Showing papers in "International Journal of Secondary Metabolite in 2019"
TL;DR: A detailed literature survey regarding chemical composition, phytochemistry, therapeutic potential and biotechnological approaches to enhance the medicinal potential of Nigella sativa is presented.
Abstract: M edicinal and aromatic plants and their refined natural products have gained global attraction for their therapeutic potential against many human diseases . Nigella sativa is a medicinally important plant, commonly known as Black cumin or Black seed is a dicotyledon plant of the Ranunculaceae family . It is in common use for a long er time in history as preservative and spice and has also been extensively utilized by different communities around the globe. Black cumin has been an eminent component of traditional medicine systems like Unani and Tibb, Ayurveda and Siddha. Its biological activities include antidiarrheal, analgesic, antibacterial, liver tonic, diurectic , digestive agent and to treat several skin disorders. Furthermore, the therapeutic properties also include antidiabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and bronchodialator. This is all because of its miraculous healing power that it has been ranked as top ranked, among evidence based herbal medicines. The literature supports that the pharmacological activities of Nigella sativa are mainly because of the essential oil and its constituents particularly thymoquinone. The current review is an attempt to present a detailed literature survey regarding chemical composition, phytochemistry, therapeutic potential and biotechnological approaches to enhance the medicinal potential of this valuable plant.
24 citations
TL;DR: The fruit parts of plant could be a natural antioxidant and antibacterial source and plant extracts have high antioxidant activity, and were found to be more effective against gram negative bacteria.
Abstract: In this study, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. collected from Duhok (Iraq) were determined. Ethanol, methanol and dichloromethane extracts of the fruit part of plant were obtained. Antioxidant potential was determined with TAS and TOS kits using ethanol extracts. Antibacterial and antifungal activity were determined using agar dilution method. Antibacterial activity was determined against 6 bacterial strains ( Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii ). Antifungal activity was determined against Candida albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata . As a result of the studies, it was determined that plant extracts have high antioxidant activity. It was also found to be effective against bacteria at 25-400 µg/mL concentrations. Plant extracts were found to be more effective against gram negative bacteria. It was found to be effective against Candida species at 400-800 µg/mL concentrations. As a result, it was determined that the fruit parts of plant could be a natural antioxidant and antibacterial source.
13 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that TCCEA has a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and is a good candidate for further bioactivity-guided fractionation in the search for new active anti- inflammatory and antioxidant compounds.
Abstract: In this study, various extracts obtained different parts of Tanacetum cilicicum were investigated for in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant activity was tested with three methods; namely 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, 2.2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazolin‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging capacity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Also, anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts was evaluated by 5-lipoxygenase inhibition assay. Ethyl acetate extract of capitula of T. cilicicum (TCCEA) showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 values of 22.44 and 30.86 µg/mL against DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. At the same time, the highest ferric reducing power was found in the TCCEA (42.2 mg TE/g extract). The highest total phenolic contents have been detected in TCCEA and ethyl acetate extract of leaves of T. cilicicum (TCLEA) with value of 174.1 and 175.6 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Similarly, the highest total flavonoid contents have been detected in TCCEA and TCLEA with values of 26.94 and 30.48 mg QE/g extract, respectively. TCCEA exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity with IC 50 value of 9.44 µg/mL when compared to standard indomethacine (22.39 µg/mL). These results demonstrate that TCCEA has a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Also, the results show that TCCEA is a good candidate for further bioactivity-guided fractionation in the search for new active anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds.
13 citations
TL;DR: The ethanol extract showed the higher inhibitory activity on tyrosinase enzyme than water extract, and this result may have stemmed from the vanillic, ferulic acid and rutin components that were identified by RP-HPLC only in the ethanol extract.
Abstract: Skin is the largest organ of our body and it protects interior organs against several environmental factors. Hyperpigmentation problem occurs as a result of abnormal melanin accumulation in the skin. A considerable amount of world’s population uses skin whitening products. It is known that various algae-derived secondary metabolites play an important role in skin problems. Therefore, the tyrosinase inhibitory activities of S. obliquus ethanol and water extracts were evaluated in the present study. Tyrosinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 492 nm. The ethanol extract showed the higher inhibitory activity on tyrosinase enzyme (IC 50 : 0.0270 g/mL) than water extract (IC 50 : 0.2882 g/mL). This result may have stemmed from the vanillic , ferulic acid and rutin components that were identified by RP-HPLC only in the ethanol extract.
