Showing papers in "International journal of pharma and bio sciences in 2013"

Pharmacological activities of catharanthus roseus: a perspective review

Abstract: India possess a rich biodiversity of the medicinal plants that were still not explored completely. The need for the novel pharmaceutical products out from the plant has attained a great interest in the present research world due to the cost and the higher side effects that are associated with the chemically manufactured drugs. Catharanthus roseus,which is a potent medicinal plant many of the pharmacological actions such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antifeedant, antisterility, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic effect etc. That is used to treat many of the fatal diseases. Alkaloids were the major phytochemical constituent of the above medicinal plant and have different types possessing various medicinal uses. The pharmacology of the plant was found to be associated mostly especially with the alkaloids that occupies almost most of the parts of the plant. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the pharmacological effect of the above plant against various disease starting from the antimicrobial to that of the antineoplastic diseases in a precise way to help the scientist and learners to understand the basis medicinal value of the plant.

Kinetic modeling and dissolution profiles comparison: an overview

Abstract: This review shares different mathematical models used to determine the kinetics of drug release from delivery systems. It consists of an overview of applied method for comparison like model dependent, model independent and statistical model. The mathematical modeling can finally help to optimize the design of a therapeutic device to yield a system with programmed release rate characteristics which is now a prerequisite for controlled release drug delivery system. For the ease of application of these models linear forms to plot the graphs were also discussed. This review also consists of various software programs available to describe the release kinetics from therapeutic device.

Dendrimer applications – a review

Abstract: As a new class of a synthetic polymers based on a well-defined cascade macromolecules synthesized to reach various demands in the field of electrical, chemical, biological, medicinal and biotechnology. Dendrimers have proved themselves to be very challenging and applicative; as the structure provides high degree of surface functionality, versatility and the unique properties like uniform size, high degree of branching, multivalency, water solubility, well defined molecular weight and also the available internal cavities. The ability of this macromolecule to construct a definite architectural design of dendrimers with respect to size and shape, length of branching, density, and its well defined molecular structure and segmented spherical construction has opened a wide area of research by understanding the interactions taking place between the biological entities. This review cover a few basic information of dendrimers and much about their possible applications in various areas such as biomedical field, as imaging contrast agents, therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, gene transfection, drug delivery, targeted drug delivery, solubility enhancer, light harvesting, catalyst, additives, printing ink, paints, biomimics, and many other areas of science. The impact of dendrimer applications on biomedical field as demonstrated in this review; shows major potential and high hopes for the future of dendrimers.

Polyphenols and human health- a review

Abstract: Flavonoids, perhaps the most important single group of phenolics in foods, comprise a group of over 4000 C15 aromatic plant compounds with multiple substitution patterns. Anthocyanins are members of the flavonoid group of phytochemicals, a group predominant in teas, wines, fruits, vegetables, nuts, olive oil, cocoa, and cereals. The colorful anthocyanins are the most recognized, visible members of the bioflavonoid phytochemicals with proven human health benefits of myriad nature. Anthocyanin isolates and anthocyanin-rich mixtures of bioflavonoids provide protection from DNA cleavage, estrogenic activity, enzyme inhibition, boosting production of cytokines, antiinflammatory activity, lipid peroxidation, decreasing capillary permeability and fragility, and membrane strengthening. To add to the importance of anthocyanin pigments in human health, both in vitro and in vivo research trials have amply demonstrated their marked ability to reduce cancer cell proliferation and to inhibit tumor formation. The capacity of anthocyanin pigments to interfere with the process of carcinogenesis seems to be linked to multiple potential mechanisms of action including inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes and potent antioxidant potential. Another feather in cap is the role of anthocyanins in cardiovascular disease protection which is strongly linked to oxidative stress protection.

Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aspergillus flavus and their antimicrobial activity against gram negative mdr strains

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Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts of stem, leaves, flower and seed kernel of mangifera indica l.

