Showing papers in "International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology in 1989"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors surveyed over 500 women concerning the reasons they were drawn into police work and why they have remained in police work, and found that open sexual harassment and sex discrimination was much more common than supposed-particularly by supervisors and command who not only tolerated such practices by others, but were frequently themselves prone to such illegal behaviors.
Abstract: The author, in cooperation with a number of Police Officer Standards and Training Academies in the West surveyed over 500 women concerning the reasons they were drawn into police work, as well as the reasons they have remained in police work. Further, the women were asked to identify sex-based problems they encounter in police work in an effort to validate other existing evidence. The study is provocative in that what attracts women into law enforcement careers are more traditional than was supposed. Open sexual harassment and sex discrimination was much more common than supposed-particularly by supervisors and command who not only tolerated suchpractices by others, but were frequently themselves prone to such illegal behaviors. Lastly, P.O. S. T. academies need to understand these problems and do some re-design of core curricula. Most of the women surveyed like being a cop, and enjoyed police work.
44 citations
39 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared three privately operated prisons with three publicly operated prisons in an effort to learn which is run more efficiently, and found that the private prisons provided more services at lower cost than their public counterparts.
Abstract: This article compares three privately operated prisons with three publicly operated prisons in an effort to learn which is run more efficiently. Through a comparative cost analysis of private and public prisons the author found that the private prisons provided more services at lower cost than their public counterparts. Factors that may have contributed to this include: increased economies when purchasing goods; less bureaucratic red tape; better control over resources; more flexible manpower usage; and the ability to build prisons quickly.The author concluded from the findings of this study that comparative cost analyses and possible future research on the privatization of prisons will support the argument by proponents of prison privatization that private operation ofprisons is a worthwhile endeavor.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterize the shoplifting behavior of 132 adult middle class shoplifters as rational, non-rational, or mixed depending on the extent to which the subject's theft was calculated to achieve a goal.
Abstract: This article characterizes the shoplifting behavior of 132 adult middle class shoplifters as "rational, " "nonrational, " or "mixed, " depending on the extent to which the subject's theft was calculated to achieve a goal. The findings suggest that though there are certain demographicdifferences between the types, there appears to be little difference between groups in terms of the types of stores targeted, the type of items stolen, the value of the items stolen, or thefrequency ofshoplifting incidents. It is suggested, therefore, that contrary to earlier research, nonrational types pose a significant threat to store security since they do not consider the possibilities of apprehension and once apprehended the experience does not change their attitudes toward shoplifting. It is speculated that preventive approaches to loss prevention utilizing highly visible uniformed officers might help to deter nonrational offenders.
25 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that the Alcohol Dependence Scale may be a useful tool in the treatment planning for inmates with alcohol use histories.
Abstract: The Alcohol Dependence Scale (Skinner and Horn, 1984) was administered to a representative sample of Canadian male offenders to determine the scale'sfactor structure and internal reliability, and to give some evidence of its validity. Results indicate that theADS may be a useful tool in the treatment planning for inmates with alcohol use histories.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the extent and origins of sexual victimization perpetrated upon incarcerated male juvenile offenders and found that significantly large numbers of adolescent males entering the juvenile justice system have been victimized and the incidence of sexual molestation and abuse within this population is often underreported and misunderstood.
Abstract: While sexual victimization is one of the mostprevalentforms of child abuse reported within this country, investigations into the history of such abuse among groups ofjuvenile offenders remain limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent and origins of sexual victimizations perpetrated upon incarcerated male juvenile offenders. The results suggest significantly large numbers of adolescent males entering the juvenile justice system have been victimized and the incidence of sexual molestation and abuse within this population is often under-reported and misunderstood. These findings are discussed in relation to the need for developing intervention and treatment strategies within residential programs and the self-reinforcing cycle of abuse often found among the families of youthful offenders.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the social and psychological consequences of terrorism on coastal communities in the northwestern region of Mindanao are examined based upon field observations, interviews, and document analysis, and a typology of adaptations to terrorism is offered, reflecting a variety of role stresses resulting from living in a hostile region.
