Showing papers in "International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology in 2000"
TL;DR: Importation and deprivation factors were found to have a significant impact on juveniles’ anxiety levels and youth who were younger, White, or had a history of exposure to family violence experienced more anxiety.
Abstract: Two theoretical explanations, importation and deprivation, are commonly used to explain inmate adjustment to the correctional environment. This study examined the relation- ship of selected importation and deprivation factors on juveniles’ anxiety levels while they were confined to institutions. Self-reported data collected from 3,986 juveniles and aggregate level data collected from interviews with administrators at 48 U.S. correctional facilities were used in a probit regression analysis. Importation and deprivation factors were found to have a significant impact on juveniles’ anxiety levels. Youth who were younger, White, or had a history of exposure to family violence experienced more anxiety. Youth confined to an institution modeled after military boot camps reported higher levels of anxiety. Juveniles who perceived their institution as having less justice and permitting less activity reported more anxiety. Consistent with prior literature, support was provided for a combined theoretical model of imp...
119 citations
TL;DR: The reassault rates are not significantly different across the four programs, despite differences in program length and services, and the reassault rate for men attending a program for 3 months or more is significantly less than for dropouts.
Abstract: A follow-up of court-referred male batterers in four cites was conducted to assess the long-term outcomes of batterer programs (N = 618). About 70% of the batterers’initial and new female partners were interviewed by phone every 3 months for the first 15 months and every 7 to 8 months for the next 15 months. According to the women’s reports, 41% of the men committed a reassault during the 30-month follow-up period—an increase of only 7% over the 15-month reassault rate. Nearly two thirds of the first-time reassaults occurred in the first 6 months. About a fifth of the men repeatedly reassaulted their partners and account for most of the reported injuries. The reassault rate for men attending a program for 3 months or more is significantly less than for dropouts. The reassault rates are not significantly different across the four programs, despite differences in program length and services.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate the experiences of offenders on house arrest with electronic monitoring and found that offenders for the most part do not view house-arrest with electronic monitors as particularly problematic, and most cite positive aspects of their program in comparison to jail.
Abstract: In this article, the authors use both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate the experiences of offenders on house arrest with electronic monitoring. The data suggest that offenders, for the most part, do not view house arrest with electronic monitoring as particularly problematic, and most cite positive aspects of their program in comparison to jail. However, some aspects of the sanction are seen as more punitive than others, and there is important variation in how punitive offenders view the sanction. With few exceptions, however, offenders’perceptions were not strongly correlated with social and demographic characteristics. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for criminal justice policy regarding this alternative sanction.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impact of Wisconsin's community notification law on probation and parole agents and their adaptation to the changes in the way sex offenders are managed in the community and found that although community notification may achieve important objectives in the realm of public awareness and community protection, these gains come at a high cost for corrections in terms of personnel, time and budgetary resources.
Abstract: Sex-offender community notification legislation has had far-reaching consequences for those who must work within its mandates of community protection and safety. Increased responsibilities and greater expectations placed on probation and parole agents with sex-offender caseloads are among such consequences, This study examines the impact of Wisconsin’s notification law on these agents and their adaptation to the changes in the way sex offenders are managed in the community. Results of the study indicate that although community notification may achieve important objectives in the realm of public awareness and community protection, these gains come at a high cost for corrections in terms of personnel, time, and budgetary resources. Several issues are considered for state and local policy makers, as well as for probation/parole administrators, supervisors, and agents.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of maltreatment on serious violent and property delinquency as well as on minor misbehavior offenses among a sample of White male delinquents was explored and it was found that maltreatment was found to account for significant independent variance.
Abstract: This study explores the influence of maltreatment on serious violent and property delinquency as well as on minor misbehavior offenses among a sample of White male delinquents. A recent influential study concluded that this relationship has been exaggerated and found it to be nonexistent for serious offending after the effects of family structure were factored in. This article points out some of the deficiencies in that research and demonstrates that when both delinquency and maltreatment are measured comprehensively, the relationship is robust controlling for type of family structure, verbal IQ, family size, and birth order. Although it was found that the variables impact differentially according to the type of delinquency being examined, in every case, maltreatment was found to account for significant independent variance. It was also found that delinquents from homes broken by desertion were the most maltreated and the most delinquent.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that children with conduct disorders, with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, have an elevated risk for antisocial or psychopathic personality disorders in adolescence and adulthood, and the presence of comorbid disorders such as substance abuse and schizophrenia have a strong negative predictive value with respect to the course, the prognosis, and outcome of antisocial and psychopathic disorders.
