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Showing papers in "International Journal of Social Economics in 2013"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of financial development on the rural-urban income inequality in India using annual data from 1965 to 2008 using the Ng-Perron unit root test to check for the order of integration of the variables.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of financial development on the rural‐urban income inequality in India using annual data from 1965 to 2008.Design/methodology/approach – The Ng‐Perron unit root test is utilised to check for the order of integration of the variables. The long run relation is examined by implementing the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration.Findings – The results confirm a relation among the variables. Evidence suggest that financial development, economic growth and consumer prices aggravate rural‐urban income inequality in the long run.Research limitations/implications – The present study offers fresh insights to policy makers on crafting appropriate policies that reduce rural‐urban income inequality in India.Originality/value – The contribution of this paper is lies in extending the literature in the context of India towards an extensively researched area of rural‐urban divide but in time series framework and utilization of a better approach of tim...

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between workplace factors and the intentions of police officers to quit their current department and found that higher levels of cooperation (trust), interactional justice and work-life balance reduce police officers' intentions to quit.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between workplace factors and the intentions of police officers to quit their current department.Design/methodology/approach – Data from a survey of Baltimore officers, designed to examine the relationship between police stress and domestic violence in police families were used. Using multivariate regression analysis, the authors focus on the officers' stated intentions to look for alternative employment, with proxies for social and workplace factors.Findings – Higher levels of cooperation (trust), interactional justice and work‐life‐balance reduce police officers' intentions to quit. While high levels of physical and psychological strain and trauma are not correlated with intentions to quit.Research limitations/implications – A discernible limitation of this study is the age of the data analyzed and that many changes have occurred in recent times (policing and social). It would be of great interest to repeat this study to gauge the tr...

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed the Herfindahl and Ogive indices to compute the diversification indices and the stochastic frontier production model (SFPM) to estimate the technical efficiency (TE) level of the farms using unbalanced panel data covering three farming seasons (2006/2007 to 2008/2009).
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the trends in crop diversification (CD) while examining its impact on the technical efficiency of peasant farmers in NigeriaDesign/methodology/approach – The paper employs the Herfindahl and Ogive indices to compute the diversification indices and the stochastic frontier production model (SFPM) to estimate the technical efficiency (TE) level of the farms using unbalanced panel data covering three farming seasons (2006/2007 to 2008/2009)Findings – The results of both the Herfindahl and Ogive indices showed that cropping pattern increased significantly with the intensification of crop diversification in the study across the three seasons The result of the SFPM shows evidence of decreasing returns‐to‐scale and technical progress in the food crop production in the region Education, extension, and CD are identified as efficiency increasing policy variables while an average TE level of about 81 percent was obtained from the analysisOriginality/value – To t

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical and comparative review of Islamic economics texts written by key proponents during the last eight decades is undertaken in this article, where the origins of this nascent science are traced and factors that gave impetus to its development examined.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critique the philosophical underpinnings of the growing field of Islamic economics.Design/methodology/approach – A critical and comparative review of Islamic economics texts written by key proponents during the last eight decades is undertaken. The origins of this nascent science are traced and factors that gave impetus to its development examined. The different characterisations of the discipline as it has developed within the broader socio‐political context are contrasted.Findings – The proponents of Islamic economics have had little success in shaping a distinctive paradigm for their discipline, beyond arguing that it is underpinned by a strong moral ethic. By and large, its epistemological roots have remained firmly within the framework of rationalism/empiricism and methodological individualism. Consequently, Islamic economics has not been able to shed its neoclassical moorings, the very paradigm it originally set out to replace. Several of the contradictions ...

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss citizen participation in public service delivery protests in the Sedibeng district municipality of South Africa, which consists of three local municipalities: Lesedi, Emfuleni and Midvaal.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss citizen participation in public service delivery protests in the Sedibeng district municipality of South Africa. The municipality consists of three local municipalities: Lesedi, Emfuleni and Midvaal.Design/methodology/approach – A structured sample of 1,000 respondents was used in the study. The descriptive and inferential statistics approaches were applied to understand the root causes of the protests.Findings – Overall, the average level of satisfaction with public service delivery is quite low. Service delivery protest participants opine that doing so is the only way of getting things done in the municipality. The overwhelming opinion of respondents is that the councillors are unresponsive.Practical implications – Public service delivery in Sedibeng municipality must improve so that citizens' confidence in municipal governance can rise. Sedibeng municipality should urgently improve the socio‐economic conditions in the communities and should prioritise c...