Abstract: Based upon field observations, interviews, and document analysis, this research examines social and psychological consequences of terrorism on coastal communities in the northwestern region of Mindanao. Attention is given to the manner Filipinos have reacted to the continuing presence of terroristic violence (i.e., ambush, murder, kidnaping, and property destruction). Particular focus is placed on thef luctuating features of culture, personality, interaction, and situation as indicators of how citizens have coped with a hostile environment. At a more societal level, the influence of terrorism on the basic social institutions is scrutinized. A typology of adaptations to terrorism is offered, reflecting a variety of role stresses resulting from living in a hostile region.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that two types of antisocial personality"primitive" borderline and "narcissistic"-manifest distinct manipulative styles. But, the defense of manipulation emerges to compensate for failure to complete essential identity-affirming steps in the separation-individuation process.
Abstract: Rather than being ajustification for treatment termination, manipulation is a psychological defense which plays an essential identity-stabilizing role in the psychic economy of antisocial personalities. As a psychological defense, manipulation is interpretable, revealing the point offixation and the infantile object relations that remain pathologically activated in adulthood. It issuggested that the defense of manipulation emerges to compensateforfailure to complete essential identity-affirming steps in the separation-individuation process. It is suggested that two types of antisocial personality"primitive" borderline and "narcissistic"-manifest distinct manipulative styles. Put simply, failure to complete specific essential steps in the identity-formation process results in specific forms of distrust in self and others, leaving manipulative styles in place of normalfeelings and expressions of confidence, respect, and mutuality.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on how male and female probation officers attempt to explain the reasons for male andfemale delinquency, and suggest that there is an interactive effect of the sex of the probation officer and the minor on attributions.
Abstract: In recent years a controversy has developed over the extent of gender discrimination in the juvenile justice system. This article focuses specifically on how male and female probation officers attempt to explain the reasons for male and female delinquency. Independent observers ranked open-ended responses from probation officers along several causal dimensions. Peer conformity was given as the major explanation for both male andfemale delinquency. However, delinquent girls were seen as rebelling against traditional norms, while delinquent boys were regarded as conforming to gender roles. Both male and female probation officers judged same sex minors as having a lower self-esteem. It is suggested that there is an interactive effect of the sex of the probation officer and the minor on attributions. These interactions may result in differential treatment.
9 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that the longer the elapsed time between first contact with the juvenile justice system and adjudication, the worse the prognosis for a criminal conviction in adult life, and that the type of adjudication disposition (probation vs. placement) did not make a difference in adult outcome.
Abstract: A 10 to 25 year follow-up, of two randomly selected groups of previously adjudicated delinquents from two Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) counties, reveals that the longer the elapsed time between first contact with the juvenile justice system and adjudication-the worse the prognosis for a criminal conviction in adult life. In both counties, those delinquent youth who were adjudicated at first juvenile court referral hadsignificantly lower rates of adult conviction than those delinquent youth who were adjudicated at a later referral. The type of adjudication disposition (probation vs. placement) did not make a difference in adult outcome.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted an interview with four convicted child molesters under New York State Parole Supervision to determine whether or not they had received counseling, if they perceived that counseling was effective, and if any reported urges to molest children following incarceration.
Abstract: Child molestation occurs at a rather high rate in the United States. A reduction may depend on the ability of law enforcement personnel to ascertain the extent to which a child molester continues to be interested in child molestation following incarceration. Seventyfour convicted child molesters under New York State Parole Supervision were interviewed in an attempt to determine: 1. whether or not they had received counseling; 2. if they perceived that counseling was effective; and 3. to identify which, if any, reported urges to molest children following incarceration.Results indicated that most of the subjects had not received specific sexual counseling while incarcerated and that 80% reported that they were not in need of counseling. Implications of these findings are discussed as well as the need to educate parole officers concerning the importance of community after care.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that human beings have minds, not just brains, and that some criminals have criminal minds, and certain hypotheses have been tendered to validate these two phenomena.
