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Showing papers in "International Journal of Research in 2011"


Journal Article
TL;DR: This paper explored the relationship between students' self-regulation ability and their learning performance and found that students' learning motivation, goal setting, action control, and learning strategies played a significant role in their performance.
Abstract: The paper aims to explore the relationship between students’ self-regulation ability and their learning performance. In this study, self-regulation ability is conceptualized by four dimensions: learning motivation, goal setting, action control and learning strategies. 6,524 students from 20 aided secondary schools in Hong Kong participated in the questionnaire survey. Factor analysis and reliability test were used to confirm the constructed validity and the reliability of the survey instrument. Multiple regression analysis was applied to explore the relationship among variables. The results showed that students’ learning motivation, goal setting, action control and learning strategies played a significant role in their learning performance.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the links between practitioners' understanding of play and its relationship to learning, their pedagogic interactions with children and children's own perceptions of their play.
Abstract: This paper presents research that examines the links between practitioners’ understanding of play and its relationship to learning, their pedagogic interactions with children and children’s own perceptions of their play. Previous research has shown a mismatch between practitioners’ understanding of play and their practice. This research identifies how differences in understanding of play, especially the role of the adult, by practitioners in two unrelated settings are associated with variation in pedagogic interactions emphasising choice and control. Furthermore, it is argued that these differences are reflected in differences in children’s use of the cue of adult presence as a defining feature of play and not-play activities.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper surveys existing distance measures for clustering and presents a comparison between them based on application domain, efficiency, benefits and drawbacks to help the researchers to take quick decision about which distance measure to use for clustered.
Abstract: Clustering plays a vital role in the various areas of research like Data Mining, Image Retrieval, Bio-computing and many a lot. Distance measure plays an important role in clustering data points. Choosing the right distance measure for a given dataset is a biggest challenge. In this paper, we study various distance measures and their effect on different clustering. This paper surveys existing distance measures for clustering and present a comparison between them based on application domain, efficiency, benefits and drawbacks. This comparison helps the researchers to take quick decision about which distance measure to use for clustering. We conclude this work by identifying trends and challenges of research and development towards clustering..

107 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Based on published researches, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, chronic venous insufficiency, preterm birth and spontaneous abortion, and carotid atherosclerosis have been identified as common health problems associated with prolonged standing.
Abstract: In industrial workplaces, many workers perform processes jobs in standing position for a long period of time. Working in standing position can be linked to versatility because the mobility of legs position and having large degree of freedom. This working position promotes workers to be more efficient and productive. Such advantages contribute high value for company profits; however, standing in a long period of time can lead to discomfort, muscle fatigue, and occupational injuries to workers. The purpose of this paper is to disseminate information on health effects, assessment methods, and control measures associated with prolonged standing jobs in industrial workplaces. Published articles related to standing in workplace have been reviewed. Based on published researches, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, chronic venous insufficiency, preterm birth and spontaneous abortion, and carotid atherosclerosis have been identified as common health problems associated with prolonged standing. Engineering and administrative controls have been proposed to the workplace to minimize the health problems.

68 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the ignition time and water boiling test of coal briquette blends with pennisetum purpurem (elephant grass) and imperata cylindrica (spear grass).
Abstract: This work is aimed at comparing the ignition time and water boiling test of coal briquette blends with pennisetum purpurem (elephant grass) and imperata cylindrica (spear grass). Proximate analyses and elemental compositions of the coal and biomass were determined. Different samples of briquettes were produced by blending varying loads of the plant materials with the coal in the ratio of 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 4:60, 50:50, and 100:0, using cassava starch as a binder and calcium carbonate (Ca(OH)2) as a desulfurizing agent. The results of the properties tested were compared. Ignition time decrease with increase in the plant material while coal blends with pennisetum purpurem performed better. In the water boiling test determination, burning rates as well as specific fuel consumptions were also determined. There is a variation in the results obtained.

42 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: This article focused on issues of retention and individual needs of international students at a southern university through videotaped group interviews with six students from Africa, China, India, Japan, Jordan, and Nepal.
Abstract: This paper focused on issues of retention and the individual needs of international students at a southern university through videotaped group interviews with six students from Africa, China, India, Japan, Jordan, and Nepal. Students were asked questions concerning their first experiences at the university, experiences out in the community, academic issues and concerns, and other needs. Asking for and paying attention to the details that support international students in their quest to receive an American education will support the students where they need it and also provide an atmosphere that will encourage more international students to follow.