Abstract: Antisocial and psychopathic personality disorders can be linked to a number of biochemical abnormalities (e.g., serotonin, monoamine oxidase, and hormone dysfunctions), genetic and environmental influences, and psychological and social manifestations. Children with conduct disorders, with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, have an elevated risk for antisocial or psychopathic personality disorders in adolescence and adulthood. The presence of comorbid disorders such as substance abuse and schizophrenia have a strong negative predictive value with respect to the course, the prognosis, and the outcome of antisocial and psychopathic disorders. Furthermore, there are substantial gender differences. The rates for spontaneous remission and improvement of antisocial and psychopathic personality disorders are possibly relatively high. In fact, these rates are higher for women than for men. In the fourth decade of life, most of the antisocial and psychopathic personalities are in remission.
69 citations
TL;DR: High-risk Mexican American males assessed for levels of psychopathy had higher scores on the total, affective, and behavioral scores than the non–gang members and were lower on psychopathy than the forensics and higher than psychiatric patients and undergraduates.
Abstract: High-risk Mexican American males were assessed for levels of psychopathy. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Screening Version was compared in a random sample of gang members with a matched community sample of violent non-gang members and samples of forensic and psychiatric patients and undergraduate students. Analysis involved t-test, chi- square, and Cronbach’s alpha statistics. More than half of the gang sample were categorized as low, 44% as moderate, and only 4% as high on psychopathy. The gang members had higher scores on the total, affective, and behavioral scores than the non–gang members. High scores on adolescent antisocial behavior, poor behavioral controls, and lack of remorse were found in both samples. Gang members scored twice as high as non-gang members on lack of empathy. Both samples were lower on psychopathy than the forensics and higher than psychiatric patients and undergraduates. The results provide grounds for early intervention efforts for this high-risk population.
61 citations
TL;DR: The criminality of 100 homeless and 100 domiciled jail inmates was compared in this paper, finding that homeless inmates were significantly more likely to be mentally ill, to be arrested for nuisance offenses, to have more extensive criminal histories and to have prior arrests for use of weapons, drugs, and alcohol.
Abstract: The criminality of 100 homeless and 100 domiciled jail inmates was compared. Homeless jail inmates were significantly more likely than domiciled jail inmates to be mentally ill, to be arrested for nuisance offenses, to have more extensive criminal histories, and to have prior arrests for use of weapons, drugs, and alcohol. Suggestions for processing homeless offenders are given.
61 citations
TL;DR: The authors discusses activities by prisoners that assist underprivileged persons such as the elderly, children, and the disabled, among benefits of such involvements for the offenders are a sense of accomplishment, grounded increments in self-esteem, meaningful purposiveness, and obvious restorative implications.
Abstract: This article discusses activities by prisoners that assist underprivileged persons such as the elderly, children, and the disabled. Among benefits of such involvements for the offenders are a sense of accomplishment, grounded increments in self-esteem, meaningful purposiveness, and obvious restorative implications. Altruistic activity can contribute to cognitive restructuring, especially where opportunities to engage in such behavior are diversified and the experiences and feelings of participants are shared in supportive groups.
60 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated that although this drug court program was relatively new, it was a highly regarded program both nationally and locally and has successfully met its goals.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to describe results of a process evaluation for a drug court program. In all, 69 different individuals representing 10 different agency perspectives provided information about the drug court program for this study. Results indicated that although this drug court program was relatively new, it was a highly regarded program both nationally and locally. The program has been implemented successfully, fits well into the local community, has served many eligible persons in the community, and has successfully met its goals. The feedback from each of the agencies and perspectives surveyed was overwhelmingly positive. In addition, results of the intake data provided information about characteristics of clients who terminated from the program compared to clients who graduated. The process evaluation approach provided in-depth information from a variety of perspectives on multiple dimensions of the program.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present additional views of domestic homicide-suicide (H-S) cases, using theories from social, developmental, evolutionary, and gender role (power and the male role).