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors on the financial satisfaction of the individual investors in India, who belong to the urban socio-economic classification segment, was analyzed based on a sample of 374 individual investors, one-way ANOVA, t-test and correlation was conducted to find out which demographic and socioeconomic variables were associated with the individual's financial satisfaction.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors on the financial satisfaction of the individual investors in India, who belong to the urban socio‐economic classification segment‐A.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a sample of 374 individual investors, one‐way ANOVA, t‐test and correlation was conducted to find out which demographic and socio‐economic variables were associated with the individual's financial satisfaction levels.Findings – The results of the research showed that factors such as age, marital status, occupation, work‐experience, income, saving rate, nature of household accommodation and investment tenure, impact the individual's financial satisfaction levels.Practical implications – With the increase in the household income levels in India as a result of the tremendous growth and expansion that the Indian economy has witnessed over the last decade, there has been a growth in the demand for financial planning and wealth management serv...

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between financial development and agriculture growth employing Cobb-Douglas function by incorporating financial development as an important factor of production over the period 1971-2011.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between financial development and agriculture growth employing Cobb-Douglas function by incorporating financial development as an important factor of production over the period 1971-2011. Design/methodology/approach – The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration with structural breaks is applied to examine long run relationship between the variables. The direction of causality is detected by vector error correction method (VECM) Granger causality test and robustness of causality analysis is tested through innovative accounting approach (IAA). Findings – The empirical analysis confirmed that the series are cointegrated for long run relationship between agriculture growth, financial development, capital and labor. The results indicated that financial development has positive effect on agricultural growth. This implies that financial development plays a significant role in stemming agricultural produc...

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Five factors (pleasant interaction with providers, privacy during consultation, attentiveness of providers, adequate facilities and availability of drugs) emerged as statistically significant in explaining antenatal care quality after controlling for selected demographic variables.
Abstract: Purpose – To achieve Goal 5 of the MDGs, the Government of Ghana introduced the free maternal health service system to break financial barriers of access to maternal care services. In spite of this, facility-based deliveries continue to be low due partly to poor quality of antenatal care that prevents pregnant women from giving birth in hospitals. The aim of this study is to examine factors shaping quality of antenatal care in selected public hospitals in the country. Design/methodology/approach – 363 expectant mothers were randomly selected for interview. Women who have previously received antenatal care in the health facilities for at least two occasions were interviewed. Multivariate logistic regression model were computed to examine correlates of antenatal care quality. Findings – The odds of reporting quality of antenatal care as good was higher among women aged between 30 and 34 years. Similarly women with junior/senior high education were more likely to report antenatal care quality as good. Distan...

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the assessment of poverty/deprivation using different conceptions of this phenomenon including the traditional money-metric measure and different forms of multidimensional constructs.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the assessment of poverty/deprivation using different conceptions of this phenomenon including the traditional money‐metric measure and different forms of multidimensional constructs.Design/methodology/approach – The data were drawn from a household survey conducted in Nsukka, Nigeria. Interviewer‐administered questionnaires were used in data collection from about 410 households across urban and rural localities. The counting and FGT methodologies were used to assess impoverishment, while regression analyses were used to assess the determinants of deprivation across different constructs.Findings – Between 70 per cent and 78 per cent of the study population were identified as poor/deprived. However, more than 11 per cent of those living on less than USD1.25/day were classified as non‐poor using different measures of multidimensional poverty. Similarly, more than 62 per cent of individuals who live on more than 1.25USD/day (i.e. non‐poor) are classified as p...

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the main factors that motivate rural people to join into the cooperatives and find that information access, special skill, membership in rural association, frequency of attending a public meeting/workshop, household head education, credit access, training access, number of family members in school, distance to main market, availability of infrastructures, farmland ownership and farmland sizes are the major explanatory variables that...
Abstract: Purpose – There are many farmers in rural Ethiopia, who do not join cooperative societies, despite the different technical and financial supports from the government. This study thus aims to investigate the main factors that inspire rural people to join into the cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach – The study collected relevant primary data from 400 sample households using a special household survey designed for this study. The study also reviewed different secondary materials. The collected data were analyzed using the two-sample t-test principle and cooperative participation probit model. Findings – The finding of the binary choice model illustrates that information access, special skill, membership in rural association, frequency of attending a public meeting/workshop, household head education, credit access, training access, number of family members in school, distance to main market, availability of infrastructures, farmland ownership and farmland sizes are the major explanatory variables that ...

