acharyas in different Ayurvedic classics. Here, an effort is made to bring all those Ayurvedic preparations dealt by Acharyas under one heading which can serve the purpose as native vaccination.

TSP (Team Software Process)

Abstract: As quoted by the CIO journal December 2003 issue, “By the numbers available, the software quality stinks.” The Standish Group reported in 1999 that 74% of all projects were not successful. According to a survey by Standish Group in 2002, only 34 % of the software development is successful. Around 38 billion US dollars are lost every annum due to software failure and one of the major reasons for this high failure rate is poor software quality. Typical software projects are often late, over budget, of poor quality, and difficult to track. Engineers often have unrealistic schedules dictated to them and are kept in the dark as to the business objectives and customer needs. They are required to use imposed processes, tools, and standards, and often take shortcuts to meet schedule pressures. Very few teams can consistently be successful in this environment. As software systems get larger and more complex, these problems only get worse. The best projects are an artful balance of conflicting forces. To balance these conflicting forces, teams must understand the complete context for their projects.

Women Entrepreneurship Development In Bangladesh Challenges And Prospects

Abstract: The study is exploratory in nature and attempts to disclose the major barriers and challenges towards women entrepreneurship development, major problems faced by women entrepreneurs in bangladesh. More women entrepreneurs are getting involved in economic activities of the country especially in the small scale of business and more or less they are playing a significant role to boost up our economy. Paucity of fund is one of the major problems along with lacking of knowledge, lacking of sufficient information are other mentionable problems. Besides, institutional support from different government and non-government institutions is required for development and growth of women entrepreneur. Moreover, legal and institutional guidelines are also highly required to make a trade-off between challenges and future prospects of women entrepreneur so that they can feel encourage creating new venture with new hope. To accomplish the objective of the study primary and secondary data were used. The study also suggests that both government and non-government institution have to come forward together for the development of women entrepreneurship in bangladesh.

Plastic Pipe Defects Minimmization

Abstract: This study present a systematic approach to find the root causes for the occurrence of defects and wastes in plastic extrusion process in the case company. Particularly defects such as surface roughness and scratch, bulging, sink marks, uneven wall thickness, dimensional variation, centering problem, tears and marks were identified defects. To identify the root causes of these defects, cause-and -effect diagram were implemented. From the diagram, the major root causes of each defect were the extrusion process parameters such as, the vacuum pressure, temperature, take-off speed, screw speed of the extrusion process and raw material properties. According to the data of the company about 76.758% these root causes are caused by operators. This is due to inappropriate setting of operational parameters. The most frequently occurring defects were identified through Pareto chart. After identifying these frequently occurring defects, by applying Taguchi’s method of quality engineering for optimum setting of process parameters for the plastic product so that those defects were minimized by reducing variation of performance (quality) from target value. Bruh Tesfa Irrigation and Water technology PLC (BTIWTPLC) company, used as a case in order to conduct Taguchi’s method (design of experiment) together with quality loss function for the selected products. Particularly, the quality loss for the current performance variation was calculated using Taguchi’s principle of loss function and requirement for improvement was verified. In this case design of experiment was applied to optimize the process parameters of the four selected products and those products were selected from pipe HDPE1 O 50mm and Plain pipe ∅ 25mm. Four independent process parameters were investigate, namely Vacuum pressure, Take-off speed ,screw speed and Temperature were considered for DOE. .Commercial Minitab 15 software was used to analyze the result of the experiment based on the result of analysis optimum process parameters were selected. Here loss function was calculated and compared with the quality loss before applying of design of experiment. From this it was understood that, using Taguchi’s method of design of experiment the quality loss because of performance deviation (scrap inclusive) improves by about 85.201% for the selected products, Here also the Structural tests of main pipe mechanical properties (tensile and hydrostatic pressure property) have been tested using the universal testing machine. From the test conducted that, the plastic product characteristic were within the target application without failure. In addition, to minimize defects caused by non-linear properties (i.e. sharkskin, melt fracture and extrudate swell) mathematical modeling and analytical calculation were made. Accordingly, the best operating parameters including; maximum pressure, residence time, the required operating torque and speed of the extruder screw were determined.

The State of Art: Smart Cities in India: A Literature Review Report

Abstract: The Smart Cities can be abbreviated as Sustainable Management Action Resource Tools for Cities. Smart cities’ is the latest concept when it comes to building the cities of the future. Smart cities are expected to be the key to combining sustainable future with continued economic growth and job creation. This paper emphasizing a review on "The State of Art – Smart Cities creation in India" based on some scholastically reviewed research articles and online databases. More over this paper discussing about smart cities - concepts, operational definitions, dimensions, technologies that are driving and finally four Indian smart cities.