Abstract: Men commit the vast majority of domestic homicide-suicides (H-Ss) wherein a person kills their intimate partner (and/or other family members) before taking their own life. Studies of men who commit H-S have looked at the act from psychopathology and evolutionary psychology viewpoints. To complement those approaches, this article presents additional views of domestic H-S. Applications of theories from social (escape from self), developmental (evolution of self and continuity of self), gender role (power and the male role), and family violence psychology (abusive personality and proximal antecedents of abuse) are outlined. These conceptualizations are offered because they pertain to instability and deconstruction of the self amidst the life changes and intimate distress that precede many cases of domestic H-S.
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between gender equality and rape with cross-national data and found that a positive relationship was found, not a negative one as the limited equality goals of liberal feminists lead one to expect.
Abstract: Researchers often base their studies of the relationship between gender equality and rape on the claims of feminists. But feminists propose both a negative and positive relationship between these variables. This article summarizes theoretical differences between groups of feminists and uses gender equality indicators especially consistent with liberal feminists’ goals to examine the relationship in question with cross-national data. A positive relationship was found, not a negative one as the limited equality goals of liberal feminists lead one to expect. Also, similar to several previous studies, homicide and rape rates are positively associated as suggested by the subculture of violence thesis.
TL;DR: A role instrument was developed and administered to staff at a medium-security prison to measure the extent to which today's officers identify with the old hack or the newer human service conception of their work as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Correctional scholars once portrayed correctional offenders as hacks, little interested in the welfare of the inmates they supervised. Later researchers related how this conception of the officer as hack failed to take into account and explain the human service functions in which many officers are engaged. A role instrument was developed and administered to staff at a medium-security prison to measure the extent to which today’s officers identify with the old hack or the newer human service conception of their work. Analysis of the data indicates that the instrument appears useful in measuring correctional role orientation, as the alpha is .84. In addition, examination of responses to individual items indicates that selected sociodemographic characteristics are related to perceptions of the correctional role.
TL;DR: Thresholds, a psychiatric rehabilitation center, has funded a 2-year ACT Demonstration Project for PSMIs involved in Cook County’s (Chicago) criminal justice system to reduce the numbers of rearrests, reincarcerations, and rehospitalizations among project participants.
Abstract: More than 25 years ago, researchers noted that persons with serious mental illness (PSMIs) were being processed increasingly through the criminal justice system instead of through the mental health system. Nearly 1 of every 15 admissions, or approximately6% of jail detainees, suffers fromsevere mental disorders at the time of arrest. Many PSMIs in jail receive psychiatric services during their incarceration but are usually discharged with no referrals to community treatment and no income or housing. Such persons can be managed effectively with Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) models. Thresholds, a psychiatric rehabilitation center, has funded a 2-year ACT Demonstration Project for PSMIs involved in Cook County’s (Chicago) criminal justice system. The project’s basic goals are to reduce the numbers of rearrests, reincarcerations, and rehospitalizations among project participants. To achieve these goals, project staff assists PSMIs to obtain psychiatric treatment, health care, housing, benefits, and othe...
TL;DR: This paper examined types of correctional officers in a systematic fashion across four dimensions: orientation toward rule enforcement, orientation toward negotiation or exchange with inmates, extent of norms of mutual obligation toward coworkers, and interest in human service delivery.
Abstract: This descriptive study examined types of correctional officers in a systematic fashion across four dimensions: orientation toward rule enforcement, orientation toward negotiation or exchange with inmates, extent of norms of mutual obligation toward coworkers, and interest in human service delivery. In-depth interviews were conducted with officers to characterize their approaches to the job and what they perceived as officer styles. A typology was constructed from interviews with 79 officers at two medium-security state correctional institutions. The data indicated that there were distinct and varied types. Rule enforcers, hard liners, and loners reproduced official goals, values, and modes of conduct of the organization. Other types, people workers and synthetic officers, modified formal definitions and imperatives and developed their own norms, values, and ways of doing the job. Still other types identified by respondents rejected or ignored the official organizational goals.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the contribution of self-esteem in the treatment of criminal and delinquent behavior in building sites controlled by the penitentiary system but outside the prison.