34 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the proximate composition, ascorbic acid content and anti-nutrient composition of Chrysophyllum africanum fruits was investigated, and the results showed that the results were, moisture 66.67%, carbohydrate 78.34%, protein 5.66%, fibre 4.50%, fat 9.83%, ash 2.12% and total energy value 420.42 kcal.
Abstract: The proximate composition, ascorbic acid content and anti-nutrient composition of Chrysophyllum africanum fruits was investigated. The proximate composition analysis showed the results to be, moisture 66.67%, Carbohydrate 78.34%, protein 5.66%, fibre 4.50%, fat 9.83%, ash 2.12% and total energy value 420.42 kcal The ascorbic acid content was 19.68%.The anti-nutrients composition was observed to be oxalate 4.95mg, saponins 3.66 %, Cyanogenic glycoside 0.17%, phylate 0.02% and tannins 0.03 %.The study showed that Chrysophyllum africanum fruit contain high carbohydrate and this makes it a good source of energy for human nutrition while the high moisture content gives it a very short shelf life.

32 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from various sites in and around Akot city were assessed and the results were compared with standards prescribed by WHO (1973) and ISI (10500-91).
Abstract: The physico-chemical parameters of water samples collected from various sites in and around Akot city were assess. The physicochemical parameter like, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca++) magnesium (Mg++ ), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), fluoride (F-), nitrate (NO-3) sulphate (SO2-4) and phosphate (PO3-4) was determined. The results were compared with standards prescribed by WHO (1973) and ISI (10500-91). It was found that the water samples collected from various sites in and around akot city was contaminated. All sampling sites showed physicochemical parameters above the water quality standards and the quality of water are very bad and it is unfit for drinking purpose. Whereas the sampling sites S11 and S12 has somewhat good quality water.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Playful structure is a new pedagogic image representing a more balanced and integrated perspective on early years pedagogy, aiming to blend apparent dichotomies and contradictions and to sustain and evolve play-based practice beyond Year 1 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Playful structure is a new pedagogic image representing a more balanced and integrated perspective on early years pedagogy, aiming to blend apparent dichotomies and contradictions and to sustain and evolve play-based practice beyond Year 1. Playful structure invites teachers and children to initiate and maintain a degree of playfulness in the child’s whole learning experience, even when the learning intentions demand a supportive structure. Thus, playfulness becomes characteristic of the interaction between adult and the child and not just characteristic of child-initiated versus adult-initiated activities, or of play-time versus task-time. The paper is based on intensive observations and interviews with teachers in Northern Ireland who participated in a play-based and informal curriculum. This paper explains how playful structure rests on complementary processes of infusion of structure into play-based activities and infusion of playfulness into more structured activities, illustrated by cameos. ‘Infusio...

30 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Data mining techniques are utilized to provide a classification approach to support basic school students in selecting the suitable track in basic Jordanian schools.
Abstract: One of the most important issues to succeed in the academic life is to assign students to the right track when they arrive to the end of the basic education stage. The main problem in the selection of an academic track in basic Jordanian schools is the lack of useful knowledge for students to support their planning. This paper utilized data mining techniques to provide a classification approach to support basic school students in selecting the suitable track. For this purpose, a decision tree classification model was developed to determine which track is suitable for each student. There are a set classification rules that were extracted from the decision tree to predict and classify the class label for each student. A confusion matrix is built to evaluate the model where the 10-fold Cross Validation method was used for accuracy estimation of the model. The overall accuracy of the model was 87.9% where 218 students were correctly classified out of the 248 students.