Succession Planning And Family-Owned Business ContinuityIn The Wa Municipality

Abstract: The focus of this paper was to determine the extent of succession planning by owners/founders of family businesses and its importance in ensuring the continuity and prosperity of businesses in the Wa Municipality. The design was an exploratory study on the extent to which family-owned businesses (FOBs) appreciate succession planning as an important aspect of business continuity. A sample of 205 was drawn randomly from a population of 440 family businesses in the Municipality. An interview schedule was used to collect and analysed data with descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicated that many of the FOBs in the Municipality do not have formal or written succession plans for their businesses, founders /owners of FOBs preferred the appointment of a family member as a successor and the selection and training of a successor is paramount in the succession process.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm: Parameters Effect And Analysis

Abstract: Optimization is a method of finding the optimum solution i.e. finding the maximum or minimum of a given objectives, subjected to various constraints. In the literature, various advanced optimization techniques are available out of which particle swarm optimization is one of the advanced optimization technique. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an efficient optimization method. Like other algorithm PSO is also population based algorithm. The PSO is inspired by the metaphor of social interaction observed between fishes or birds. In a PSO algorithm, each particle is a candidate solution and each particle “flies” through the search space, depending on two important factors; the best position the current particle have found so far and the global best position identified from the entire population. PSO has been used in many fields such as in aerospace design, manufacturing, heat transfer and automobile. In the present work PSO algorithm is applied on standard benchmark functions such as Rastrigin function, problem with equality and inequality constraints. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied on different Benchmark function for tunning various parameters like inertia weight, social parameter and cognitive parameter. Results obtained by particle swarm optimization algorithm are compared with results of previous work and it is observed that the results obtained by PSO algorithm are better than the previous result.

New Symmetric Key Cryptographic Algorithm Using Combined Bit Manipulation And MSA Encryption Algorithm: NJJSAA Symmetric Key Algorithm

Abstract: In the present work the authors have introduced a new advanced symmetric key cryptographic method called NJJSAA. The authors introduced new bit manipulation method for data encryption and decryption of any file. Nath et al already developed some symmetric key methods [1, 2, 3, 4] where they have used some randomized key matrix for encryption and decryption methods. In the present work the authors have used a bit manipulation method which include bit exchange, right shift and XOR operation on the incoming bits. To exchange bits the authors used a randomized key matrix of size (16x16) using the method developed by Nath et al (1). The present method allows the multiple encryption and multiple decryption. To initiate the encryption process a user has to enter a text-key which may be maximum of 16 characters long. From the text-key the authors have calculated randomization number and the encryption number. The method used was developed by Nath et al (1). A slight change in the text-key will change the randomization number and the encryption number quite a lot. Multiple encryption using bit exchange, bit right shift and XOR operations makes the system very secured. The present method is a block cipher method and it can be applied to encrypt data in sensor network or in mobile network. The advantage of the present method is that one can apply this method on top of any other standard algorithm such as DES, AES or RSA. The method is suitable to encrypt any large or small file. There is a scope to further enhance the present method of encryption.

Functional Foods: Marketing ‘Health’ To Modern India

Abstract: Purpose – The paper provides an overview of the impact of urbanization on the health of Indians and the dynamic market of Functional Foods mapping the competitive landscape and the firm’s marketing effort. Design/methodology/approach – The study involves exhaustive desk research to explore, assimilate and analyse data to derive relevant information on market and marketing of Functional Foods in India. A variety of sources including the company sources, government agencies, consulting reports, scholarly papers and expert opinions have been explored. Findings – The functional food market in India is growing at a rapid pace as health as a value has percolated in the Indian society undergoing dramatic demographic shifts. The functional food market is innovation driven and dominated by Multinational companies. Ayurveda forms the basis of many Functional Food products sold in the Indian market and has been tapped predominantly by the domestic firms. Edible oil and dairy are two most important functional foods categories. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on the data from secondary sources and does not involve primary data collection. The research also suffers from a limitation of not having scholarly papers on Functional Foods market in the Indian context. To overcome this limitation the sources from industry, consulting reports and expert opinions have been referred. Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that provides insights on the Functional Foods market in India and may form the basis for further empirical research to gain consumer insights.

Ethnomedicinal Use of Herb Species Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract: This study presents first hand information about 64 prescriptions that were recorded during a field study of local traditional herbal practitioners and healers from villages at and around the tribal area of Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. The prescriptions discussed in this paper include various medicines prepared out of herbal plants in alleviating diseases that are suffered by tribal people of Khammam. Enumerated in this study are 64 herb species along with other ingredients used in the preparation of ethno medicine.