Abstract: Mangifera indica L. is medicinally important plant species used to treat different diseases. The present work is aimed to screen this medicinal plant for phytochemicals. Leaf, stem, flower and seed kernel powder of this plant were extracted in ethanol solvents by soxhlet extraction and screened for secondary metabolites. Leaves of Mangifera indica revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, tannins, fixed oils and fats, resins, phenols, flavonoids, proteins; and absence of glycosides and amino acids. Stem of Mangifera indica showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, resins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins; and absence of glycosides, tannins and amino acids. Whereas the flower and seed kernel revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, fixed oils and fats, resins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins and amino acids but absence of anthranol glycosides. The plant parts showed variation in secondary metabolites. Mangifera indica accumulates more number of secondary metabolites. The findings of the present study will be helpful to the phytochemists and pharmacologists for identification of new active principles.

Silica nanoparticles as nanocides against corcyra cephalonica (s.), the stored grain pest

Abstract: Diatomaceous earth and synthetic silica have been used as insecticides in the form of inert dusts. Diatomaceous earth becomes more effective against insects if it possesses high amorphous silica content with uniform size distribution. Nanoparticles are more reactive than their bulk counterpart because of their increased surface to volume ratio. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effect of silica nanoparticles against the stored grain pest Corcyra cephalonica. Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by modified Stober's sol-gel method. They were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray Diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Characterization studies showed silica nanoparticles of size range 70-80nm were synthesized which are spherical in shape and amorphous in nature. The entomotoxic effect of silica nanoparticles were evaluated against the stored grain pest Corcyra cephalonica. Amorphous silica nanoparticles were found to be highly effective against this insect pest causing 100% mortality, indicating the effectiveness of silica nanoparticles to control insect pests.

Gc-ms analysis of bioactive components of ficus religiosa (linn.) stem

Abstract: Ficus religiosa is one of the medically important plants belonging to the family Moraceae. It has been used extensively by ayurvedic practitioner in India to treat various ailments such as dysentery, snakebite, skin diseases and constipation. The aim of the study is to verify the presence of major chemical compounds and elucidate the chemical constituents contained in the Ficus religiosa stem. The stem showed positive results for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes and steroids. Identification of chemical composition was conducted using the GC-MS equipped with mass detector supplied with helium. Thirteen chemical constituents have been identified based on NIST & WILEY libraries for botanical compounds. The major chemical constituents are 1,2-Benzenediol (9.85%), Caffeine (4.20%) and Stigmasterol,22,23dihydro (1.81%).

Gc-ms analysis of petroleum ether and ethanol leaf extracts from abrus precatorius linn