Abstract: In France, prisoners can be employed in building sites controlled by the penitentiary system but outside the prison. Prisoners involved in these special sentence-serving conditions were asked to fill out questionnaires testing their self-esteem, attitudes toward conformist and nonconformist behavior, attributions about their crime, and the locus of control. In this article, Weiner’s attributional theory of motivation and emotion is discussed. In addition to the three basic dimensions he proposed—locus of control, stability, and controllability—the contribution of self-esteem is examined. The answers given by these prisoners were compared with answers provided by prisoners in jail. The results may have implications for the treatment of criminal and delinquent behavior, because knowledge of prisoners’ attributions and beliefs about whether people are capable of changing their own behavior can help social workers, judges, therapists, and prison wardens achieve more successful psychological rehabilitation in ...
TL;DR: The characteristics of 16 persons accused of sexual homicide in the Judiciary Department of La Plata, Argentina are described in this paper, showing that homicidal sexual violence is an instrumental behaviour used to attain differing objectives and is not necessarily perpetrated for sexual purposes.
Abstract: Perpetrators of sexual homicide act in response to various motivations, and their victims are diverse. They are not necessarily affected by psychosis. They take advantage of their victims’ vulnerability or of favourable circumstances in order to take control of the situation. The characteristics of 16 persons accused of sexual homicide in the Judiciary Department of La Plata, Argentina are described in this article. The cases presented show that homicidal sexual violence is an instrumental behaviour used to attain differing objectives and is not necessarily perpetrated for sexual purposes. It is suggested that further research is necessary to improve the existing classifications.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined differences in drug and alcohol consumption between the two groups and variables related to success for those in the house arrest with electronic monitoring (EM) program and found that successful attendance at treatment and employment were significantly related to successful while on EM.
Abstract: When the “Western County” (Penn.) Probation Department implemented a house arrest with electronic monitoring (EM) program in the fall of 1992, offenders convicted under the commonwealth’s mandatory driving under the influence (DUI) act were divided into two groups: One group went to jail and the other group served their sentence under house arrest with EM. Using descriptive and inferential statistics, this article examines differences in drug and alcohol consumption between the two groups and variables related to success for those in the EM program. With regard to drug and alcohol consumption, although differences did exist, they were not significant. However, using cross-tabulation tables and chi-squares, it was determined that two variables—successful attendance at treatment and employment—were significantly related to success while on EM. Such findings indicate the importance of both variables in the selection and supervision process.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the juvenile crime trend and responses to juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong since the 1970s, and explore how changing conceptions of the causes of juvenile crime have influenced delinquency control policies.
Abstract: This article describes the juvenile crime trend and responses to juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong since the 1970s. It explores how changing conceptions of the causes of juvenile crime have influenced delinquency control policies. Although Hong Kong has a relatively low crime rate, the heavy emphasis on the use of custodial programs over community-based programs is obvious. Whereas the scope of delinquency literature is narrow and the legal professional’s opinion is rather conservative, new initiatives to further advance the juvenile justice system are difficult.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the association of perceived parenting as measured by a shortened form of the Parental Bonding Instrument with self-esteem, relationships with peers and staff, and psychological distress levels.
Abstract: An investigation was carried out to examine the association of perceived parenting as measured by a shortened form of the Parental Bonding Instrument with self-esteem, relationships with peers and staff, and psychological distress levels in a group of young offenders held in custody. There were strong associations between low parental care with both low self-esteem and increased psychological distress as well as between low maternal care and poorer peer relationships. In addition, poor-quality peer relationships with other inmates and low self-esteem showed strong associations with increased levels of psychological distress in prison, suggesting that peer relations and self-esteem may both act as mediator variables in the association between parental care and anxiety and depression. There were, however, no associations between self-esteem and either the quality or number of peer relationships.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined associations between trait anger and type and level of aggression used in the commission of their sexual offenses, and found that those who used threats of death had higher levels of trait anger temperament, anger reaction, and anger directed outward, and lower levels of anger control than those who had used no verbal aggression.