9 citations
TL;DR: In conclusion, Momtchil, Gerek-79, Bayraktar-2000, Populations 5, 6, and 1 are well endorsed against triple seedling stresses.
Abstract: Climate changes prompt salt, cold, and drought stresses especially during early crop growth stages. The damages during germination in wheat may even destroy whole crop. Here, 12 bread and 10 einkorn wheats entries were distressed under salt, cold and drought. Germination rate and germination power, coleoptile, shoot length, root length, shoot to root length ratio, root fresh and dry weight and root fresh to dry weight ratio were quantified under six salt, cold, drought stresses and one control. After ANOVA and LSD discriminated the entries, stress tolerance indices differentiated six tolerant and six susceptible entries. MANOVA, Pillai’s Trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests finalized the stress testing. Shoot and root length, root fresh and dry weight highly differed under salt, cold and drought. Bayraktar-2000 well tolerated salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Gerek-79 salt, salt-drought, salt-cold-drought; Momtchil salt, cold and salt-cold-drought; Ikizce-96 salt, drought and salt-drought. Einkorn Population 14 was susceptible to all stresses except cold and salt-cold; Population 15 to salt, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Population 11 to salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought. These stresses sharply decreased shoot and root length, root fresh and root dry weight. The higher % decreases under salt, cold and drought were in shoot (59.72, 63.25 and 23.17) and root length (32.91, 51.77 and 34.69), root fresh (44.32, 49.11 and 38.88) and root dry weight (21.63, 42.14 and 41.97). Moreover, Pillai’s trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests differentiated both characters and entries (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Momtchil, Gerek-79, Bayraktar-2000, Populations 5, 6, and 1 are well endorsed against triple seedling stresses.
7 citations
TL;DR: In vitro antioxidant activities of black garlics purchased from Edovital company, Kastamonu, Turkey were determined, followed by qualitative and quantitative measurement of the phenolic compound content by HPLC and finally the electronic nose analysis of the content of nebulizer vapors in wood vinegar extract ofblack garlics were done successfully.
Abstract: Black garlic is a processed garlic product with a moisture-controlled high temperature heat treatment for a long time. In order to determine the secondary metabolites of black garlics treated in the study, firstly, in vitro antioxidant activities of black garlics purchased from Edovital company, Kastamonu, Turkey were determined, followed by qualitative and quantitative measurement of the phenolic compound content by HPLC and finally the electronic nose analysis of the content of nebulizer vapors in wood vinegar extract of black garlics were done successfully. Chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, gallic acid contents in detected 13 phenolic acids were quitely high. All quantitative results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g dry matter of black garlic sample. ABTS and DPPH antioxidant activities were very low according to BHT standart and 2-Methylene-4-pentenal (18%) and Furfural (25%) were detected in high amount with electronic nose in nebulvapor contents of black garlic wood vinegar extract.
6 citations
TL;DR: Antibacterial activity of G .
Abstract: Essential oil composition of Gypsophila turcica Hamzaoglu, Gypsophila pinifolia Boiss. & Hausskn., G . tuberculosa Hub.-Mor., G . eriocalyx Boiss. and G . laricina Schreb. were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty six, fourty four, sixty six, forty one and sixty one compounds were identified in the essential oils of G . turcica , G . pinifolia , G . laricina , G . tuberculosa and G . eriocalyx respectively. The major components were determined hentriacontane (12.93 ± 0.4%), 1-octadecanol (8.97 ± 0.1%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (6.9 ± 0.09%) and pentacosane (6.63 ± 0.08%) in G . turcica oil, hexadecanoic acid (17.6 ± 0.4%), 1-tetradecanol (7.6 ± 0.1%) and phytol (5.63 ± 0.05%) in G . pinifolia oil, octacosane (6.83%), eicosanal (6.19%), triacontane (6.03%) and heneicosane (5.78%) for G . eriocalyx , hexadecanoic acid (25.3%, 27.0%) and hentriacontane (13.0%, 12.6%) for G . tuberculosa and G . laricina , respectively. Antibacterial activity of G . eriocalyx , G . tuberculosis and G . laricina were investigated against Gram negative ( Escherichia coli ) and Gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) bacteria.
6 citations
TL;DR: According to this study, content analysis was carried out in order to determine the antioxidant content of the Paulownia tomentosa tree, a plant species that can be used in phytotherapy, pharmacology, modern medical applications and animal feed industry.