Abstract: The leaves of Abrus precatorius have enormous medicinal importance and are therefore used in the treatment of coughs, flu, eye infection, inflammation, skin disease, bacterial and viral infections. In the present study, petroleum ether and ethanol leaf extracts from Abrus precatorius were subjected to GC-MS analysis to study the important phytochemical constituents responsible for the above reported pharmacological activities. The crude extracts of petroleum ether and ethanol were obtained by immersion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of various extracts confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides and steroids. The GC-MS analysis of petroleum ether leaf extract from Abrus precatorius revealed the presence of nine phytocompounds: n-hexadecanoic acid (1), [1,1-bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2-hexyl-methyl ester (2), Isopropyl linoleate (3), Isopropyl linoleate (4), 9,12octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (5), Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-[hydroxymethyl] methyl ester (6), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropylester (7), 9,12octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (8), Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (9). The GC-MS analysis of ethanol leaf extract from Abrus precatorius revealed the presence of ten phytocompounds: 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, butyl cyclohexyl ester (1), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (2), 9,12, octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester (3), Phytol (4), Oleic acid (5), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (6), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (7), Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (8), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z),2-hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (9), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2[[2[[2[[2-pentylcyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl]methyl]cyclopropyl]methyl]-methyl ester (10). KEYWORD: Abrus precatorius, inflammation, ethanol, petroleum ether, A. MARY SARAL Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, SAS, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 July; 4(3): (P) 37 44 This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net P 38 INTRODUCTION Phytotheraphy, the use of plants to medical task is one of the traditional practices in the world. Herbal medicines are equipped from a diversity of plant materials as leaves, stems, roots, barks etc. Biologically active ingredients from the herbal medicines are used essentially for treating mild or chronic ailments. Abrus precatorius locally known as Rosary pea or Ratti, is indigenous to India and is commonly found in other tropical and subtropical regions. Abrus precatorius is a woody twinning plant of the Fabaceae family, with characteristic red and black seeds. The plant produces short brownish pods, which curl back on opening to reveal pendulous red and black seeds . The roots and leaves contain glycyrrhizin, the principle constituent of liquorice, and are used as a substitute for liquorice in coughs and catarrhal infections hence the plant known as Indian Liquorice. Decoction of leaves is taken orally for coughs and flu. Hot water extract of dried leaves and roots are used for the treatment of eye diseases. Leaves crushed with oil are used as a poultice as an anti-inflammatory . Ethanol extract of fresh root administered intraperitoneally to mice produces significant CNS depressant activity. Ethanol/water (1:1) extract of the aerial parts administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 500mg/kg reported to be effective in the treatment of analgesic activity. Ethanol and ether extracts of seeds, on agar plate, was reported to be active on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Triterpenoid, saponins isolated from the aerial parts, exhibited antiinflammatory activity using the croton oil ear model. The acetates indicated greater inhibition than the parent compounds. The aim of the present study is to identify the phytochemical constituents of leaves of Abrus precatorius subjecting petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of plant extracts to Gas chromatographyMass spectral analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of Plant Material The leaves of Abrus precatorius was collected from the local flora in Vellore district, Tamilnadu in the month of January. The plant was identified by botanist Prof. Jayaraman, Plant Anatomy Research Centre, Chennai, Tamilnadu and voucher specimen was deposited in the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. Solvents Used Petroleum ether (Merck India Ltd, Mumbai, India) and ethanol (S.D. Fine Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai, India), all of AR grade, under normal atmospheric pressure were employed for extraction of plant material. Solvents from extract were recovered under distillation, and the dried extracts were preserved in a desiccators containing fused calcium chloride (S.D. Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India). Preparation of Leaf Extract The fresh plant material of leaves of Abrus precatorius was collected and washed individually from running tap water to remove soil particles and other dust. The leaves were then shade-dried and pulverized to powder in a mechanical grinder. The powder (100gm) was successively extracted by immersion method using the petroleum ether and ethanol solvents. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The petroleum ether and ethanol extracts were filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper and the residue was removed. It was again filtered through sodium sulphate in order to remove traces of moisture. The leaves of Abrus precatorius were concentrated in vacuum to afford 7.90gm (7.90%w/w) of dry extract of petroleum ether and 9.60gm (9.60%w/w) of dry extract of ethanol. These extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 July; 4(3): (P) 37 44 This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net P 39 Qualitative Phytochemical analysis Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether and ethanol leaf extracts from Abrus precatorius were conducted following the standard procedures . Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrum Analysis The petroleum ether and ethanol leaf extracts from Abrus precatorius were used for GC-MS analysis. 2 μl of the ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of leaves of Abrus precatorius was employed for GC-MS analysis . These petroleum ether and ethanol extracts were dissolved in HPLC grade methanol and subjected to GC and MS JEOL GC mate equipped with secondary electron multiplier. JEOL GCMATE II GC-MS (Agilent Technologies 6890N Network GC system for gas chromatography). The column (HP5) was fused silica 50 m x 0.25 mm I.D. Analysis conditions were 20 min. at 100°C, 3 min at 235°C for column temperature, 240°C for injector temperature, helium was the carrier gas and split ratio was 5:4. The sample (1 μl) was evaporated in a split less injector at 300°C. Run time was 22 min. The compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The molecular weight and structure of the compounds of test materials were ascertained by interpretation on mass spectrum of GC-MS using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Phytochemical screening of the petroleum ether and ethanol leaf extracts from Abrus precatorius by qualitative study showed the presence of phytochemical alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and tannins (table 1). Table 1 Phytochemical screening of crude extracts from leaves of Abrus precatorius + Presence of phytoconstitutents Absence of phytoconstitutents GC-MS Chromatogram of Petroleum Ether Leaf Extract from Abrus precatoriusThe GCMS chromatogram of Petroleum ether extract of leaves of Abrus precatorius are shown in the Figure 3. The GC-MS spectral studies reveals the presence of nine compounds: nhexadecanoic acid (1), [1,1-bicyclopropyl]-2octanoic acid, 2-hexyl-methyl ester (2), Isopropyl linoleate (3), Isopropyl linoleate (4), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (5), Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1[hydroxymethyl] methyl ester (6), 9,12,15octadecatrienoic acid (Z,Z,Z)-2,3dihydroxypropyl ester (7), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (8), Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (9). The structures of all the identified compounds are given in the Figure 4. The details of the identified phytoconstitutents and its therapeutic activity were given in the Table 4 and Table 5.Compounds 3 and 4 are found to have similar S.No. Phytoconstitutents Petroleum ether extract Ethanol extract 1. Alkaloids + + 2. Triterpenes + + 3. Flavonoids + + 4. Glycosides + + 5. Saponins + + 6. Tannins + 7. Steroids + + 8. Gums and mucilage 9. Carbohydrates + + 10. Proteins + + Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 July; 4(3): (P) 37 44 This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net P 40 molecular weight and from the NIST library search it is found to have the same molecular formula. However the compounds may be the isomers which need to be focused for detailed structural investigation on separation as individual compounds. Figure 3 GC-MS Chromatogram of Petroleum Ether Leaf Extract from Abrus precatorius Figure 4 Structures of Identified Compounds (1) to (10) from the Petroleum Ether Leaf Extract of Abrus precatorius

