Showing papers in "International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology in 1986"
TL;DR: The authors examined the empirical support for the popular imagery of the veteran, white, rural guard as rigidly custodial and the more progressive young, urban, black officer using survey data, no support isfoundfor assumptions concerning differences by extent of urbanization or race.
Abstract: The research on correctional officers has identified a wide variety of orientations which appear relevant to their interaction with inmates. One popular view of correctional officers has rarely been the subject of empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the empirical support for the popular imagery of the veteran, white, rural guard as rigidly custodial and the more progressive young, urban, black officer. Using survey data, no support isfoundfor assumptions concerning differences by extent of urbanization or race. The effects of age are opposite those expected with interest in discretionary human service roles increasing over time.
31Â citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the deinstitutionalization movement, marked by stringent requirements for hospitalization in mental hospitals, and less onerous criteria for fitness to be discharged, has created a socially marginal class of people who are increasingly becoming a burden on lock-ups and jails.
Abstract: This paper analyses and explores one aspect of the relationship between the mental health system and the criminal justice system. Specifically, it deals with that portion of a jail population which, at one time or another, had been in the care of psychiatric hospitals. The data were collected from 339 inmates serving time in three New Jersey institutions (urban, suburban and rural). The findings suggest that the deinstitutionalization movement, marked by stringent requirements for hospitalization in mental hospitals, and less onerous criteria for fitness to be discharged, has created a socially marginal class of people who are increasingly becoming a burden on our lock-ups and jails.
29Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a consideration of economic situation and actual goods stolen was used to divide 101 shoplifters into three categories; shoplifting for profit or gain and two levels of "non-sensical" shoplifting, i.e. shoplifting not apparently motivated by need or desire.
Abstract: A consideration of economic situation and actual goods stolen was used to divide 101 shoplifters into three categories; shoplifting for profit or gain and two levels of "non-sensical" shoplifting, i.e. shoplifting not apparently motivated by need or desire. The groups were compared on demographic and relevant background information, psychosocial stressors preceding the offense, and general psychological profile. The non-sensical shoplifter is more likely to be older, married, foreignborn, adopted, to have experienced an unusual childhood stress, and to be depressed and socially isolated in comparison to other shoplifters. Shoplifters in general are more likely to be femrale than male. An explanation in terms of an accumulation of stessors over time in certain individuals was offered as one interpretation of the findings.
25Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-faceted approach was utilized to assist women offenders in a maximum security prison learn to acknowledge, accept, and constructively release their anger, resulting in increased personal control, responsibility, and empathy.
Abstract: This article explains the development and rationale for a therapeutic group with female offenders which provided a climate for exploring anger. A multi-faceted approach was utilized to assist women offenders in a maximum security prison learn to acknowledge, accept, and constructively release their anger. Outcomes included increased personal control, responsibility, and empathy. Other outcomes included an increased ability to generate and utilize alternatives which led to much more flexible, creative, and constructive responses when faced with anger provoking situations.
14Â citations
TL;DR: In order to determine how well Megargee's MMPI-based system for classifying adult offenders could be extended to a population of male juvenile delinquents, a sample of 251 adolescent offenders was obtained as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In order to determine how well Megargee's MMPI-based system for classifying adult offenders could be extended to a population of male juvenile delinquents, a sample of 251 adolescent offenders was obtained. The sample consisted of all adjudicated male delinquents aged twelve to fifteen admitted to a state training school within an eight month period of time. Ninety-four percent of this sample was classified into the ten types of offenders using this computerized MMPI-based system. The distribution of the types differed from that obtained by Megargee and Bohn with adults, however, and the distribution differed when adolescent norms were used as opposed to adult norms. Similarities and differences between the results of the current study and previous research findings were discussed, and it was concluded that the Megargee typology can be applied to an adolescent population, although some adjustments should be made. Implications of using this typology as an internal management and diagnostic classification s...
10Â citations
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TL;DR: Alcoholic patients who sought professional psychotherapy after leaving A.A. as mentioned in this paper were presented, and discussion concerning clinical issues was tendered, however, they did not specify any specific clinical issues.
Abstract: Alcoholic patients who sought professional psychotherapy after leaving A.A. are presented. Discussion concerning clinical issues is tendered.
8Â citations
TL;DR: A considerable share of the analysis in this paper centers on the author's primer on correctional treatment, Changing the Lawbreaker as discussed by the authors, pointing out the weaknesses and strengths of sociologically-based treatment theory in corrections.
Abstract: This essay begins by noting the close ties between sociology and criminology, on the one hand, and correctional treatment, on the other, that existed for the first half of the 20th century in America. That period was followed by the "nothing works" era of the 1960s and 1970s. A considerable share of the analysis in this paper centers on the author's primer on correctional treatment, Changing the Lawbreaker. Many of the weaknesses and strengths of sociologically-based treatment theory in corrections are pointed up in that examination. Two major conclusions are warranted: diagnostic typologies have failed to reflect the diversity of offender behavior, and correctional theorizing by sociological criminologists has been unduly optimistic. At the same time, the "nothing works" or punitive approach to lawbreakers is also flawed. Reaffirmation of rehabilitation is called for, and finally, some new directions for correctional treatment, based on criminological knowledge, are explored.
7Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the side effects of prediction in probation and parole including economic consequences, sentencing issues, ethical issues, moral and political issues, and legal issues and conclude with several recommendations to limit our belief and use of prediction.
Abstract: The decision to grant or deny probation or parole is dependent upon making predictions of what activity and behavior can be affected by probation or parole. However, in research conducted on correctional decision-making, the evidence shows that decision-making diverges significantly from what one would expect to be true if there were any validity to preventive or correctional claims as guides to decision-making. In light of this finding, this article discusses the side effects of prediction in probation and parole including economic consequences, sentencing issues, ethical issues, moral and political issues, and legal issues. The article concludes with several recommendations to limit our belief and use of prediction in probation and parole.
7Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and shoplifting behaviour is reviewed and the mechanisms for this association are explored and the potential for reduction/release from criminal responsibility is noted.
Abstract: The relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and shoplifting behaviour is reviewed. Three case vignettes are presented in which shoplifting is temporally associated with benzodiazepine treatment. The mechanisms for this association are explored and the potentialfor reduction/releasefrom criminal responsibility is noted.
5Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss a traumatic event and its impact on the individual, emphasizing the reemergence of earlier traumas and the importance of dealing with these developmental conflicts.
Abstract: The author discusses a traumatic event and its impact on the individual, emphasizing the reemergence of earlier traumas. The importance of dealing with these developmental conflicts is emphasized and clinical examples are presented.
5Â citations
TL;DR: Conditions of prisons in Africa are reviewed and practical suggestions regarding improvement are indicated.
Abstract: Conditions of prisons in Africa are reviewed. Practical suggestions regarding improvement are indicated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of an evaluation of a sociotherapeutic workshop within Geneva's remand prison "CHAMP-DOLLON" and find evidence that the inmates' well-being is enhanced as a result of their sociotherapy involvement.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an evaluation of a sociotherapeutic workshop within Geneva's remand prison "CHAMP-DOLLON. " We have studied a sample of guards and inmates who have participated in this activity using a direct questionnaire and grid techniques. The results suggest that participants and guards react positively to the sociotherapeutic treatment setting. Participants strongly differentiate between the sociotherapeutic workshop and the rest of the prison. There appears to be evidence that the inmates' well-being is enhanced as a result of their sociotherapeutic involvement. No conclusions about the workshop's long term effects can be drawn.
TL;DR: In this article, the primary target is the non-combatant instead of leaders of the military or government, and until there is international cooperation and agreement on the problem of terrorism, there are only a few things that can be done to protect the civilian from being a victim of a terrorist attack.
Abstract: Terrorism has changed so that the primary target is the noncombatant instead of leaders of the military or government. Until there is international cooperation and agreement on the problem of terrorism, there are only a few things that can be done to protect the civilian from being a victim of a terrorist attack.
TL;DR: Some of the major problems posed by high IPF rates for the effective delivery, operation and evaluation of community-centered programmes and interventions for delinquent youths are outlined.
Abstract: Community-based programmes and interventions for delinquent youths typically experience very high rates of in-programme failure (IPF). In view of the rapid growth in the number of such programmes, especially in North America and in Britain, it is regrettable that this phenomenon has been so under-researched. This article outlines some of the major problems posed by high IPF rates for the effective delivery, operation and evaluation of such community-centered programmes. It also proposes that research address itself to a number of IPF related issues, namely, sub-types of IPF, contributing factors, secondary prevention measures, early predictive devices and primary prevention.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze institutional procedures in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong with respect to issues of offender and relative stigmatization, organizational rationality and educational quality.
Abstract: This paper analyzes institutional procedures in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong with respect to issues of offender and relative stigmatization, organizational rationality and educational quality. It argues that while current political orientations sharply influence the institutional culture in each of the areas surveyed, constructive solutions to common institutional problems remain elusive.
TL;DR: In this paper, the author describes the experience youth of Central London encounter and possible variables associated with entrance into the life of the prostitute, and possible motivations for continuing this type of life are suggested.
Abstract: The author describes the experience youth of Central London encounter-as well as possible variables associated with entrance into the life of the prostitute. Possible motivations for continuing this type of life are suggested.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the homicide of a psychiatrist by her brother, a chronic schizophrenic, and suggested early warning signs with suggestions on how these signs could have been utilized to avert this tragedy.
Abstract: The homicide of a psychiatrist by her brother, a chronic schizophrenic, is reviewed. Precipitating events and early warning signs are considered with suggestions on how these signs could have been utilized to avert this tragedy. The victim's inability to remain objective regarding the treatment of her brother is also discussed.
TL;DR: This article analyzed the sentences passed on the 164 persons charged with forcible rape who were convicted in the Israeli courts during 1982-83 and found that none of the variables with a significant impact on the severity of the sentence is directly related to the victim.