Abstract: Paulownia tomentosa , which adapts to the land of Denizli, has a rapid growth feature. In this study, content analysis was carried out in order to determine the antioxidant content of the Paulownia tomentosa tree. According to this, the most much catechin was found in the general phenolic content of the plant (24035.90 μ g/g in the leaf extract, 13837.14 μ g/g in the flower extract). The least amount of chlorogenic acid was (34.863 μ g/g in the leaf extract, 82.26 0 μ g/g in the flower extract) found. β-carotene was obtained as 7716,00 µg/g in leaf content and 501,67 µg/g in flower contents. Our plant is a plant that contains total phenolic substances in leaf and flower extract. Due to its potential for impact; ethnobotany is a plant species that can be used in phytotherapy, pharmacology, modern medical applications and animal feed industry.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated changes in plant growth, water content, lipid peroxidation, H 2 O 2, proline, and enzymes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR).
Abstract: Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is one of the most widespread herbal species used in the food processing industry and for culinary and medicinal purposes. This work aimed to investigate changes in plant growth, water content, lipid peroxidation, H 2 O 2 , proline, and enzymes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity values such as ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were studied under stress conditions of salt, cobalt and a combination of the two. No significant differences were found in relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence under salt, cobalt and their combination. However, the osmotic potential and relative growth rate were enhanced with salt+cobalt compared to salt-treated plants. Salt and cobalt individually stimulated high antioxidant activity. High APX and GR activities were associated with the high proline accumulation in the sage plants under the combined effect of salt+cobalt. The combination decreased lipid peroxidation (TBARS), while H 2 O 2 content was increased. This increase with the combined salt+cobalt effect may be associated with the decrease in CAT activity. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between TPC and TF content and antioxidant capacity measured via FRAP, CUPRAC and DPPH. The TPC, TF and antioxidant capacity values also increased under the salt+cobalt combination, suggesting an increase in antioxidant content in the sage leaves. Therefore, the combination of salt and cobalt improved the stress tolerance of S. officinalis .
5 citations
TL;DR: It could be concluded that the application of silicon significantly enhanced the plants ability to withstand salt stress conditions through increased silicon content, increased steviol glycoside production and could therefore improve crop production under salt stress.
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of foliar silicon application on fresh weight and dry matter contents as well as steviol glycoside contents of stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) grown under salt stress. In this respect, an experimental research with factorial arrangement on a Completely Randomized Design with four replications was conducted in plastic pots under greenhouse conditions. Four different salinity levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 mM NaCl) were used for three weeks old seedling and two different foliar silicone concentrations (12.5 and 25 mM) were applied in the form of sodium silicate which was launched after 4 weeks of planting. Both NaCl concentrations and foliar silicone application had statistically significant effect ( p ≤0.05) on fresh weight and dry matter characteristics and also on rebaudioside-A and stevioside contents of stevia leaves which were harvested before flowering period. Results showed that salt stress decreased both rebaudioside-A and stevioside contents, but foliar silicone application improve negative influences of NaCl treatments with even increasing the steviol glycoside contents. Rebaudioside-A content did not change, but stevioside content decreased with foliar silicone application in control conditions. However, highest rebaudioside-A and stevioside accumulation were recorded in 25 mM foliar silicone application under 50 mM NaCl stress. In these conditions, rebaudioside-A and stevioside contents were 112 and 26% higher than control, respectively. It could be concluded that the application of silicon significantly enhanced the plants ability to withstand salt stress conditions through increased silicon content, increased steviol glycoside production. Silicon application could therefore improve crop production under salt stress.
4 citations
TL;DR: Results of the antibacterial test showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were more sensitive to methanol extract of Echium khuzistanicum root and Marrubium anisodan showed the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity.
Abstract: Medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases earlier times are potential sources of new drugs. The present study was undertaken to study the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of certain medicinal plants of Iran by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) , DPPH and disk diffusion method. According to the results of GC/MS, there are 46 kinds of chemical compounds including mucilage, fatty acids, flavonoid and diterpenes in flower of Echium khuzistanicum . There are aldehydes (7.9%), phenols (7.5%), fatty acids (5.8%) and furfural (5.4%) in the methanol extract of Echinops cephalotes . Furfural, steroids, vitamin B and flavonoids are the main compounds of Marrubium anisodan . Results of the antibacterial test showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were more sensitive to methanol extract of Echium khuzistanicum root. Pseudomonas auruginosa was more sensitive to DMSO extract of Marrubium anisodan at 600 mg/ml concentration. Maximum flavonoid and phenol contents were belonging to Echinops cephalotes . Marrubium anisodan showed the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity.