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the changes of life domains centrality (work, family, leisure, community and religion) and of work goals preferences (interest, good pay, interpersonal relations, job security, etc.) in Israel according to gender, between 1981 and 2006.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes of life domains centrality (work, family, leisure, community and religion) and of work goals preferences (interest, good pay, interpersonal relations, job security, etc.) in Israel, according to gender, between 1981 and 2006. Design/methodology/approach – This is a follow-up research regarding “meaning of work” studies, held in 1981 and 1993. The participants constitute representative samples of the Israeli labor force in 1981, 1993 and 2006. Findings – While in the past, men showed a higher work centrality than women, in 2006 no traditional gender differences were found in work centrality; however, family centrality, as in the past, was higher among women than among men. The most meaningful change among men and women was regarding “job security”, and this goal has become more and more important throughout the 25 years of the study. Social implications – The transformation of men's and women's work values reflect the economic and social changes...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined Indian migrants' role in attracting outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from India to their respective host countries, and found that the presence of Indian diaspora has a substantial positive effect on the volume of Indian overseas investments in the developed countries.
Abstract: Purpose – This paper aims to examine the Indian migrants' role in attracting outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from India to their respective host countries. Diasporas play a crucial role in augmenting trade, foreign direct investment and prosperity of a country. They facilitate acquisition and exchange of technical knowhow, market information and physical capital, and are therefore considered as social capital. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs mixed effect model using data for the period 1999-2008. Findings – This paper finds that the presence of Indian diaspora has a substantial positive effect on the volume of Indian overseas investments in the developed countries. This is particularly the case with Indian OFDI to Asia Pacific, whereas those to Europe appear to be affected by the Indian migrant community only in the presence of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). The author findings highlight the role of Indian diaspora in promoting trade and investment links between India and ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the effect of social capital (SC) on knowledge management (KM) practices and found that there are meaningful relationships between all of the dimensions of SC and KM practices.
Abstract: Purpose – This study seeks to explore the effect of social capital (SC) on knowledge management (KM) practices. The main problem under investigation is to assess the importance of SC within an organization and to ascertain how it can ensure that knowledge activities would continue to be fitting and proper in the organization. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the notion that certain factors can affect knowledge management, this paper examines the effect of the various aspects of social capital on the knowledge management practices. The research method is descriptive and correlational. The population of the research consists of managers and senior experts of NIOPDC (National Iran Oil Product Distribution Co). A sample of 273 subjects was selected using statistical sampling. Data were collected through questionnaire consisting of 25 questions. Findings – The study has found that there are meaningful relationships between all of the dimensions of SC and KM practices. They can also facilitate knowledge m...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated causal link between social capital and micro finance by testing the role of social capital in explaining the household's access to micro credit under the group-based lending approach.
Abstract: Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate causal link between social capital and microfinance by testing the role of social capital in explaining the household's access to microcredit under the group-based lending approach. Design/methodology/approach – Household level primary data was collected from a rural district of Pakistan. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to construct a social capital index, whereas two logit models were developed to predict the probabilities of access to credit. Besides, few qualitative statements have also been used to supplement the results from main empirical analysis and to understand the impact mechanism of social capital on microfinance participation. Findings – Participation in local organizations, heterogeneity of associations and level of both generalized and institutional trust were identified as the key dimensions of structural and cognitive social capital to influence households' access to credit. On the other hand, when these dimensions were comb...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a multivariate empirical analysis is conducted to ascertain those household and community characteristics that correlate with household welfare and poverty, and the results show how a particular characteristic will affect household poverty conditional on the level of other characteristics.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper uses household survey data to model the correlates of household consumption and poverty in Fiji. A multivariate empirical analysis is conducted to ascertain those household and community characteristics that correlate with household welfare and poverty. In particular, the results will show how a particular characteristic will affect household poverty conditional on the level of other characteristics that are also potential determinants of poverty. Design/methodology/approach – The key approach in this paper is similar to Mukherjee and Benson and is based on ordinary least squares (OLS) modeling of the natural logarithm of total per capita consumption of households, which serves as the household welfare indicator, against a set of exogenous determinants such as household and community characteristics. For robustness checks, a probit regression is also estimated with the probability of a household being in poverty as the dependent variable and an identical set of independ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effects of governance matters on happiness in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region while controlling for other relevant determinants, and found that higher level of political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness and rule of law significantly increase happiness.