Multi-classification approach for detecting thyroid attacks

Abstract: Thyroid is one of the crucial disease that affects people of all ages now a days. Diseases of the thyroid include conditions associated with excessive release of thyroid hormones (HyperThyroidism) and those associated with thyroid hormone deficiency ( Hypothyroidism) . In this paper we consider the Thyroid data set with multi class and propose the classification for thyroidism in a separate layer. In this work, a multiclassification approach for detecting thyroid attacks is designed to achieve higher efficiency and to improve the detection and classification accuracy.This method finds that the method NNge provides higher efficiency to classify the thyroid attacks

A review on insulinomimetic pinitol from plants

Abstract: D-Pinitol, the major constituent of soybean plant is known as an insulin mimicker. There is a growing interest in the use of D-Pinitol as a food supplement because of its reported efficacy in lowering blood glucose levels with no side effects and nil toxicity. Pinitol was first isolated from pine tree and later from many plants of the Leguminosae family. DPinitol has been recently reported from Pisonia alba (synonymPisonia grandis) of the Nyctaginaceae family (Patent Pending 385/CHE/2010). As the demand for pinitol as a food supplement and as a pharmaceutical increased, any attempt to isolate it from natural sources including plants is considered highly worthy. This review covers literature reported on isolation of D-Pinitol from plants during the period 1940 to May

Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by pseudomonas desmolyticum ncim 2112

Abstract: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus pesticide and widely used in the agricultural field to control beetles, whiteflies, bugs, and flies like insects. This investigation describes the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by Pseudomonas desmolyticum NCIM 2112. The biodegradation is influenced by other carbon and nitrogen sources and indicates that glucose and maltose are effective at 0.5% concentration and NaNO3 and yeast extract at 0.05%. The pH and temperature optima for degradation was found to be 7.0 and at 30C respectively. Pseudomonas desmolyticum NCIM 2112 degrades chlorpyrifos into non toxic metabolites like 2-pyridinol and thiophosphate.