TL;DR: Soil properties of the samples from orchards and the nutrients (macro and microelements) in the clementine mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco), widely grown in the Koycegiz region of Mugla Province Turkey, were studied as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Soil properties of the samples from orchards and the nutrients (macro- and microelements) in the clementine mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco), widely grown in the Koycegiz region of Mugla Province Turkey, were studied. Mandarin tree leaves and soil samples were collected from 10 different orchards. The soil samples were analyzed for its pH, CaCO 3 , EC, sand, organic matter, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and boron (B) while leaves were analyzed for its macro- and microelements. The results obtained from soil analysis showed suitable amount of calcium carbonate and EC. Analysis of the soil showed that organic matter, N, K and Mn were insufficient in all orchards, while Fe was higher in amount. Slight alkaline, strong alkaline and neutral pHs were determined in the orchards. Besides, the leaf samples collected from the orchards reflected deficient amount of N and Ca while higher amount of Mg and Fe.
TL;DR: In this article, the B5 medium was buffered at pH 4.51, 5.82 and 7.32 by adding diammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate ( NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) representing the enhanced and varied supply of total nitrogen and phosphate compared to MS medium (as control) for cell biomass production and alkaloid yield.
Abstract: Several elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphate at varying pH of the medium which impart a major influence on callus and biomass development and subsequent production of alkaloids was investigated using suspension culture system of Catharanthus roseus in the present study. The B5 medium was buffered at pH 4.51, 5.82 and 7.32 by addition of different levels of (A) diammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and (B) ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate ( NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) representing the enhanced and varied supply of total nitrogen (NH 4 + +NO 3 ˉ ) and phosphate compared to MS medium (as control) for cell biomass production and alkaloid yield. The pH of the medium have shown significant effects with maximum biomass fresh wt., dry wt. and total alkaloid yield at 5.82 medium pH with elevated phosphate levels and total nitrogen concentration of 3710.10 mg/L compared to control MS medium with 2850 mg/L total nitrogen. At 3667.33 and 3752.48 mg/L of total nitrogen with enhanced phosphate supply showed reduced biomass fresh wt., dry wt. and total alkaloid yield at lower (4.51) and higher (7.32) medium pH respectively. Inclusion of 200 mg/L of tryptophan or phenylalanine as reduced nitrogen source in B5 medium buffered at 5.82 ± 0.2 pH showed enhanced biomass and alkaloid production. Hence, addition of nitrogen, phosphate, tryptophan, phenylalanine as nutrient in suspension culture stimulate their uptake to enhance cell biomass and total alkaloids production but as a function of pH of the medium.
TL;DR: This study showed that V. ervilia and V. cuspidata have highest γ-tocopherol content, and indicated that Vicia species have D3 vitamin contents between 13,8±0,62 µg/g and 50,5±2,13 µG/g.
Abstract: In the present study, lipid-soluble vitamin compositions in the seeds of the Vicia L. taxa ( V. ervilia (L.) Willd., V. cuspidata Boiss., V. peregrina L., V. cracca L. subsp. stenophylla Gaudin, V. mollis Boiss.& Hausskn., V . hybrida L., V. sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. var. nigra L., V. sativa L. subsp. sativa (Ser.) Gaudin var. sativa, V. crocea (Desf.) B. Fedstch., V. noeona Reuter ex Boiss. var. noeona, V. narbonensis L. var. narbonensis ) were determined by using HPLC. It was found that studied Vicia species apart from V. ervilia and V. cuspidata have highest s-caroten e content s, 1523,7±6,4 µg/g and 236,62±1,8 µg/g , respectively . Also, this study showed that V. ervilia and V. cuspidata have highest γ-tocopherol content. On the other hand, current study indicated that Vicia species have D3 vitamin contents between 13,8±0,62 µg/g and 50,5±2,13 µg/g. However, the α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol acetate, D2, K1, retinol and retinol acetate contents of studied Vicia L. species were lowest.
TL;DR: In this article, N-benzylidene-4-fluoroaniline (3a), 4-nitroanilines (3b) and N-Benzylidsene-5-nitrogen (4-NFI) using a microwave method were synthesized.
