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Showing papers in "International Journal of Social Economics in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
P.R. Jones1
TL;DR: The role of charities in the UK has become a topic of growing concern, and particularly within the context of how voluntary organisations might best be stimulated as discussed by the authors, and the role of the Charity Commissioners and their accountability.
Abstract: The position of charities in the UK has become a topic of growing concern. The House of Commons Expenditure Committee in its Tenth Report for the Session 1974–75 reviewed the role of the Charity Commissioners and their accountability. The Goodman Committee reported in 1976 on charity law and voluntary organisation and the report of the Wolfenden Committee in 1978 has stimulated further interest. However, constraints on public expenditure have given the whole question a more topical interest, and particularly within the context of how voluntary organisations might best be stimulated. In the Government's budget for 1980 and 1981 tax relief changes exemplify the interest in encouraging voluntary effort. In 1980, for example, tax relief for payments under deed of covenant was extended to the higher rates of tax subject to a ceiling of £3,000 a year, and the effective minimum period was reduced from seven to four years. Tax exemptions for bequests were doubled and exemption was allowed from development land tax for all disposals of land. In 1981 there was a widening of capital tax relief for trusts for disabled people and an increase in value added tax relief for charities serving the disabled.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The causal model approach to business forecasting attempts to discover, mainly on the basis of economic knowledge, those variables which appear to have influenced the forecast variable in the past, and then estimates by econometric methods the quantitative relationship between the causal and forecast variables as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The “causal model” approach to business forecasting attempts to discover, mainly on the basis of economic knowledge, those variables which appear to have influenced the forecast variable in the past, and then estimates by econometric methods the quantitative relationship between the causal and forecast variables. Future values of the forecast variable are then obtained by using forecasts of the causal variables in conjunction with the estimated relationship.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
R.S. Mason1
TL;DR: For example, this article argued that general economic theories of consumer demand work well in describing market behaviour with respect to most purchases and the explanation of consumer choice between competing commodities is clearly acceptable for the great majority of scarce goods, but they do not easily accommodate the many non-economic factors associated with preference formation and with the shaping of consumer attitudes and values.
Abstract: General economic theories of consumer demand work well in describing market behaviour with respect to most purchases and the explanation of consumer choice between competing commodities is clearly acceptable for the great majority of scarce goods. However, these theories do not easily accommodate the many non‐economic factors associated with preference formation and with the shaping of consumer attitudes and values. They also pay little or no attention to the dynamic process of choice, purchasing and consumption; in effect, they treat purchasing, consumption and satisfaction as synonyms.

14 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors consider the way in which some economists treat the values and preferences of decision makers, components which play an important role in economic models of choice and welfare and the dissent of some economists from the conventional treatment.
Abstract: In this essay, I intend to consider the way in which some economists treat the values and preferences of decision‐makers, components which play an important role in economic models of choice and welfare and the dissent of some economists from the conventional treatment.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results provide some evidence as to why infant mortality rates, which fell rapidly in the two decades following World War II, stabilized in the late 1960s and 1970s and suggest that developing countries that place low priority on improving women's education and on attaining a more egalitarian distribution of incomes are unlikely to achieve a rapid reduction in their infant mortality rate.
Abstract: Infant mortality has fallen rapidly in underdeveloped countries in the period since World War II. There is accumulating evidence, however, that this unprecedented decline was arrested in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Hence it is of critical importance to enquire into the determinants of infant mortality in these countries, in order to discover ways of reducing the enormous human suffering caused by the high rates of mortality which continue to prevail. Furthermore, such an understanding might facilitate a reduction in fertility, since it is widely accepted that a fall in infant mortality will lead ultimately to lower fertility .

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the East even a larger number of people, including economists (who are not activists), seriously believe that in view of their shortages and meagre incomes capitalism would be a better alternative as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Whenever capitalism in the West appears to be dragging with unresolved problems, then quite a few people, including professional economists, begin to think that perhaps socialism is a better alternative. Conversely, in the East even a larger number of people, including economists (who are not activists), seriously believe that in view of their shortages and meagre incomes capitalism would be a better alternative.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The institution of insurance in one form or the other is as old as man himself as mentioned in this paper, and the first type of insurance was of the nature of sharing risk of life in agroup and this form of insurance is surmised to have appeared sometime between the age of savagery and barbarism.