Proliposomes: a brief overview of novel delivery system

Abstract: Liposomes are the most promising and broadly applicable of all the novel delivery systems. The poor stability associated with this system limits its long term storage. To overcome this issue Proliposomes were discovered by Payne et al. in 1986. Proliposomes are dry, free flowing granular products composed of drug and phospholipid which, upon addition of water, disperse to form a multi lamellar liposomal suspension. This paper reviews the method of preparation and evaluation of Proliposomes and highlights its potential to be exploited for different routes of administration.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves extract of centella asiatica l. for studies against human pathogens

Abstract: There is an ever-increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles due to their extensive applicability in various markets, including medicine, catalysis, electronics, chemistry, and energy. In this report, a simple and eco-friendly chemical reaction for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Centella asiatica L. has been developed. Here we report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles of varying sizes using aqueous extract of leaves of Centella asiatica L. at room temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles are evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against human pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 9542) which is a common agent for skin infections. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier Transmission Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and XRay Diffraction (XRD). Novelty of this present study is that the plant extract is very cost effective, eco-friendly; economic and effective alternative for the large scale synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial activity. The activity of the conjugates is still an open question and needs further study.

Biological evaluation and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of calotropis procera

Abstract: The unique property of the silver nanoparticles having the antimicrobial activity gained the major attention towards the present nanotechnology. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed from aqueous silver nitrate using Calotropis procera leaves (L) and stem (S) extract. The synthesized silver nanoparticles have been characterized by the UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD analysis shows that the AgNPs are of face centered cubic (FCC) structure and size was ranging from 19 to 45 nm (L) and 26 to 38 nm (S) respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the synthesized AgNPs have spherical shape. The silver nanoparticles possess significant antimicrobial potential against K. pneumonia and S. typhi and also showed good antioxidant property.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its cytotoxic effect against thp-1 cancer cell line

Abstract: Nanotechnology is a field of science which involves the synthesis and applications of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNp) have applications in various fields due to their unique optical, physical, electrical and medicinal properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by biophysical method. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV#Visible absorption spectr oscopy (Surface Plasmon absorption at 418#420 nm), Energy Dispersive Spectr oscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X# ray diffraction (XRD). The cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles on acute myeloid leukemia cell line (THP - 1 cell line) was studied in vitro. The activity of chemotherapeutic drugs Cyclophosphamide and Busulfan was enhanced in presence of silver nanoparticles whereas Mercaptopurine was found to be more effective when used individually against the THP# 1 cell line.

Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using dried stem powder of tinospora cordifolia, its antibacterial activity and comparison with antibiotics

Abstract: It is a well-known fact that silver nanoparticles are highly toxic to microorganisms. So, nowadays the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles is a major area of research in the field of nanobiotechnology. The problem with most of the chemical and physical methods of silver nanoparticles is that they are expensive and can also involve the use of toxic, hazardous chemicals, which may pose biological and environmental risks. To overcome this, the biological method provides a feasible alternative. But a major drawback of using bacteria, algae and fungi to synthesize silver nanoparticles is that it is very slow and the cell culture maintaining process when in comparison with plant extracts. Hence, the use of plant materials to synthesize silver nanoparticles becomes an option that is feasible. The Tinospora cordifolia is an important medicinal plant. Recently, this plant also used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In this present study, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles using Tinospora cordifolia dried stem powder from 1mM aqueous silver nitrate. Utilizing the reduced property of stem powder, silver nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature. The stem powder extracts mixed with silver nitrate showed a gradual change in the color of the extracts from yellow to dark brown. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against antibiotic resistant bacteria is very important characteristic of silver nanoparticles. When we compare the silver nanoparticles with the antibiotics, it provides an idea about the efficiency of silver nanoparticles.

Gc-ms analysis of chloroform extract of Croton bonplandianum.

Abstract: Croton bonplandianum belongs to Euphorbiaceae family has been used to cure liver diseases, swelling of the body, cure against ring worms and skin diseases. This study was aimed to identify the chemical compounds present in the chloroform leaf extract of Croton bonplandianum by GC - MS analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of sixteen phytocomponents which includes mainly long-chain fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters and alcoholic compounds. The major compounds were 2, 4-bis (1, 1dimethylethyl) - phenol (12.09%), 9-Eicosene (9.83%), 7-hexadecene (9.47), 1Nonadecene (8.25%) and n-Nonadecanol-1(8.25%) identified. These compounds possess antibacterial, anti-tubercular and cytotoxic activities.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using premna herbacea leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against bacteria causing dysentery