27 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on islands and archipelagos around the world and consider their field of study and propose a typology of insularities in order to open lines of inquiry and provide indications of the levels of development and integration of small insular spaces in a world economy.
Abstract: This article focuses on islands and archipelagos around the world and considers their field of study. It aims first to trace the outline of the geographical object and its limits. Rather than attempting to provide a positive definition of an island, the article posits a category of small insular spaces. Next, by providing a thorough analysis of the notion of insularity, the study demonstrates the limits of certain physical determinisms. I propose a typology of insularities in order to open lines of inquiry and provide indications as to the levels of development and integration of small insular spaces in a world economy. However, the trends laid out in this typology should by no means be expanded into rules or laws relating to the relative influence of insularity. The position of islands in the world system does not take precedence over their relative position in relation to the main island or an industrialised home country. The influence of political status on the levels of development will also be examined.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors analyzed how proportion is introduced and developed in selected mathematics textbooks for middle school students of Portugal, Spain, Brazil, and USA, focusing on the nature of the approach and on the cognitive demand, structure, and context of the tasks.
Abstract: This paper analyses how proportion is introduced and developed in selected mathematics textbooks for middle school students of Portugal, Spain, Brazil, and USA. The analysis focuses on the nature of the approach and on the cognitive demand, structure, and context of the tasks . The results show that the textbooks tend to present tasks at an intermediate level of cognitive demand and with a closed structure. Non-mathematical contexts predominate in three of the four textbooks. However, there are marked differences in the way textbooks approach the conceptual and procedural aspects of proportion. The way the students are addressed also varies, ranging from a questioning/problem solving style, to an explaining/practicing style, each of these styles supporting a rather different kind of activity.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the antibacterial activity of roots, stem bark and leaves of various solvent (Hexane, Benzene, Isopropanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol & Water) extracts of Alstonia scholaris using well diffusion techniques on Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus & Lactococcus lactis) as well as Gram negative bacteria (Aeromonas sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Proteus mirabil
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of roots, stem bark & leaves of various solvent (Hexane, Benzene, Isopropanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol & Water) extracts of Alstonia scholaris using well diffusion techniques on Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus & Lactococcus lactis) as well as Gram negative bacteria (Aeromonas sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Proteus mirabilis). Among the various extracts tested, methanol extract of root was found to be most potent against E.coli with a zone of inhibition of 18 mm followed by methanol extract of leaf against Lactococcus lactis (13.5 mm) and isopropanol extract of stem bark against Lactococcus lactis (13.3mm). Phytochemical analysis re- vealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids & saponins in various extracts of roots, leaf & stem bark.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the determination of nitrate anion concentration from nine selected areas of coastal Guyana using an Ultra Violet Spectrophotometric method, and the results showed that the concentrations of nitrates were not as high and are below the internationally accepted threshold values.
Abstract: Globally, the presence of nitrate anions in water beyond the threshold limit can be deleterious to both flora and fauna life. Guyana‟s waste and domestic water needs monitoring to assess the concentration of toxic anions and cations. High levels of nitrate anion beyond the threshold limit can induce the “blue baby” syndrome amongst other effects. This paper focuses on the determination of nitrate anion concentration from nine selected areas of coastal Guyana using an Ultra Violet Spectrophotometric method. These areas monitored were No. 58 Livehood Village, Rose Hall Town, Skeldon GUYSUCO Estate, Good Hope, Ogle, Stabroek, Parika, Supenaam, Spring Garden. The results showed that the concentrations of nitrates were not as high and are below the internationally accepted threshold values. The average concentration being 0.03mg/L, 0.06mg/L and 0.20 mg/L, 1.77 mg/L, 2.363 mg/L, 0.333mg/L, 0.17 mg/L, 0.19 mg/L, 0.18mg/L NO3 for the above several areas respectively. The results were accepted at the 95% confidence leve using statistical analysis. The US public Health Service designated safe limit for nitrate in water as 45mg/L.. The applicable range of concentrations using the above method is 0.1-2 mg/L NO3 – . A maximum level of 45 mg/L is established as worldwide guidance for nitrate concentration in water. In Europe, the maximum permitted levels of nitrate in potable water is 50.0 mg/L, while in the US-EPA has established a guideline for the maximum level of nitrate-nitrogen of 10 mg/L. It can safely be informed that the nine selected areas choosen are not polluted with anions. In an effort to improve water quality, the Government of Guyana has embarked on the construction of sand filtration and water treatment plants along the inhabited coastland of Guyana.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The morphology, traditional and folklore uses, phyto-constituents and pharmacological reports of the prominent species of the genus Passiflora have been described in this article.
Abstract: Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of year and an impressive number of modern drug have been isolated from natural sources, many based on their use in traditional medicine. Plants from the genus Passiflora have been used in traditional medicine by many cultures. Flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and volatile constituents have been reported as the major phyto-constituents of the Passiflora species. This review describes the morphology, traditional and folklore uses, phyto-constituents and pharmacological reports of the prominent species of the genus Passiflora. Various virgin areas of research on the species of this genus have been highlighted with a view to explore, isolate and identify the medicinally important phytoconstituents which could be utilized to alleviate various diseases affecting the mankind.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article focuses on secure data storage in cloud and proposes an effectual and adaptable scheme that achieves the data storage correctness, allow the authenticated user to access the data and data error localization, i.e., the identification of misbehaving servers.
Abstract: Cloud computing has gained a lot of hype in the current world of I.T. Cloud computing is said to be the next big thing in the computer world after the internet. Cloud computing is the use of the Internet for the tasks performed on the computer and it is visualized as the next- generation architecture of IT Enterprise. The ‘Cloud’ represents the internet. Cloud computing is related to several technologies and the convergence of various technologies has emerged to be called cloud computing. In comparison to conventional ways Cloud Computing moves application software and databases to the large data centers, where the data and services will not be fully trustworthy. In this article, I focus on secure data storage in cloud; it is an important aspect of Quality of Service. To ensure the correctness of users’ data in the cloud, I propose an effectual and adaptable scheme with salient qualities. This scheme achieves the data storage correctness, allow the authenticated user to access the data and data error localization, i.e., the identification of misbehaving servers..