Abstract: In this study, N-benzylidene-4-fluoroaniline (3a), N-benzylidene-4-nitroaniline (3b) as a result of condensation of benzaldehyde (1) and 4-fluoroaniline (2a), 4-nitroaniline (2b) using a microwave method was synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by Fouirer Transform Infrared Spektrofotometre (FTIR spectroscopy), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR spectroscopy) and elemental analysis methods. The prepared compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA-I and hCA-II). The results showed that the synthesized compounds 3a and 3b had a strong inhibitory effect on hCA-I and hCA-II enzymes activity in vitro. By testing these compounds in other CA isoenzymes, more effective CA inhibitors can be formed. Thus, new therapeutic applications can be made for enzyme activators in the near future.
TL;DR: The study showed Salakhani has more bigger fruit size and with soft seed than Zivzik pomegranate; conversely,Zivzik cv.
Abstract: In this study, morphological and pomological characteristics of Salakhani, local variety of Iraq and Zivzik ( Punica granatum L.), local variety of Siirt, were compared. Salakhani variety, which is one of the well-known pomegranate cultivars in Halabja region, has been cultivated for centuries in this region, North of Iraq. Zivzik variety is considered to be one of the important local varieties in Siirt province in the South East of Turkey. Salakhani variety was collected from their natural area in Halabja and Zivzik variety was collected from Zivzik Village in Sirvan. This is the first study comparing both varieties in point of pomological and morphological features. Our study has shown that two varieties are similiar on account of some features on the other hand are also different with regard to some properties. In addition to that the study showed Salakhani has more bigger fruit size and with soft seed than Zivzik pomegranate; conversely, Zivzik cv. has also very juicy fruit and high quality of fruit juice compare with Salakhani. This study has shown the superior characteristics of these two varieties can be the subject of different breeding studies in developing new pomegranate varieties.
TL;DR: In this study, in vitro various biological effects of crude ethanolic extract from flowering parts of Urospermum picroides collected from the Mugla province of Turkey were investigated for the first time and suggest that the flowering part of U. picroide may be a potential source for anticancer agents.
Abstract: Plants continue to be a good source for developing effective anticancer agents. In this study, in vitro various biological effects of crude ethanolic extract from flowering parts of Urospermum picroides collected from the Mugla province of Turkey were investigated for the first time . Daudi, A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines and BEAS-2B normal cell line were used to identify the cytotoxic effect of the extract using MTT assay. The effect of the extract on cell cycle progression was detected by flow cytometric analysis. The level of VEGF, IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in the cells treated with the extract were measured using ELISA The extract caused a higher cytotoxic effect on Daudi cells with an IC 50 value of 85.64 µg/mL than the other cells tested. The IC 50 values in HeLa and A549 cells were determined to be 135.35 and 234.8 µg/ mL , respectively. The selective cytotoxicity was considered between Daudi and BEAS-2B (109.80 µg/ mL ) cell lines. In addition, the effect of the extract on cell cycle progression changes according to cell line used. Moreover, the extract decreased the level of secreted VEGF in treated A549 cells by 31%. In addition, the extract resulted in a significant decrease in the secretion of IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines in A549 and Daudi cells compared to the untreated cells. These findings suggest that the flowering parts of U. picroides may be a potential source for anticancer agents.
TL;DR: In this article, the phytochemical constituents of Cousinia species were evaluated and seven of identified compounds were quantified by LC-MS/MS, which revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and steroids.
Abstract: Cousinia is one of the widespread genera of Asteraceae family. According to previous studies on some Cousinia species it was found that these species are rich of triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, acetylenes and steroids. According to our knowledge, there are no published reports on the chemical composition of C. iconica Hub. - Mor. and C. aintabensis Boiss. & Hausskn., thus we aimed to investigate secondary metabolites of these species. In this study, the phytochemical constituents of these species were evaluated. Seven of identified compounds were quantified. The quantitative and qualitative determination of compounds within the extracts was carried out by LC-MS/MS. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and steroids. Preliminary examination of the mass spectrums revealed the presence of phenolic acids and derivatives and flavonoid compounds in extracts. According to quantitative analyses the main compound of C. iconica (CI) and C. aintabensis (CA) extracts was rutin with the highest contents (169.779 µg/mg extract and 161.638 µg/mg extract ). Moreover, qualitative and quantitative study combined with different biological activities will shed new lights to the advanced studies.
TL;DR: A. relicta was found to have high bioactive content and antimicrobial activity and is rich in constant fatty acids and similar to olive oil, which is well known for its health benefits in terms of major fatty acids.