Abstract: Aqueous silver nanoparticle was synthesized in a single step by a green biosynthetic method using aqueous leaf extracts of Premna herbacea, a local herb of Bodoland, Assam, India which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. Absorption spectra of synthesized nanoparticles were taken by UV spectrophotometer which showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak centred at a wavelength of 425 nm. The TEM analysis showed the particles were spherical and size between 10-30 nm. The bactericidal activity of the nanoparticles was tested against two gram negative bacteria (Shigella dysentrieae and E.coli) causing human dysentery. Antimicrobial property of the synthesized molecules was evaluated by calculating MIC values, disc diffusion assay and time kill kinetics based on nanoparticles concentration. MIC values were for Shigella dysentrieae and E.coli were 55 and 70 µg/ml respectively. The efficiency of antimicrobial activity by silver nanoparticles on the above mentioned microorganisms propose the possibility of a more cost effective antibacterial agent against dysentery causing microbes.

Gastroretentive drug delivery system - a review

Abstract: Oral delivery of drugs is by far the most preferable route of drug delivery . Oral-rate controlled drug delivery systems have an important area among novel drug delivery system. But these oral sustained release drug delivery systems suffer greatly due to their short gastric residence time/ gastric emptying time. Whereas prolonged gastric residence increases duration of drug release, reduces drug waste, and improves drug solubility in gastric pH. In order to overcome these drawbacks novel dosage forms that can be retained in the stomach for a prolonged and predictable period of time were discovered and they successfully exists today as gastroretentive dosage forms, in academic and industrial research groups. The aim of writing this review on gastroretentive drug delivery system was to present the recent literature in a more concise way with special focus on various techniques to achieve gastric retention. In addition, important factors controlling gastroretention, advantages,analysis techniques and finally, future potentials are also discussed.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of acalypha indica and its antimicrobial activity

Abstract: In the present study, bio synthesis of silver Nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Acalypha indica and its antimicrobial activity against different micro organisms were investigated. About 10 ml of aqueous extract of A. indica added with 90 ml of AgNo3 (1mM) solution, the resulting mixture was incubated at 37 ◦ C under static condition. The development of yellowish brown color indicated the formation of Ag-Np’s. The Ag-Np’s monitored with the help of UV-visible spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 200– 800 nm. The observed absorbance peak at 400 nm indicated the formation of Ag -Np’s. The particle size of Ag-Np’s was determined by using particle analyzer and the results showed that average size range was found to be 0.516 nm.TEM technique was employed to visualize the size and shape of Ag-Np’s. The antibacterial activity of A. indica Ag-Np’s was evaluated against both Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic microorganism by disc diffusion method. The diameter of inhibition zone of A. indica Ag-Np’s was analyzed at different concentrations ranging from 100 to 300µg/ml. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed with P.aeruginosa (16 mm), followed by E.coli (14 mm), B.subtilis((13 mm) and S.aureus (13 mm) when compared with standard drug Amikacin. The antifungal activity of A. indica Ag-Np’s at 300 µg/ml concentration was found to be 23mm and12 mm for C. albicans & A. niger respectively when compared with the standard antifungal drug ketokonazole. It is observed from the results that biologically synthesized Ag-Np’s from A. indica aqueous extract showed effective antimicrobial and antifungal activity against selected microorganisms which are comparable with standard.

A review on ipomoea carnea

Abstract: The plant Ipomoea Carnea belongs to family Convolvulaceae, It was used in ancient system of medicine in many countries but not to great extent. The fact is that the plant had immense potential as an Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Antioxidant Activity, Antidiabetic Activity, Antimicrobial Activity, Wound Healing Activity, Immunomodulatory Activity, Cardiovascular Activity, Embryotoxic effect, Antifungal Activity, Hepatoprotective Activity, Inhibition Activity and Anxiolytic Properties. The present aim of study is to review the potential of Ipomoea Carnea with reference to its Phytochemical, pharmacological and other activities.