Journal Article
TL;DR: This is an in-vitro pilot study which established the effect of radiofrequency radiation from 2.4 GHz laptop antenna on human semen and showed a significant effect of RFR exposure on the semen parameters considered.
Abstract: This is an in-vitro pilot study which established the effect of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) from 2.4 GHz laptop antenna on human semen. Ten samples of the semen, collected from donors between the ages of 20 and 30 years were exposed when the source of the RFR was in active mode. Sequel to the exposure, both the exposed samples and another ten unexposed samples from same donors were analysed for sperm concentration, motility and morphology grading. A test of significance between results of these semen parameters using Mann-Whitney U- test at 0.05 level of significance showed a significant effect of RFR exposure on the semen parameters considered.


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how Lesson Study of an initial teacher education course developed the instructional design competency of pre-service teachers in Hong Kong and found that action research tutorials and collaborative practice are predictors of their instructional design skills and teaching competency.
Abstract: This paper aims to examine how Lesson Study of an initial teacher education course develops the instructional design competency of pre-service teachers in Hong Kong. Lesson Study is a collaborative action research approach for developing teacher professional competency. This study assesses the effectiveness of the Lesson Study course conducted in a teacher education institute that based on a quasi-experimental design. There were 341 pre-service teachers participated to a questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability test were used to confirm the constructed validity and reliability of the survey instrument. Canonical correlation was applied to explore the relationship between the approaches of their learning process and their learning outcomes. Results show that action research tutorials and collaborative practice are predictors of their instructional design skills and teaching competency. This paper discusses the critical success factors and the potential for using Lesson Study as a model to help pre-service teachers develop their teaching competency.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Research and preclinical studies done on the animals have shown that the part of these medicinal plants such as seeds, roots, leaf, stems have active phytochemicals that are responsible for hypoglycemic activity either by lowering of blood glucose levels, increasing insulin secretion, or increasing glucose tolerance.
Abstract: Diabetes is a metabolism disorder majorly seen in Sikkimese population due to hereditary, lifestyle, and environ- ment. Among the ethno medicinal plants of Sikkim various plants have potential as antidiabetic (Chettri et al., 2005). Some of the antidiabetic medicinal plants found in Sikkim are Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Aloe barbadenisis, Asparagus racemous, Berberis aristala, Catahranthus roseus, Cordycep sinensis, Costus sp., Nar- dostachts jatamansi, Ocimum sanctum, Panax pseudoginseng, Picorrizae kurrao, Sweritia chirtia, Trigonella feocum, and Morus alba distributed in lower, middle and upper hilly region having different elevation range. Vari- ous research and preclinical studies done on the animals have shown that the part of these medicinal plants such as seeds, roots, leaf, stems have active phytochemicals that are responsible for hypoglycemic activity either by lowering of blood glucose levels, increasing insulin secretion, or increasing glucose tolerance.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The chemical composition or chemical constituents which were earlier isolated from various parts of the Salix caprea are summarized and definitely stimulates the researchers and scientists for further work on Salix Caprea.
Abstract: Salix caprea (Salicaceae) is one of the medicinal plants in Kashmir valley, commonly known as Goat willow. Plants are the natural industry for the production of secondary metabolites. Crude drugs are the natural sources for isolation of natural products which are used as medicines. So the current knowledge of their chemical composition is necessary for research work. In this short chemical review we have summarised the chemical composition or chemical constituents which were earlier isolated from various parts of the Salix caprea. This chemical review definitely stimulates the researchers and scientists for further work on Salix caprea.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, an aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves (AEAM) was administered at three doses (250, 500, and 750 mg/kg, p.o.) to wistar rats in Gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity model.
Abstract: Present investigation was carried out to evaluate the Nephroprotective activity of an aqueous extract of Leaves of Aegle marmelos in Wistar rats. The aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves (AEAM) was administered at three doses (250, 500, and 750 mg/kg, p.o.) to wistar rats in Gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity model. The rats were pre-fed experimental diets for 8 days and then received GM (100 mg/kg body weight/day) treatment for 8 days while still on diet. Serum parameters, oxidative stress in rat kidney were analyzed. GM nephrotoxicity was recorded by increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level. GM increased MDA level whereas decreased catalase, reduced glutathione level, while AEAM significantly reduced the elevated MDA levels and increased GSH and catalase concentration. GM increased serum creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen level,while AEAM reduced serum creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen level in gentamicin toxicity indicating a nephroprotective effect. The aqueous extract of A. marmelos leaves possesses the Nephroprotective activity.However, further studies are necessary to isolate and characterize the phytoconstituents responsible for diuretic action and to explore the exact underlying mechanism of A. marmelos.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new scheme of processing continuous query on a novel spatial index based on uniform grid which is proved to be a good indexing scheme in main memory and has better performance especially when the query is rather stationary.
Abstract: Applications in location-based services rely on the efficient management of large scale moving objects, and one of the most important operations is real-time continuous query over moving objects, such as monitoring the objects of a certain region. In order to satisfy the high throughput and handle real-time updates and queries, it is a good choice to introduce multi-core parallel processing and managing spatial indices in main memory. In this paper, we propose a new scheme of processing continuous query on a novel spatial index based on uniform grid which is proved to be a good indexing scheme in main memory. The novelty of our index is to manage query region as the partition in the spatial index, which unified the index updating and query processing. Our experiments indicate that this sophisticated approach has better performance especially when the query is rather stationary..