Abstract: Purpose – Unhappiness has been recognized as one of the main factors that cause political unrest in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of governance matters on happiness in the MENA region while controlling for other relevant determinants. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies panel random effects regression analyses by using data from 14 MENA countries over the period of 2009-2011. Findings – The empirical results show that higher level of political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness and rule of law significantly increase happiness in the region. Furthermore, the paper finds that voice and accountability, regulatory quality and control of corruption variables have positive relationship with happiness but are not significant. Originality/value – Most studies in this area cover developed countries. Since findings for developed countries might not be directly transferable to emerging econo...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined some factors that influence skilled migration to such preferred locations among skilled workers and identified an inverted U-shaped relationship between skilled migration rates, wage differentials and income convergence with destination countries.
Abstract: Purpose – Skilled migrant workers move relatively in unidirectional form (from developing to developed countries) in response to many factors. The purpose of this paper is to examine some factors that influence skilled migration to such preferred locations among skilled workers. Design/methodology/approach – Both conceptual discussion and analytical approach are used. Findings – The authors' econometric model identified an inverted U-shaped relationship between skilled migration rates, wage differentials and income convergence with destination countries. Other factors found to be significantly related to brain drain are population size, domestic political instability and distance to destination countries. Originality/value – This paper presents insights on factors influencing migration decisions among skilled migrants and why skilled workers' migration from developing countries remains on the increase over the years, despite the urgent need for highly skilled personnel in most of these countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors observe social exclusion of the elderly in several areas: health and access to health care, poverty and mate...
Abstract: Purpose – Ageing of population means for society facing new challenges and one of the main challenges is how to ensure quality of life of elderly and prevent their exclusion from the society. This position of elderly is intrinsically linked to the welfare system and policies that are applied to prevent and tackle social exclusion of vulnerable individuals and groups. The focus is on Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, which are in research often piled in the same group. However, in the article the authors wish to also focus on differences between them. Design/methodology/approach – Social exclusion as a concept for observing vulnerability of elderly enables observation of vulnerabilities in various areas/dimensions at the same time, and also enables comparison of particular populations with other groups and enables determining their position within the society. In this article the authors observe social exclusion of the elderly in several areas: health and access to health care, poverty and mate...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the economic implications of biased stereotypes about older workers, and what policy measures are required in order to achieve efficiency in the labor market, and they found that the older the respondent, the fewer prejudices he or she had against older workers.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this article is to examine the existence of biased stereotypes about older workers. What are the economic implications of such biased stereotypes? Finally, what policy measures are required in order to achieve efficiency in the labor market? Design/methodology/approach – The authors grouped 25 opinions about older workers into three categories of stereotypes. The first category dealt with the productivity of older staff. The other two categories addressed their reliability and adaptability. The authors then questioned 312 Israeli respondents about the degree to which they agreed or disagreed with the opinions. Finally, the authors examined theoretically the economic effects of biased stereotypes about older workers. Findings – The study demonstrates that individual and organizational characteristics affect employers' attitudes. Age was a significant factor in all three categories. The older the respondent, the fewer prejudices he or she had against older workers. Other characteris...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of population ageing on private saving is examined, taking into account the fact that ageing is brought about by not only rising old-aged dependency but also expanding longevity.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the effect of population ageing on private saving, taking into account the fact that ageing is brought about by not only rising old‐aged dependency but also expanding longevity.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses panel data of 22 OECD countries from 1961 to 2010. Linear and non‐linear panel regression methods are used. The study takes into account the time series characteristic of the data, such as the deterministic trend present in old‐age dependency ratio.Findings – Longevity consistently has a significant positive impact on savings, while old‐aged dependency rate has no discernible impact once country‐specific time trends in the data are accounted for. The general finding within the literature where old‐age dependency exerts a negative impact on savings is sensitive to the manner in which the data is handled and/or the sample selected.Originality/value – First, the authors jointly consider rising old‐aged dependency and expanding longevity o...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the determinants of occupational choice of workers in the handloom industry in Assam and examine the variables that influence the occupational choice for the workers, including income, education, access to modern technology, and family size.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the determinants of occupational choice of workers in the handloom industry in Assam and to examine the variables that influence the occupational choice of the workers Design/methodology/approach – Primary data were collected from nine handloom concentrated districts in Assam Multinomial and binary logistic regression models are used to analyse the data of three mutually exclusive occupations of workers namely owners, weavers, and reelers Findings – The results from the tested empirical model show that annual income, education, access to modern technology, and family size are the significant variables that help in transforming the reelers to owners Similarly, annual income, education, and access to formal credit are the important variables that help in transforming the reelers to weavers Access to modern technology appears as the most important factor in the occupational shift from weavers to handloom owners Research limitations/implications – Prese