Encapsulation of indonesian propolis by casein micelle

Abstract: Propolis is strong adhesive material with one of most valuable bees product and has wide range of biological activities such as antibacterials, antiviruses, antifungals, anti� inflammation, photoprotector and so on. Propolis has been aplied as antimicrobials agent in food and healtcare products. To improve handling properties, Indonesian propolis were encapsulated by casein micelle with a homogenizer followed a sonication,

Antimicrobial activity of five south indian medicinal plants against clinical pathogens

Abstract: The antimicrobial activity of leaves of five South Indian medicinal plants Adhatoda vasika, Bacopa monnieri, Carica papaya, Cissampelos pareira and Cynodon dactylon , collected from regions of Kulathoor and Malayadi were investigated against ten clinical pathogens (Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp.) using agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method. The plant extracts were prepared using the solvents – acetone, ethanol and propanol. It is clear from the results that, the extract of five plants used in this study acts as a good source of antibiotics against various bacterial pathogens tested and exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids in all plants selected and other secondary metabolites like tannins, glycosides and saponins were also observed in all the extracts. The MIC values ranges between 3.175μg/ml and 12.5μg/ml, whereas MBC values ranges between 6.25μg/ml and 12.5μg/ml. The results of this study support the use of all the selected five medicinal plants to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals that address unmet therapeutic needs.

Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamases in escherichia coli isolates

Abstract: Escherichia coli is known to cause various infections. The continued emergence of ESBLs in E.coli presents a great challenge to the practitioners in treating the infections. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of Extended-spectrum s-lactamase (ESBL) producers among the E.coli isolates. Hundred isolates of E.coli from various samples were included in the study. All isolates were identified by standard conventional methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done using disc diffusion technique by Kirby Bauer method and noted. Isolates with resistance or decreased susceptibility to third generation cephalosporins or aztreonam were selected as ESBL producers. ESBL production was detected by Double disk synergy test (DDST). 37% of the E.coli isolates were found to be ESBL producers. Most of the ESBL producing E.coli were found to be multidrug resistant. Hence, monitoring of ESBL production and antimicrobial susceptibility testing as a routine is necessary to prevent therapeutic failure and development of multidrug resistance among the bacterial isolates.

Seed germination enhancing activity of endophytic streptomyces isolated from indigenous ethno-medicinal plant centella asiatica

Abstract: Centella asiatica, a folk ethnomedicinal plant of Meghalaya was inve stigated for the isolation of endophytic actinomycetes and their performance in seed germination and seedling growth of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn was further tested. A total of thirty actinomycetes were isolated and tested for seed germination and seedling growth. Only two isolates CA10 and CA26 were showed, 100 percent germination and higher seedling growth comparison to control. It also revealed that germination percentage showed significant positive correlation with seedling length (r=0.826, p<0.05). The strains CA10 and CA26 were also evaluated for production of indole acetic acid which was quantified as 71-g/ml and 197-g/ml respectively . Based on morphological and biochemical criteria, the two isolates were tentatively identified as Streptomyces. From the present investigation, it can be suggested that the treatment of bean seeds with Streptomyces sp. might enhance seed germination and seedling growth.

Study of over the counter sale of antimicrobials in pharmacy outlets in pune, india: a cross sectional study

Abstract: Inappropriate use of antimicrobials(AMAs) is a worldwide problem, leading to increasing treatment costs,adverse events and emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms.Self medication,over the counter sale of antimicrobials are some reasons of irrational use of AMAs.Restricting antibiotic use, marketing regulations are important strategies to control this problem.Over the counter sale of AMAs is rarely a focus of study in India.Therefore the present study was aimed to determine the percentage of pharmacies who sale antibiotics without prescriptions involving 263 pharmacies in Pune.Simulated Client Methodology: To obtain AMAS investigator posed as suffering from sore throat or acute diarrhoea.Three levels of demand were used to convience the pharmacists to sell antibiotics.Antibiotics were dispensed in 248 pharmacies.Sore throat & diarrhoea resulted antibiotics dispensed in 123(92.48%) & 125(96.15%) cases respectively. Azithromycin 63(51.21%), Norfloxacin 40(32%) were commonly given for sore throat & diarrhoea respectively. Pharmacies dispensed AMAs in correct dose and duration for sore throat in 64.22% & for acute diarrhoea in 10.4% cases.Only 2% pharmacies asked about allergy history & 8% recommonded for physicians advice. Conclusion: Dispensing antimicrobials without prescription is high in Pune. Most AMAS were dispensed in wrong dose and duration. Health education programmes should be directed to pharmacists & general population.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of papaya and pineapple fruit juices against selected enteric pathogens