Abstract: Archival data on 110 incarcerated adult sexual offenders were used to examine associations between trait anger and type and level of aggression used in the commission of their sexual offenses. Intrafamilial child molesters (n = 43), extrafamilial child molesters (n = 35), and rapists (n = 32) did not differ in trait anger. In the combined group, significant associations were found between trait anger and verbal aggression, but not between trait anger and physical aggression. Offenders who used threats of death had higher levels of trait anger temperament, anger reaction, and anger directed outward, and lower levels of anger control than those who had used no verbal aggression. The absence of association between trait anger and physical aggression suggests that physical aggression employed in the commission of sexual offenses may be largely instrumental. Implications for engaging sexual offenders in anger management intervention, and for victim resistance to sexual assaults, are considered.
TL;DR: This article found a significant and positive correlation between attitudes of college students and prison inmates favoring ex-convicts over ex-mental patients on several items and found that prison inmates significantly preferred ex- convicts, whereas college students did not.
Abstract: Stigmatization of ex-offenders has warranted a number of studies; however, even more significant may be the additional stigma placed on inmates transferred to mental facilities. In this study, maximum-security prison inmates were asked to respond to 30 items on a questionnaire previously used to assess attitudes of college students toward ex-convicts and ex-mental patients. This study found a significant and positive correlation between attitudes of college students and prison inmates favoring ex-convicts over ex-mental patients on several items. Conversely, it was found that prison inmates significantly preferred ex- convicts, whereas college students did not. This study has implications concerning the threat of an additional stigma placed against ex-mental patients by prison inmates. Examining present practices of transferring inmates to mental facilities seems imperative. Indeed, society’s willingness to stigmatize others for any reason should be examined.
TL;DR: In this paper, at-risk female teenagers with regard to their knowledge and perceptions of gang involvement by their peers participated in a youth survey project and found that sexual or physical abuse are not important factors for a female to join a gang.
Abstract: This study attempts to inquire into at-risk female teenagers with regard to their knowledge and perceptions of gang involvement by their peers. Seven youth service–providing organizations in a major southern city participated in a youth survey project. The data collected from the project on at-risk middle school girls (n=216) are analyzed here. Preliminary findings indicate that sexual or physical abuse are not important factors for a female to join a gang. Sex partners and auxiliary members are still the major roles for female gang members to play in a gang. Remedial strategies, including parental education, extracurricular activities (after-school programs), quality of schooling, and job opportunities are the policy implications identified by this study.
TL;DR: In this paper, a revised version of the widely used Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was administered to 125 detained male juvenile offenders to measure the construct of narcissism in juvenile offenders.
Abstract: An examination of the relationship between self-esteem and delinquent behavior in juveniles suggests that pathological narcissism, characterized by a grandiose self-image and interpersonal exploitation, may be a factor in the etiology of juvenile delinquency.Psychoanalytic theory posits a relationship between narcissism and delinquent behavior in juveniles, however, there has been little research examining this relationship empirically. The present study represents an effort to measure the construct of narcissism in juvenile offenders via a revised version of the widely used Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). The NPI was revised to suit the juveniles’ comprehension and reading levels and administered to 125 detained male juvenile offenders. Construct validity for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-Juvenile Offender (NPI-JO) was provided by factor analytic cross-validation with a broad-spectrum scale (Behavior Assessment System for Children–Self-Report Profile) of adolescent behavior. Limitation...
TL;DR: In this paper, a trauma-focused individual therapy approach is presented as one example of how this population might be more effectively treated, which features motivational interviewing, self-control training, and trauma resolution and integrates eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.
Abstract: Trauma is proposed as a key to understanding the development and persistence of conduct disorder in conjunction with other contributing factors. Trauma history is virtually universal in this population, and trauma effects can help to account for many features of the disorder including lack of empathy, impulsivity, anger, acting out, and resistance to treatment. The current standard of care fails to fully address trauma, which may partially explain the low success rate. A trauma-focused individual therapy approach is presented as one example of how this population might be more effectively treated. This approach features motivational interviewing, self-control training, and trauma resolution and integrates eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Two illustrative case examples are presented and discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider how women who seek police help in the wake of violent attacks by their husbands perceive the attitude of the policemen during their encounter at the police station, and find that most of the women lodged a complaint out of feelings of fear and humiliation, expecting to receive some manner of support and protection.