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of sub categories of government expenditures under democratic and military regimes in Pakistan for the period of 1972-2009 was examined using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model.
Abstract: Purpose – This study is an attempt to examine the role of sub categories of government expenditures under democratic and military regimes in Pakistan for the period of 1972-2009. Design/methodology/approach – This study exercised autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Findings – The results show that contractionary fiscal expansion occurs in Pakistan. Moreover, the coefficient of development expenditure positively affects economic growth. It supports the public capital hypothesis that states that public and private investments are complements to each other. The results also show that current expenditure does not contribute to economic growth. Practical implications – The study recommends that for the purpose of macroeconomic stability, government should reduce its unproductive expenditure and should enhance its resource mobilization. Originality/value – This study is an attempt to examine the dynamic relationship between the composition of government expenditures and economic growth for Pakistan ove...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the social consequences of the Great Recession of 2008-2009 and find that the situation is made worse due to obsessions with fiscal consolidation in the midst of tepid and uncertain recovery.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to review the social consequences of the Great Recession of 2008‐2009. In particular, it looks at impacts on the world of work – unemployment, informal and vulnerable employment, working poor and youth unemployment, and on public health – hunger and malnutrition, suicides, domestic violence and child abuse. In all fronts, the Great Recession had serious adverse impacts and morphed into a global social crisis. The situation is made worse due to obsessions with fiscal consolidation in the midst of tepid and uncertain recovery. The paper argues that policies matter and advocates for strengthening social protection and continued stimulus in order to ensure robust recovery.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a general review and it draws on the findings of the United Nations flagship publication, Report of the World Social Situation 2011. It is an analytical narrative of impacts of on‐going economic crisis.Findings – The paper finds a worsening employment situation ...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a vector error correction model (VECM) was used to analyze the long-run equilibrium features of proxies for openness and growth in Greece, and the relationship between financial development and economic growth using the Granger causality hypothesis.
Abstract: Purpose – This study aims to provide time series evidence of the economic growth pattern of Greece and explain the hidden impact of its financial liberalization process since 1960, in terms of the links between trade and gross domestic output.Design/methodology/approach – Using time series data covering the period 1960‐2009, the author estimates a vector error correction model (VECM) in order to analyze the long‐run equilibrium features of proxies for openness and growth in Greece. The author further tests the relationship between financial development and economic growth using the Granger causality hypothesis.Findings – Results from regression estimates find the error correction term (ECT) to be −0.20 for the sampled data. This suggests that there is long‐run convergence among financial development, trade openness and domestic output in Greece. This convergence is expected within an average of five cumulative years. Furthermore, the Granger causality test shows that there is a causal relationship between...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate household financial choice and the determinants of financial services in rural and urban households in Ghana using data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey 5 (GLSS 5) to estimate the participation of a household in a particular financial sector and what determines this choice.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate household financial choice and the determinants of financial services in rural and urban households in Ghana.Design/methodology/approach – Data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey 5 (GLSS 5) are used to estimate the participation of a household in a particular financial sector and what determines this choice.Findings – The results from Tobit and conditional logit models account for households' demographic characteristics and their financial decisions. The Tobit estimates show that household size, age, sex, marital status, occupation, income, remittances and shocks determine households' participation in the financial markets. Conditional logit model results suggest that locational characteristics are important in obtaining financial services from particular sectors of the financial market. The results also suggest that when the alternatives of financial services are available, rural households are more likely than urban households to obtain their fina...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the attributes of "good" aid architecture in relation to the peculiarities of Africa's challenges and examine its principles, objectives, framework differences and impact, the Beijing model shows that it supports the human rights which "unleash", empower and protect self-directed development grounded in ownership and in the strategic interests of recipients.
Abstract: Purpose – The emergence of the Chinese aid consensus has come to have profound implications for sustainability. The Beijing Consensus “sovereignty doctrine” of non-interference, presents a stark contrast to the Washington Consensus architecture of imposed conditionalities and the serving of geopolitical interests. For this reason, from Africa's perspective, the Beijing Consensus appears to represent the preferred comprehensive meta-narrative for Africa. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the attributes of “good” aid architecture in relation to the peculiarities of Africa's challenges. Design/methodology/approach – In examining its principles, objectives, framework differences and impact, the Beijing model shows that it supports the human rights which “unleash”, empower and protect self-directed development grounded in ownership and in the strategic interests of recipients. Findings – The Washington Consensus has been problematic for African development because it is economistic and exclusively instru...