Abstract: In recent years multiple resistances in human pathogenic microorganisms have developed due to indiscriminate use of antibiotic drugs commonly employed in the treatment of infectious diseases. The objective of present study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of fruit juices of Papaya (Carica papaya) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus) against medically important selected enteric pathogens. The Papaya and pineapple fruit juices were subjected to screening against enteric pathogens E.coli, Salmonella paratyphy B, and Shigella sonnei. Antimicrobial analysis was done by using the agar well diffusion method against selected enteric bacteria. The MIC values were determined by using U.V. Spectrophotometer. The fresh crude Pineapple fruit juice produced the highest antimicrobial activity against E.coli followed by Shigella sonnei and Salmonella para.B. and fresh crude Papaya fruit juice produced the highest antimicrobial activity against Shigella sonnei followed by E.coli and Salmonella para.B. The phytochemical analysis showed presence of protein, carbohydrate, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and reducing sugar. The antimicrobial activity of standard antibiotic Ampicillin was studied in comparison with papaya and pineapple fruit juices.The Ayurvedic system of medicine has described various fruit juices in the treatment of diseases, which play an important role in modern health care and curing various ailments and diseases. The uses of herbal medicines are increasing as a dietary supplement to fight or prevent common diseases. It has great demand for primary health care because plant based medicines; health product, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics etc. are thought to be non toxic, have less side effects and easily available at affordable cost .There are several reports on antimicrobial activity of crude fruit juices that inhibits various bacteria. However limited number of antimicrobial activity of in vitro studies on various fruit juices has been published, it has not been determined whether they are superior or equivalent to antibiotics. Therefore scientific evaluation of these fruit juices is the need of hour to check their antimicrobial activity and supports their use as an alternative medicine in the treatment of enteric infections. Hence an attempt was made, to screen the antimicrobial analysis and phytochemical study of fresh fruit juices of Papaya and Pineapple in the prevention of enteric bacterial infections.

Phytochemicals of elaeocarpus with their therapeutic value: a review

Abstract: Elaeocarpus is a genus of evergreen broad-leaved trees and shrubs widely distributed in warm regions belonging to family Elaeocarpaceae This review consists of all publications relevant to pharmaceutical and pharmacological activity of Elaeocarpus genus that were identified by the authors Various different methods used in this study prevent any kind of statistical pooling in results tudies indicate that various Elaeocarpus species contain chemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, triterpenes, fatty acids, ellagic acid derivatives and cytotoxic compounds Studies also indicate different therapeutic activity of Elaeocarpus such as antiasthamatic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antidiabetic and various other activities All research work on Elaeocarpus reveals the immense medicinal value of this genus but still various Elaeocarpus species should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential medicinal values

Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of leaves of leucas indica (eelli)

Abstract: Plants of genus Leucas belongs to family Lamiacae and have been widely employed by the traditional healers to cure many diseases. The objective of the study was to do preliminary phytochemical screening of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Leucas indica (EELLI). About 1000 gm of air dried powdered material of leaves of Leucas indica was extracted with 90% ethanol in a soxhlet extractor for 36 hours. It was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and controlled temperature (40-50C) using rotary evaporator. The ethanolic extract yielded a dark brown Sticky mass weighing 125g. The ethanolic extract was concentrated by vacuum distillation to dryness; the yield obtained was 12.5% w/w with respect to dried leaf. The preliminary phytochemical screenings of EELLI for its phytochemical constituents were performed using generally accepted laboratory technique for qualitative determinations. Preliminary phytochemical screening of EELLI shows the presence of phytosterols, triterpenoids, flavinoids, lactones, glycosides, fatty acids, phenolic compounds and tannins.