Abstract: The institution of insurance in one form or the other is as old as man himself. The first type of insurance was of the nature of sharing risk of life in agroup and this form of insurance is surmised to have appeared sometime between the age of savagery and barbarism. In the Arabic peninsula, which in much later years was to become the seat of Islam, insurance in its earliest form was looked upon as pay‐ment of blood money by a group to lighten the loss of a member of the group. This was a form of mutuality in pre‐Islamic tribal Arabia.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examine the current institutional crisis in an attempt to show that it is rooted in the holdover of an outmoded ideology and culture that has as its concomitant result a profound ideological lacuna.
Abstract: The initial response to the crisis of the corporate-welfare state is nativistic: ‘Give us that old time religion.’ In almost every democratic industrial society, retrenchment has become the primary motive of social economic policy. In the name of nineteenth-century economic wisdom, the inter-war and postwar commitment to human development, collective goals, and social justice is being abandoned. In this chapter I examine the current institutional crisis in an attempt to show that it is rooted in the holdover of an outmoded ideology and culture that has as its concomitant result a profound ideological lacuna. The implication is that it is not the last half-century’s social economic goals that should be abandoned but rather the nineteenth-century folkways and folklore that frustrate their achievement and advocate their abandonment.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that conventional economic analysis cannot foot the whole bill and must therefore be supplemented with an economics of a different scope and method, and the concern is, in short, the adjustment at the margin of the allocation of the human capital resources of the economics profession.
Abstract: Conventional economic analysis is inadequate to the challenges posed by ecological economics. It is not denied that conventional economics contains much that is necessary and important to ecology. The contention here is only that conventional, economic analysis cannot foot the whole bill and must therefore be supplemented with an economics of a different scope and method. The concern is, in short, the adjustment at the margin of the allocation of the human capital resources of the economics profession.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article considers only those health education programmes which aim at specific behavioural changes, and finds that these programmes alone yield a return which can be com‐pared with those from expenditures in curative care.
Abstract: During times of budgetary restraint, the opportunity costs of health care expenditure are highlighted. As a result, policies on the prevention of ill‐health, which may have always been desirable for their own sake, are increasingly being viewed as alternatives to expenditures on curative care. Within a fixed budget, such alternatives share a common objective to maximise the overall return, measured in terms of reduced morbidity and mortality, to the expenditure. Health education is advocated as a major instrument of prevention policy. Since the link between increased knowledge, changed attitudes and altered behaviour is unproved, this article considers only those health education programmes which aim at specific behavioural changes. These programmes alone yield a return which can be com‐pared with those from expenditures in curative care.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
A.N. McLeod1
TL;DR: The functioning of the international monetary system as institutionalised under the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund after World War II began to deteriorate after 1957 as discussed by the authors, when many European countries had sufficiently recovered or improved their competitive positions in world markets to enable them to replenish their external reserves and make their currencies convertible.
Abstract: The functioning of the international monetary system as institutionalised under the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund after World War II began to deteriorate after 1957. By that date many European countries had sufficiently recovered or improved their competitive positions in world markets to enable them to replenish their external reserves and make their currencies convertible. Up to that point their acquisitions of gold and US dollars must be viewed as a healthy redistribution of international reserves, But thereafter dollar surpluses replaced the alleged dollar shortages of earlier years on international markets. Recurring runs on the dollar appeared, vying with the periodic runs on sterling as threats to the stability of the system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The origin of social solidarism as a doctrine seems to be in France as mentioned in this paper, where Leroux (1797-1871) is credited with being the first who attached an ethical significance to the otherwise juridical expression of socialsolidarism Charles Gide, who himself belonged to the French solidarist movement, described the solidarist school as being influenced by the works of Leon Bourgeois, Pierre J Proudhon, Charles Secretan and others
Abstract: The origin of “social solidarism” as a doctrine seems to be in France Pierre Leroux (1797–1871) is credited with being the first who attached an ethical significance to the otherwise juridical expression of solidarism Charles Gide, who himself belonged to the French solidarist movement, in his book (co‐authored with C Rist), Histoire des Doctrines Economiques (1909), described the solidarist school as being influenced by the works of Leon Bourgeois, Pierre J Proudhon, Charles Secretan and others

Journal ArticleDOI
Guy Perrin1
Abstract: Les premiers textes declaratifs des droits de l'homme en Occident n'ont pas comporte immediatement la reconnaissance de droits sociaux. Ainsi, a la suite de la Declaration des Droits—“Bill of Rights”—imposee a la Monarchie anglaise le 13 fevrier 1689, la Declaration modele adoptee en Virginie le 12 juin 1776, sous l'autorite de George Mason, comme la Declaration d'Independance americaine du 4 juillet 1776, et enfin la Declaration francaise des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, proclamee par l'Assemblee nationale le 26 aout 1789, etaient consacrees a l'affirmation des droits civils et politi‐ques face aux pouvoirs dont l'emprise devait etre restreinte et contenue, plutot que confirmee et etendue par l'attribution de nouvelles fonctions, meme justifiees par l'intention d'ameliorer le sort des plus malheureux. Resolus a ouvrir une brache decisive dans le systeme de gouvernement absolutiste, les pionniers des droits de l'homme etaient tenus d'accorder la priorite aux droits conquis de libre disposition sur les droits acquis de protection, de sorte que l'autonomie des citoyens a l'egard de l'Etat etait revendiquee avec toutes ses consequences economiques et sociales. Meme l'expression neuve du droit a la vie et a la poursuite du bonheur, qui apparait dans les declarations americaines du XVIIIe siecle, s'entendait d'une aspiration irrepressible a la liberte et non point comme l'avers d'obligations sociales imposees a la collectivite, du moins jusqu'a ce que le Preambule de la Constitution des Etats‐Unis d'Amerique du 17 septembre 1787 inscrivit la promotion du bienetre general—“to promote the general welfare”—au nombre de ses objectifs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Festschrift in Professor George F. Rohrlich's honour is presented, which is an honour and a pleasure to be asked to participate in.