Abstract: Human beings have minds-not just brains. Some criminals have criminal minds. An effort has been made to affirm these two phenomena in the body of this article. As a result, certain hypotheses have been tendered.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that disresponsibility has interfered with our ability to understand and manage criminal behavior because it provides the lifestyle criminal with legitimately sounding excuses for his norm-violating actions.
Abstract: Lifestyle criminality is defined as a life pattern of irresponsible, self-indulgent, interpersonally intrusive, social rule breaking behavior. Disresponsibility is a process in which a person's actions and behavior are attributed to factors other than the person himself. It is argued that disresponsibility has interfered with our ability to understand and manage criminal behavior because it provides the lifestyle criminal with legitimately sounding excuses for his norm-violating actions. Strategies by which we can move from apsychology of disresponsibility to one which emphasizes personal responsibility are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors outline a practice approach for the front-line workers who are responsible for identifying and providing services to youths in corrections, based on three theories: Childhood Developmental Theory, Social Control Theory, and Social Learning Theory.
Abstract: The Young OffendersAct (YOA) (1984) in Canada is a relatively new legislation that attempts to "connect" offending youths to appropriate services in the community. The front-line workers who are responsiblefor identifying andproviding services to youths may have one of the most diffi cult jobs in corrections. A goal of this article is to outline a practice approach for the front-line workers.There are numerous theories that attempt to explain juvenile delinquency. From the many theories, three were chosen for closer examination. The three theories are: Childhood Developmental Theory; Social Control Theory; and Social Learning Theory. These approaches were examined for practice directions related to the tasks prescribed by the YOA. Elements from each of these theories are drawn together to create underpinnings for the proposed practice approach.The choice for a rehabilitative approach is made at the outset of this paper. The tasks of thefront-line worker include assessing youths' needs and locating service...
TL;DR: In this paper, a multidisciplinary theory is offered to explain the persistent juvenile offender's criminal behavior, starting from the assumption that in the case of the chronic juvenile delinquent we are dealing with a failing socialization process.
Abstract: This article focuses on the persistent juvenile offender. A multidisciplinary theory is offered to explain his criminal behavior.This theory starts from the assumption that in the case of the chronic juvenile delinquent we are dealing with afailing socialization process.Factors influencing the outcome of this socialization process are discussed and analyzedfrom a developmentalperspective.Working hypotheses are presented to help understand why some developments may lead to behavioral problems such as criminal activities, while in other cases internalization ofproblems can be observed.This article is an attempt at integration of existing theories concerning the persistent juvenile offender.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply psychoanalytic theory to police crisis situations involving the mentally disturbed, arguing that police officers can achieve greater control in a psychiatric disturbance situation if they conceive of and treat the person more like a system offorces than a set of personality characteristics.
Abstract: Psychoanalytic theory is applied to police crisis situations involving the mentally disturbed. After noting shortcomings of the traditional, commonsensical ways of dealing with such individuals, a discussion of thestrengths of a psychoanalytic method ispresented. It is argued thatpolice officers can achieve greater control in a psychiatric disturbance situation if they conceive of and treat the person more like a system offorces than a set ofpersonality characteristics. Concrete examples are discussed illustrating the method advocated.
TL;DR: This paper examined retrospectively the distribution of Pd and non-Pd two-point codes and ICD-9 diagnoses for 470 court-referred patients and found that Pd twopoint codes were not useful in identifying anti social personality disorders and were often present in individuals with either major psychiatric disorders or no disorders at all.
Abstract: This study examines retrospectively the distribution of Pd and non-Pd two-point codes and ICD-9 diagnoses for 470 court-referred patients. Pd two-point codes were notfound to be useful in identifying anti social personality disorders and were often present in individuals with either major psychiatric disorders or no disorders at all. These findings are discussed with reference to current interpretations of Pd codes.
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-pronged approach is proposed in which administration, security and treatment staff share in joint efforts to maintain a constructive program for prisoners who are close to the completion of their prison sentence.