Knowledge, Attitude And Dietary Practices Of Track And Field Athletic Men And Women Aged 18-22 Years

Abstract: Background: Sports and nutrition are directly related to each other. Taking into consideration the fact that sportspersons need more energy to carry out their sporting activity effectively, it becomes of prime importance to take care of the nutrition for sports performance. Careful planning and implementation is required, when it comes to athlete sports nutrition. Objective: The purpose of this study was to see whether track and field athletes are having the proper knowledge, attitude and practice regarding sports nutrition .Design: A prospective descriptive analysis of athletes’ sources of nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices were assessed using a structured questionnaire developed by the investigator. A pilot study was conducted to validate the questionnaire that was developed. A total of one hundred and seventy eight athletic men and women aged 18 to 22 years were included in the study. An informed content was obtained from the participants. The KAP questionnaire comprises of ten questions of knowledge, attitude and practice each respectively. The results: The mean age of the athletes were 18 ± 3.2 yrs. The main nutrition sources of athletes were from coaches. The mean score of knowledge questions was 5.26 ± 1.5 and 56 % of the athletes gave correct responses on knowledge questions, whereas mean attitude score was found to be 36.3 ± 6.42 and only 47% of the athletes had a good attitude towards attitude questions. The mean dietary practices score was 5.82 ± 2.1 and 59% gave right responses to the practice questions. The results of the KAP showed fair knowledge, attitude and practice regarding sports nutritionConclusion: Fair KAP score demands nutrition education to be implemented for the athletes to have a better physical performance.

Understanding Financial Inclusion in India and Role of ICT in ICT

Abstract: Inclusive growth is absolutely necessary to pull millions of Indians out of poverty. Financial inclusion is crucial driver for such growth by covering large sections of society providing them with financial services. High economic growth in the past decade has lead to huge economic inequality in India; various efforts have been made to achieve the objectives of the financial inclusion. One such effort is adoption of ICT in Indian banking sector. This paper is an attempt to understand how the financial inclusion is happening in India by discussing and analyzing various initiatives by the Government, Reserve Bank of India, Banks and the role played by ICT.

Academic Stress among School Going Adolescents In Relation To Their Emotional Intelligence

Abstract: Most successful people do have an incisive mind, backed by high quality training as well as a host of good ideas. But if all this is coupled with Emotional Intelligence, the chances of their unmatched performance are very high. The present study was aimed at examining the relationship between academic stress and emotional intelligence of school going adolescents. The sample consisted of 200 students (100 urban and 100 rural area), further subdivided into 50 male and 50 female students in these areas. The data were collected from different senior secondary schools of District Bathinda (Punjab). The investigation revealed that the academic stress experienced by both male and female adolescents is similar, high score on EI can deal in a better way with the academic stress.

Critical Realism: Tenets and Application in Nursing

Abstract: Nursing is a distinct scientific professional discipline, with a specific body of knowledge obtained through research and clinical practice. Today, a PhD nursing scholar is entrusted with shaping and preserving the quality and vitality of professional nursing. Evidences that are assembled from diverse paradigms of inquiry, nursing theories and philosophies are more fitted to address the basic question of theory practice gap in nursing discipline. Moreover, t oday’s health and healthcare practices are multifaceted and professional nursing practice entails knowledge development to support this intricacy. Critical realism is one of the philosophical approaches that challenge such complexities and enables nurse researchers to work collaboratively across various disciplines and methods (Clark, Lissel and Davis, 2008).

Determinants Of Effective Monitoring And Evaluation Of Strategy Implementation Of Community Based Projects

Abstract: This study is carried out to determine factors affecting monitoring and evaluation of community based projects. Is important that the projects based in the community to be aware of these factors and put them into consideration right from project implementation so as to ensure the purpose of monitoring and evaluation is effectively achieved. The first section of this paper focuses on the understanding of monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring and evaluation of community based projects is affected by factors such as; lack of and understanding of the importance of monitoring and evaluation, poor skills on r esults-based monitoring and evaluation, the purposes of evaluation, the actual monitoring and evaluation process and o bjectives of monitoring and evaluation. Without a proper understanding of monitoring and evaluation, this can affect the process hence achieving inefficient results. The second section is about the importance of partnership and how they contribute to M&E strategy implementation of community based projects. Stakeholders’ analysis is also discussed in this section. Field visits is discussed in section three as it determines the effectiveness of M&E. Budgeting is very key in M&E, this is looked into in details in section four. Types of M&E within a program can also determine the effectiveness of strategy implementation and is analyzed in section five. If M&E results are not properly communicated, they can affect the effectiveness of M&E of strategy implementation of community based projects. This is looked into in section six of this paper. The study is limited to the identification of the determinants of effective M&E of community based projects. Desk research is the methodology that was used in carrying out this study.

Review of Active Reactive Power Flow Control Using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Abstract: The control of power and the usable capacity enhancement of present as well as new and upgraded line can be effectively done by FACTS technology. In this paper describe the active and reactive power flow into the line for the purposed of compensation as well as enhancement of power transmission capability of transmission line. The active and reactive power flow control through a transmission line by placing SSSC at the middle of power system. The SSSC is a voltage source convertor based series FACT device that's providing inductive, capacitive compensation independent of line current magnitudes. In this paper the series compensation for the management of power flow control used to improve the performance of the power system. This paper proposed the superior ability can only be achieved by appropriate control scheme and controller setting.