Abstract: It is an honour and a pleasure to be asked to participate in a Festschrift in Professor George F. Rohrlich's honour. Professor Rohrlich had a profound effect on my life. I was in my second and final year of the Master in Social Work Programme at the University of Chicago's School of Social Service Administration, when I took Rohrlich's course in Comparative Approaches to Social Security. He not only kindl‐ed what has become my lifelong desire to study social security institutions, but he also convinced me that if I aspired to be a first‐rate social policy analyst and planner (which from my perspective meant that if I aspired to be a first‐rate social work practitioner in that area), I would have to become a competent economist along the way. What is more, he told me he had every confidence that I could do it. Hearing this from a man who by then was a father figure to me gave me sufficient faith in myself to try.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, this paper pointed out that mainstream economic theory is still referring to the individual entrepreneur as a theoretical unit of analysis, and that this is the case even though the economy of the English-speaking world has evolved beyond the free enterprise of competing individual capitalists to the current system of corporate capitalism.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to explain why economists have neglected the corporation in their theorising. Adam Smith is the founder of mainstream economic theory. In Smith's eighteenth‐century world most things were produced by individuals or by family firms. Smith naturally took the individual entrepreneur as his theoretical unit of analysis, and Smith's theory was at least adequate for the times. But even though the economies of the English‐speaking world have evolved beyond the free enterprise of competing individual capitalists to the current system of corporate capitalism, economic theory has remained much the same. While the American economy is now composed mainly of huge corporate units of production, mainstream economic theory is still referring to “individual” producers. Other social sciences focus a great deal of attention on organisational and individual behaviour within the corporate form of organising economic activity. The work of sociologist Rosabeth Moss Kanter and of psychologist Michael Maccoby are excellent recent examples. Yet economics, at least the mainstream of the discipline, focuses upon the behaviour of individual entrepreneurs rather than corporate managers. In short, orthodox economic theory lacks a serious treatment of the corporation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the development of social services and studied the structural properties of nine departments in the social service system and found that they were well-suited for social services.
Abstract: This article examines the development of social services and studies the structural properties of nine departments. The research was undertaken in two stages:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A feature of twentieth century development has been the decline in the proportion of resources whose use is determined by the market mechanism and a corresponding increase in the significance of central planning as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A feature of twentieth century development has been the decline in the proportion of resources whose use is determined by the market mechanism and a corresponding increase in the significance of central planning. The decline of the market constitutes a paradigm crisis for the majority of non‐Marxist economists, who analyse market allocation intensively yet barely consider the political decision‐making process. An attempt to explain both the level and distribution of government expenditure has been made in the last decade through an “economic theory of politics” which is part of a wider attempt centred on the University of Chicago to unify the social sciences around the concept of individual optimising behaviour, extended from market consumption to such spheres as crime, education, marriage, religion and suicide as well as politics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered UK pure alcohol consumption per head as a function of real disposable income, real prices, the numbers of retail outlets, the level of television and press advertising, the number of deaths in the population, inflation, unemployment and economic prospects.
Abstract: This note considers UK pure alcohol consumption per head as a function of real disposable income, real prices, the numbers of retail outlets, the level of television and press advertising, the number of deaths in the population, inflation, unemployment and economic prospects. The technique used is ordinary least squares regression with the variables in first difference form, in order to minimise serial correlation. Annual data for 1956–79 is used. For detailed definitions of the variables used see McGuinness and Kitchin.