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension of Hofstede culture model in consumer behavior as well as four personality traits and found that people of high uncertainty avoidance tend to purchase the high quality products and famous brands to reduce the risk of their purchases.
Abstract: Human purchasing behavior is affected by many influential factors. Culture at macro-level and personality at micro-level influence consumer purchasing behavior. People of different cultures tend to accept the values of their own group and consequently have different purchasing behavior. Also, people in the same culture have some differences in their purchases which can be described by their personal characteristics. Therefore, this paper studies Uncertainty Avoidance dimension of Hofstede culture model in consumer behavior as well as four personality traits. The consumer model includes three important module including perception, evaluation of the alternatives and post-purchase. Our experimental results show that people of high uncertainty avoidance tend to purchase the high quality products as well as famous brands to reduce the risk of their purchases. On the other hand, people in high uncertainty tolerant culture tend to purchase the new products. The paper discusses about the validity of the proposed model based on empirical data

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the combined effect of relevant process variables to maximize the production of xylanase in submerge fermentation by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 2553 was investigated.
Abstract: In the present study Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the combined effect of relevant process variables to maximize the production of xylanase in submerge fermentation by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 2553. The process variables include pH (6.5, 7.0, and 7.5); temperature (25, 30, and 35°C); agitation speed (190, 200, and 210 rpm); and, substrate (xylan) concentration (0.70%, 0.75%, and 0.80%). A 2 4 factorial central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to obtain interaction between the process variables and optimizing these variables. Total 22 experiments were carried out in shake flask and a three dimensional response surface was generated to determine the effect of process variables on xylanase production. The optimal calculated values of tested variables for maximal production of xylanase were: pH 7.49, temperature 29°C, agitation speed 209 rpm, and substrate concentration of 0.75%. This approach for process parameter optimization yielded enhance xylanase activity by three - folds compared to the unoptimized media.


Journal Article
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between teachers' and students' beliefs about effective ways of learning English and elucidated whether teachers and students beliefs are congruent with their self-reported practices in Turkey.
Abstract: The International Journal of Research in Teacher Education (IJERTE) Abstract: This study aims to understand the relationship between teachers’ and students’ beliefs about effective ways of learning English and elucidate whether teachers’ and students’ beliefs are congruent with their self-reported practices in Turkey. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to 5 teachers of English and 6 of their students and qualitative analysis of the interview protocols revealed consistency between their beliefs about effective ways of learning English. On the other hand, teachers and students were in agreement about the disconnection between their beliefs and practices. Although they believe that English should be learned communicatively, they claimed that their current practices solely focus on structural and lexical units of English. Different factors were discussed leading to this mismatch such as the content of university examination, course books, the status of English, overloaded syllabus, etc. and the disconnection between beliefs and practices is reported to be a factor hindering the satisfaction gained from current teaching and learning procedures.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a SiRF Star III single frequency receiver is used for collecting and projecting data in World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) co-ordinate form.
Abstract: This paper focuses on modeling the errors which normally degrade the accuracy of Global Poisoning System (GPS). The performance of the GPS is mainly affected by ionospheric errors. SiRF Star III single frequency receiver is used for collecting and projecting datum in World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) co-ordinate form. To project the ellipsoidal model onto a map model, datum conversion from WGS-84 to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) form is needed. The conversion introduces errors in the datum. The variation in the errors can be observed from day to night, area to area and also due to the seasonal changes. The datum is collected from Ameerpet region of Hyderabad, which is a heavily populated area with heavy traffic and tall buildings. The variation in the datum has been observed from afternoon to evening..