Abstract: According to the research literature, the relationship between battered women and the police tends to be unsatisfactory and frustrating, characterized by a mutual lack of understanding. The aim of the present study is to consider how women who seek police help in the wake of violent attacks by their husbands perceive the attitude of the policemen during their encounter at the police station. The findings indicate that most of the women lodged a complaint out of feelings of fear and humiliation, expecting to receive some manner of support and protection. However, they perceived that the police did not understand their situation, tended to be suspicious of their motives, and believed them to be seeking revenge or trying to exact some sort of profit.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted to differentiate between three types of child sexual offenders (pedophiles, hebophiles and incest offenders) using multiple discriminant analysis.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to differentiate between three types of child sexual offenders—pedophiles, hebophiles, and incest offenders. The sample consisted of 168 convicted sex offenders. The data for the study were gathered from presentence investigation reports used by the court for sentencing proceedings. Using multiple discriminant analysis, eight independent variables were found to significantly discriminate between the three types of sex offenders almost 90% of the time. These variables were sexually victimized as a child, prepubertal victim, seduction motive, age-appropriate relationships, stress, own child as victim, social facade, and anger. Suggestions were made to probation and parole officers in the use of this information.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest the development of a therapeutic alliance that would provide a platform for the treatment of pedophilia and associated behaviors, and suggest that confrontation during treatment could be counter-therapeutic if not antitherapeutic with the pedophile and that other more empathic and supportive approaches are needed, at least at the beginning of the treatment process.
Abstract: The authors contend that present approaches to treatment of the pedophile are not as effective as they should be. Recent developments in the application of attachment theory and the treatment of the “difficult client” may lead to improvements in the treatment for such individuals. Attention is drawn to some of the characteristics that pedophiles have in common with personality disordered individuals and with the difficult client. One conclusion is that confrontation during treatment could be countertherapeutic if not antitherapeutic with the pedophile and that other more empathic and supportive approaches are needed, at least at the beginning of the treatment process. Ideas presented in this article suggest the development of a therapeutic alliance that would provide a platform for the treatment of pedophilia and the associated behaviors.
TL;DR: A sample of 223 detained offenders in five cities in Colombia, South America, were divided according to childhood or adolescent onset of antisocial behavior and compared on type of offense, characteristics of family of origin, and personal history as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A sample of 223 detained offenders in five cities in Colombia, South America, were divided according to childhood or adolescent onset of antisocial behavior and compared on type of offense, characteristics of family of origin, and personal history. No significant differences were found as to type of offense committed between these two groups, but individuals with childhood onset of antisocial behavior were more likely to report multiple problem behavior at all ages, family antecedents of delinquency and alcohol abuse, greater exposure to family life changes, psychological abuse, severe childhood punishments, and lower self-esteem and sense of coherence as compared to individuals first manifesting antisocial behavior after adolescence. These differences were independent of mother’s level of education, head of the household’s occupational level, and family size. The results add evidence from a different social and cultural context as to the heterogeneity among offenders related to the age of onset of antiso...
TL;DR: The job satisfaction levels of mental health professionals providing group therapy services in state correctional institutions were explored and it was revealed that these professionals disagreed that they receive adequate funding from administration or that rehabilitation was an overall goal of their correctional institution.
Abstract: The primary purpose of this research was to explore the job satisfaction levels of mental health professionals providing group therapy services in state correctional institutions. Participants (162 providers from 78 adult male state correctional facilities) completed a survey examining perceptions about a range of job responsibilities. Further analysis investigated the relationship of demographic variables, administrative support variables, and security issues to satisfaction levels. Professionals appeared especially satisfied with aspects of their jobs that involved the direct provision of psychological services (i.e., facilitating group and individual psychotherapy services, providing crisis intervention services, and conducting formal assessments). They appeared relatively less satisfied with nondirect services including administrative responsibilities, report writing, case notes, and receiving individual supervision. The findings also revealed that these professionals disagreed that they receive adequ...