Abstract: The article takes a critical and constructive view of programs in prisons It addresses the need to avoid the traditional split between treatment and security staff A three pronged approach is proposed in which administration, security and treatment staff share in joint efforts to maintain a constructive program for prisoners who are close to the completion of their prison sentence Emphasis is placed on the importance of the officer to serve as role model Details for the selection and use of group and individual therapy are discussed Emphasis is placed on the importance of administrative support in allphases of the program
TL;DR: The purpose of sentencing is to give convicted offenders their "just desserts" and simultaneously provide the community with a sense of justice as mentioned in this paper, and the use of the Criminological Case Evaluation and Sentencing Recommendation provides the judiciary with in-depth background information and offers creative sentencing options.
Abstract: The purpose of sentencing is to give convicted offenders their "just desserts" and simultaneously provide the community with a sense of justice. In assessing sanctions, judges often have little data to support other than traditional sentencing models. Use of the Criminological Case Evaluation and Sentencing Recommendation provides the judiciary with in-depth background information and offers creative sentencing options. This procedure allows expanded remedial and rehabilitation efforts.
TL;DR: In this article, an interview schedule was developed for use with the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF) and results achieved through use of this interview procedure were compared with findings obtained by means of the standard version of the LCSF.
Abstract: An interview schedule was developed for use with the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF). Results achieved through use of this interview procedure were compared with findings obtained by means of the standard version (i.e., records review) of the LCSF. Subjects were 35 successively sampled maximum security prison inmates in the process of completing an admissions and orientation program as part of their induction into the general inmate population at the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth. The standard and interview versions of the LCSF were found to correspond modestly when LCSF diagnosis and several individual items were considered; moderately when the majority of individual items and section scores were examined; and moderately high in the case of one individual item (confining offense), one section score (interpersonal intrusiveness) and the total LCSF score.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the possible links between juvenile delinquent's socialization experience in the family and his tendency to resocialization and found that the more the parents accepted the juvenile the higher the juvenile's tendency to re-socialization emerged or vice versa.
Abstract: The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the possible links between juvenile delinquent's socialization experience in the family and his tendency to resocialization. Subjects were 215 male juvenile delinquents incarcerated in two correctional institutions in Turkey. Results indicated that the groups ofjuveniles who werefrom broken homes, who experienced separation from family, and who had criminal parents or siblings, reported lower response to resocialization in respect to the measures on relations with family and treatment group when compared to the other groups who did not experience those conditions in the socialization process. Correlational analysis of the juvenile's perception of parental autonomy-control and rejection-acceptance behavior dimensions with a tendency to resocialization produced significant relationshipsfor only the latter one: the more the parents accepted the juvenile the higher the juvenile's tendency to resocialization emerged or vice versa. The implications of thes...
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative analysis of juvenile delinquency in two large European cities from different social systems (period of observation: 1974-1983) was presented for comparison, crime incidence and the manner in which crime was handled.
Abstract: This article presents a comparative analysis of juvenile delinquency in two large European cities from different social systems (period of observation: 1974-1983). We selected for comparison, crime incidence and the manner in which crime was handled.An examination of the crime rates confirmed the impression that higher rates and higher increases of criminality occur in Western cities. The examination of specific offences (excluding certain mass offences) leads to different results, yet there is some correspondence in quantitative terms (sexual offences or homicide). These findings were established with improved instruments of research. Although Budapest's detection rates are generally higher than Hamburg's, a striking correspondence among the detection rates were obtained. Thus indicating that similar policies regarding reporting and registration exist in both countries although the actual amount of offences registered differs considerably. However, the comparison of the different processes of selection r...
TL;DR: A group of concerned citizens in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 1979-1982 tried to create a clearinghouse to help ex-offenders discharged to remain out ofprison-thus reducing the rate of recidivism.
Abstract: This article examines the attempts made by a group of concerned citizens in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 1979-1982 to create a clearinghouse to help ex-offenders discharged to remain out ofprison-thus reducing the rate of recidivism. Ventures of this type do not usually generate a quick favorable public response and therefore move rather slowly. The group was successful in establishing a nonprofit agency named "Project Newstart" and began efforts for the ex-offenders. The group failed, however, to keep the program alive. The state's then Governor in an austerity move vetoed the $27,000 legislative appropriation and thus—in spite of its successful operation—the program was discontinued.