Abstract: Species belonging to genus Ajuga (Lamiaceae) have been used to treat many diseases in traditional medicine. The plants of the genus Ajuga have been reported to have antifungal, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antihypertensive, antiplasmodial, hypoglycaemic, and larvae and insect activity. Ajuga relicta is a relict endemic plant which grows only in Kahramanmaras. The total phenolic contents of the extracts have been quantified with Folin Ciocalteu colorimetric method, and the antioxidant activities of the extracts have been tested with DPPH, and FRAP. Antimicrobial activities of plant extracts were determined by the well-diffusion method against seven bacteria and four yeasts. Besides, the fatty acid composition was determined in GC-MS. As a result of GC-MS analysis of the oil obtained from the A. relicta extracts, 21 different fatty acids were identified. The highest contents of these fatty acids were palmitic acid (29.50%), oleic acid (23.51%), stearic acid (9.13%) and linoleic acid (7.18%). Total phenolic value of plant extract was 11.94 mg/g, total flavonoid amount 2.28 mg/g, FRAP value 43.53 μg/g and DPPH value 1.63 mg/g. Antimicrobial activity experiment on a total of 11 microorganisms (seven bacteria and four yeast) showed that Ajuga extracts inhibited the growth of tested microorganisms except Enterobacter cloacae, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . A. relicta was found to have high bioactive content and antimicrobial activity. The plant extracts are rich in constant fatty acids and similar to olive oil (palmitic-oleic-linoleic), which is well known for its health benefits in terms of major fatty acids.
TL;DR: Microwave assisted extraction was applied to extract tea components from green tea then i) conventional liquid-liquid extraction or ii) supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) method was charged with the effective separation of caffeine and catechins.
Abstract: Separation of caffeine and catechins from tea extracts usually requires conventional liquid-liquid extraction employing chloroform. This work was planned to improve a green extraction technique to distunguish these important chemicals from green tea. E xtraction of caffeine and catechins from Turkish green tea firstly employing MAE, and then to separate these compounds from each other using a SFE method were purpose of this study. Microwave assisted extraction was applied to extract tea components from green tea then i) conventional liquid-liquid extraction or ii) supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) method was charged with the effective separation of caffeine and catechins. Initially, an ethanol: water mixture was used in a close microwave system under the particuler extraction situations of green tea samples ( fresh, frozen or dried ) picked up in three collection periods ( first, second and third collection periods ). MAE of tea samples was exerted under a controlled 600 W microwave power for 4 min irradiation time at 80 o C temperature. Then MAE crude aqueous extract was divided in to two portions. The first portion was fractionated first with chloroform to distunguish caffeine then ethyl acetate for catechins. Caffeine and catechins were successfully separated. Second portion was freeze-dried and obtained lyophilized solid was used for SFE. Caffeine (3.68% extract yield) was successfully separated from catechins with SFE at 250 bar and 60°C for 180 min. Constituents of the extracts were determined (caffeine and four catechins namely EGC, EC, C, EGCG) by HPLC to evaluate the effectiveness of the separation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and putrescine (Put) on tryptanthrin and indirubin production in leaf explants and development of Isatis demiriziana Misirdali grown in vitro was investigated.
Abstract: Tryptantrin and indirubin are pharmacologically active compounds used in treatment of disseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's. In this study, we investigated the influences of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and putrescine (Put) on tryptanthrin and indirubin production in leaf explants and development of Isatis demiriziana Misirdali grown in vitro. In all media treated with methyl jasmonate, tryptanthrin production in leaves of plantlets showed an increase. The highest increase in tryptanthrin production was observed in solid Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mM MeJa (154.026 ± 0.11 µg g-1), about 2.85-fold higher than the control (untreated plantlets) (40.017 ± 0.031 µg g-1). Production of tryptanthrin decreased about 2.56-fold in the leaves of plantlets treated with Put, when compared to control. The highest indirubin production was obtained in the leaves of plantlets grown in the MS medium containing 0.1 mM MeJa (11.274 ± 0.035 µg g-1) but treatments with Put didn’t show any positive affect on the indirubin production. Analysis of tryptanthrin and indirubin were performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
TL;DR: It was shown that the results obtained when compared to TFC (Turkish Food Codex) and CODEX Alimentarius Commission Honey Standards were in line with the standards.