Abstract: A substantial proportion of the reported cases of forcible rape in Israel are committed against young female tourists. The media provide extended coverage of these cases and emphasize the severe punishments imposed on the offenders, implying that the justice system regards raping a tourist as a more heinous crime than raping a local woman. Similar statements appear in judicial decisions. Reasons offered include damage to the state and to the tourist industry as well as to the victims. The present study analyzes the sentences passed on the 164 persons charged with forcible rape who were convicted in the Israeli courts during 1982-83. The unexpectedfinding is that none of the variables with a significant impact on the severity of the sentence is directly related to the victim.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the capacity of this scale to profile the behavior of adolescent offenders; and the relationship between the security of an individual's placement and the severity of their behavior.
Abstract: Since its publication the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1983) has been presented as a behavioral assessment helpful in distinguishing delinquency and emotional disturbance. This study investigated: 1) the capacity of this scale to profile the behavior of adolescent offenders; and 2) the relationship between the security of an individual's placement and the severity of their behavior. Statistical analysis of 244 behavioral ratings indicated the Checklist was successful in identifying behaviorally different subgroups of delinquent youth. The severity scores were not effective in differentiating the level of security to which the offenders were classified. The results are discussed in relation to both the treatment of individual youth and the adequacy of an agency's classification system.
TL;DR: In all the psychological writings of Sigmund Freud, there is only one which is entirely concerned with the criminal as discussed by the authors, which is a two page chapter in an article called "Some Character-types met with in Psycho-Analytic Work, " in which Freud sets forth his theory that many criminals are motivated by a sense of guilt.
Abstract: In all the psychological writings of Sigmund Freud, there is only one which is entirely concerned with the criminal. This work is a two page chapter in an article called "Some Character-Types met with in Psycho-Analytic Work, " in which Freud sets forth his theory that many criminals are motivated by a sense of guilt. The rest of Freud's references to criminals are scattered amongst a prolific number of articles and books, written during a career spanning over forty years. The article which follows attempts to tie together these scattered references and do what, in fact, Freud never did-deliver a complete and systematic study on the criminal mind. While the paper attempts to base itself firmly in Freud's own words and thoughts, even to mimic his style, some extrapolation and speculation is always necessary when one moves from unsystematic parts to an organized whole.
TL;DR: The results of a recent survey of juvenile probation officers are presented which describe demographic features, work patterns, and philosophies of the officers as discussed by the authors, and a description of the contents of juvenile defendant reports prepared by the juvenile officers.
Abstract: The results of a recent survey of juvenile probation officers are presented which describe demographic features, work patterns, and philosophies of the officers. Presented is a description of the contents of juvenile defendant reports prepared by the juvenile officers. The results of both databases are correlated and highlighted with two suggested sample reports.
TL;DR: The role and importance of informal networks and power structures became readily apparent, not only in terms of institutional management, but also in successful management of one's life while incarcerated as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: As part of an evaluation for a rehabilitative/reintegrative program, the author spent 52 days incarcerated in a Massachusetts County House of Corrections. During this period, the role and importance of informal networks and power structures became readily apparent, not only in terms of institutional management, but in terms of successful management of one's life while incarcerated. In order to facilitate institutional management, informal networks between administrators and inmates, staff and inmates, and among inmates were developed outside of the formal organizational context. To enhance one's position in the institution, it was beneficial for all participants to develop ties with this informal organizational structure.
TL;DR: In this article, the Pygmalion effect on student interest and comprehension is demonstrated in a prison classroom at a college-level course on social deviance, and the results indicate that the teacher's expectations in combination with subject matter relevant to the student's interests and comprehension are sufficient to produce a successful learning experience.
Abstract: A marked change in student achievement due to teachers' expectations and corresponding favorable treatment is called the "pygmalion effect. " An example of the Pygmalion effect on student interest and comprehension to produce a successful learning experience is demonstrated in a prison classroom at a college-level course on social deviance. This paper illustrates the extent to which the researcher-teacher's prophecy regarding the success of the inmate-students can fulfill itself against seemingly overwhelming odds of contradictory expectations held by the institution staff and, initially, by the students themselves. The contradictory expectations were apparent in the unsolicited statements of staff teacher, and students. Student interest and comprehension were assessed in terms of course completion, classroom discussion, outside of class work, and correct use and personalization of theoretical concepts. The results indicate that the teacher's expectations in combination with subject matter relevant to the...
TL;DR: In this article, a developmental typology for appraising training needs in a complex and changing organisation is proposed from a practice teacher's viewpoint, focusing on the central issues around which the concern is centered.
Abstract: Widespread concern is increasingly being expressed by those who have a direct involvement in the development of potential Probation Officers, about the relevance of much professional training. The purpose of this article-written primarily from a practice teacher's standpoint-is to locate the central issues around which the concern is centered and then to propose a developmental typology for appraising training needs in a complex and changing organisation.