Abstract: In this study, fourty monofloral honeys belonging to four sources (Chaste, thyme, citrus and heather) were obtained from South West Anatolia (Mugla, Aydin, Denizli and Antalya provinces). Firstly, pollen species of honeys were identified and categorized according to pollen concentrations. Then, physicochemical analyses of honey samples were carried out in terms of moisture, pH, free acidity, conductivity, diastase, proline and sugar profile. Physicochemical results of moisture values 15.04-19.52 %, density values 1.32-1.43 (g/cm 3 ), viscosity values 5.81-11.49 25 0 C/Pa.s, ash content 1.32-1.43 %, pH values 3.74-4.78, free acidity values 8.96-33.92 meq/kg, conductivity values 0.15-1.41 m S/cm, diastase numbers 3.44-17.26 g/100g, proline contents 204.06-1588.93 mg/kg and sugar contents (glucose+fructose) 62.02-74.90 %. It was shown that the results obtained when compared to TFC (Turkish Food Codex) and CODEX Alimentarius Commission Honey Standards were in line with the standards.
TL;DR: In current study first time, β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, diosgenin and jervine were found to be much more glutathione reductase inhibitors.
Abstract: Glutathione reductase inhibitors are very popular antimalarial and anticancer agents. In this study, in vitro inhibition effects of β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, diosgenin and jervine which containing steroidal structure were determined against glutathione reductase enzyme. β- sitosterol, diosgenin and jervine were isolated from Veratrum album and stigmasterol was isolated from Artemisia dracunculus L. by chromatographic methods. According to the results obtained, IC 50 values of β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, diosgenin and jervine were found as 1.2580, 5.2116, 0.1916 and 0.7701 µM, respectively. Among test compounds, diosgenin showed the strongest inhibitory effect against glutathione reductase with Swissdock docking figure. In current study first time, β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, diosgenin and jervine were found to be much more glutathione reductase inhibitors.
TL;DR: A new, simple, rapid and sensitive HPLC-DAD method was used for analysing polydatin contents of Quercus coccifera (Fagaceae) woody parts extracted with methanol and water, showing high polydarin contents.
Abstract: In this study, a new, simple, rapid and sensitive HPLC-DAD method was used for analysing polydatin contents of Quercus coccifera (Fagaceae) woody parts extracted with methanol and water. Our results showed that methanol and water extracts of Q. coccifera had high polydatin contents: 14.898±0.147 and 5.574±0.112 mg/g dry extracts, respectively. This is the first developed analytical method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of polydatin in Quercus L. species.
TL;DR: The ARs at stationary phase (7-week) attained highest accumulation of phenols and flavonoids, which ultimately showed the highest reactive species scavenging potential, which provides the base for production of B. acephala secondary metabolites on large scale to strengthen the bio-based economy of developing world.
Abstract: Brassica oleracea var. acephala is listed as the healthiest vegetable due to its high valued secondary metabolites content and antioxidant potential. This study was conducted to establish adventitious roots (ARs) culture as an alternative and feasible production of antioxidant secondary metabolites. ARs were induced from cotyledon explants in commercially available Murashige and Skoog (MS) plant nutrient media, gelled with 0.8% phyto-agar and supplemented with different concentration (0.1 1.5 mg·L-1) of auxins (α-Naphthalene acetic acid; NAA, or Indole acetic acid; IAA, or Indole-3-butyric acid; IBA). AR formation responses in MS media at varying concentrations (0 50 g·L-1) of sucrose and initial media pH (4, 5.0, 5.8, 7 & 8) were also studied. The bioprocessing of ARs were studied in liquid MS media containing NAA (1.5 mg·L-1) as growth regulator. The growth curve, important antioxidants (phenols & flavonoids), and free radical scavenging potential of ARs were studied for a period of 9-weeks. The ARs at stationary phase (7-week) attained highest accumulation of phenols and flavonoids, which ultimately showed the highest reactive species scavenging potential. This study provides the base for production of B. oleraceae var. acephala secondary metabolites on large scale to strengthen the bio-based economy of developing world.
TL;DR: The results suggest that F. torulosa mushroom could be used as a valuable natural antioxidant source for pharmaceutical industry.
Abstract: In this study, we investigated antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of the hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol and water extracts of F. torulosa mushroom with total phenolic contents. Also, HPLC-DAD was used to identify phenolic profile of F. torulosa . The acetone and methanol extracts of F. torulosa with the highest total phenolic contents showed the highest antioxidant activity in all assays except metal chelating assay. Furthermore, antioxidant activities of the acetone and methanol extract were found to be higher than α-tocopherol and BHA used as standards in DPPH • , ABTS • + and CUPRAC assays. When F. torulosa hexane extract ( 41.34±1.50 %) showed moderate AChE inhibitory activity, the acetone (40.78±0.30 %) and methanol (45.39±0.65 %) extracts of F. torulosa indicated moderate BChE inhibitory activity. Major phenolic compounds were identified as trans- 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid (10.05 µg/g), gallic acid (5.01 µg/g) and p -coumaric acid (3.04 µg/g). These results suggest that F. torulosa mushroom could be used as a valuable natural antioxidant source for pharmaceutical industry.
TL;DR: The present review may help to reveal different aspects of L. camera with their awareness in society.
Abstract: Medicinal plants are widely spread in nature with their unique habitats and effective medicinal properties. One of them plant is Lantana Camera . The L. camera is well known invasive weed. Used to cure several diseases in Ayurvedic preparation s with different formulations. This plant has great e thnobotany and Pharmacology however i t is lagging behind in the list of medicinal plants for their applications in drug preparation s due to mere research study and awareness. T herefore present review may help to reveal different aspects of L. camera with their awareness in society.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of secondary metabolites on the feeding preference and growth of generalist caterpillars, Agelastica alni L, were investigated with a total of 11 feedings, 6 of which were prepared by adding different concentrations of gallic acid and quinine.
Abstract: In this study, the effects of secondary metabolites on the feeding preference and growth of generalist caterpillars, Agelastica alni L., were investigated. Feeding experiment has been applied with a total of 11 diet; 6 of which were prepared by adding different concentrations of gallic acid (1, 3, 5 %) and quinine (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 %) to the control diet, 3 diet of which prepared by adding different concentrations of gallic acid and quinine. According to the results, the amount of gallic acid consumed did not affect the food consumption and the amount of pupa lipids. However, the amount of gallic acid consumed positively affects the pupal mass and the pupal crude protein. In addition, the amount of quinine consumed negatively affected the developmental performance of larvae except for the food consumption. As the count of secondary metabolites in the diet increases, the pupal mass and the pupal crude protein decrease. Overall, during the co-evolution processs, A. alni larvae may be able to adapt to gallotannins. However, quinine, an alkaloid, is a feeding deterrence and growth suppressor for larvae.
TL;DR: The results presented showed that the electronic structure of the theobromine didn’t change while the antioxidant properties were changed, and the obromine indicated the most antioxidant property at 263.15 K.
Abstract: Theobromine exists in cocoa, which has an antioxidant ingredient. It is also affect our nervous system. For this reason, it’s very important to know the properties of the theobromine. Theobromine is an experimentally studied molecule in the health and pharmaceutical fields. However, there are not many studies on theobromine properties in the theoretical field. Here, we show how theobromine electronic and antioxidant properties change with temperature theoretically. The calculations, were done by using Density Functional Theory (DFT), at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. Six different temperature values (263.15 K, 273.15 K, 288.15 K, 298.15 K, 318.15 K, 328.15 K) were taken into account. Our results presented that the electronic structure of the theobromine didn’t change while the antioxidant properties were changed. Theobromine indicated the most antioxidant property at 263.15 K. Therefore, this situation should be taken into consideration in order to benefit more from the antioxidant properties of theobromine in the field of health and pharmaceuticals.
TL;DR: In this paper, images of tela fabric were taken by smartphone and analyzed by software in the smartphone for the purpose of determination of colorimetric fragrance component concentrations and visual odor profile in range of visible region.
Abstract: Analysis of odor components about biochemicals find the wide space in the evaluation of flavor parameters and anchovies as biological materials. Food dye solutions as printer's inks were sprayed on to the fabric throughout the printing operation and skin oil vapors of anchovy were simultaneously sent to the paper hopper of printer intensely via a nebulizer device. Before and after dyeing process, images of tela fabric were taken by smartphone and analyzed by software in the smartphone for the purpose of determination of colorimetric fragrance component concentrations and visual odor profile in range of visible region. The ten major ingredient contents (with relative percentages) (aldehyde compounds intensely such as 2,4-heptadienal (23%), (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal (17%)) of anchovy skin essential oils were determined. For colorimetric printing analysis via smartphone, LOD and LOQ were 1 ppm and 3 ppm, respectively. Methodology can be used in the analysis of toxic components that interact with foods.