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Showing papers in "International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences in 2015"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between self-efficacy of Iranian teachers of English and their reports of burnout through application of two questionnaires and found that participants' selfefficacy has a reverse relationship with their burnout.
Abstract: In any teaching and learning setting, there are some variables that play a highly significant role in both teachers' and learners' performance. Two of these influential psychological domains in educational context include self-efficacy and burnout. This study is conducted to investigate the relationship between the self-efficacy of Iranian teachers of English and their reports of burnout. The data was collected through application of two questionnaires. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Maslach& Jackson 1981, 1986) and Teacher Efficacy Scales (Woolfolk& Hoy, 1990) were administered to ten university teachers. After obtaining the raw data, the SPSS software (version 16) was used to change the data into numerical interpretable forms. In order to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and teachers' burnout, correlational analysis was employed. The results showed that participants' self-efficacy has a reverse relationship with their burnout.

297 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the key determinants of renewable energy consumption among Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) countries, over the period 1992-2011, and use Bayesian Model Averaging and Weighted-Average Least Square (WALS) to resolve model uncertainties.
Abstract: Over recent years, renewable energy sources have emerged as an important component of world energy consumption. Increased concern over issues related to energy security and global warming suggests that in the future there will be a greater reliance on renewable energy sources. Given the role of renewable energy in the discussion of a reliable and sustainable energy future, it is important to understand its main determinants and to draw result implications for energy policy. This paper identifies the key determinants of renewable energy consumption among Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) countries, over the period 1992-2011. There is a large literature on determinants of energy consumption and several studies have included a large number of explanatory variables. Empirical models of energy consumption are plagued by problems of model uncertainty concerning the choice of explanatory variables and model specification. We utilize Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Weighted-Average Least Square (WALS) to resolve these model uncertainties. We have used not only conventional explanatory variables that have been used in last studies, but also institutional variables to consider the effect of socio-economic environment. The results of this study indicate that the institutional environment proxies, urban population, and human capital are the most important variables affecting renewable energy consumption in the ECO economies. Also the second and third effective variables are the renewables potential which lead to an increase in renewable energy consumption, and Co2 emission which has revers effect respectively. Therefore improving of institutional circumstances and human capital can be useful to renewable energy growth and reducing of detrimental externalities of fossil energy consumption.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of intellectual capital on the financial performance and market valuation of firms in India was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis for a period from FY 2008-2009 to 2012-2013.
Abstract: The Objective of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of intellectual capital(IC) on the financial performance and market valuation of firms in India Thirty firms from S&P BSE SENSEX index which consists of 30 firms from across various manufacturing and service sectors The analysis was carried for a period from FY 2008-2009 to 2012-2013 Multiple linear Regression analysis is used to study the impact of IC on financial performance and market value of these select firms The paper uses the VAIC TM methodology to evaluate the data and finds that the financial performance and market value is indeed influenced by the IC of the firms This result is crucial for firm’s management and policy makers to make IC disclosure and reporting mandatory in firms accounting statements as the stakeholder can get the real picture of the true value of the firm

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how to employee performance impact on reward in private school and concluded that there is a positive relationship between rewards (extrinsic and intrinsic) and employee's job performance.
Abstract: Purpose :The aim of this study is to investigate how to employee performance impact on reward in private school. The study also aims to show how to employee improve the performance has in reward system. Design/methodology/approach: Questionnaire is used as instrument and 100 questionnaires were used to check the respondent’s opinion Findings: descriptive analysis, correlation and multiple regression tests were applied for data analysis. Conclution:study concludes that there is positive relationship between rewards (extrinsic and intrinsic) and employee’s job performance. Most of the organizations implement rewards system to increase the job performance and job satisfaction. Originality/value: By reviewing the different finding that the reward and employee performance. the contribution of this paper is to look at how to finding the effective solution of employee performance will be in reward system inter-organisational and school. Study of paper: The study of this paper is exploratry is qualitative study of research.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the impact of work-life balance (WLB) on employees' job satisfaction and turnover intention, and they found that continuance commitment moderates the relationship between job satisfaction, and that employees with low levels of WLB and job satisfaction do not necessary have high turnover intention.
Abstract: Work-life imbalance has several negative impacts on employees’ attitudes and behaviors and consequently influences organizations’ performance and effectiveness. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of work-life balance (WLB) on employees’ job satisfaction and turnover intention. Moreover, we study the moderating role of continuance commitment on job satisfaction – turnover intention relationship. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data collected from 265 questionnaires completed by employees in an Iranian industrial company. The findings supported that WLB has a significant positive relationship with job satisfaction, and a significant negative relationship with turnover intention. Besides, job satisfaction fully mediates the WLB – turnover intention relationship. The main contribution of the paper is that we found continuance commitment moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. Therefore, employees with low levels of WLB and job satisfaction do not necessary have high turnover intention, unless they have low continuance commitment.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence and relationship between corporate governance practices and firm financial performance in Islamic banking sector is discussed and the most outstanding results of this study has considerable and strong positive relationship in large board size and firm performance in developing countries as Pakistani circumstances.
Abstract: The paper discusses the influence and relationship between corporate governance practices and firm financial performance in Islamic banking sector. Main purpose of this study is to find or identify various factors or variables that affects the firm financial performance. Corporate governance focuses on three meters as board size, number of meeting and audit committee size and firm financial performance has also three indicators return on equity, return on asset and earning per share. Data relates to corporate governance and firm financial performance is collected from annual reports of different Islamic banks to analyze the results. Data reveals the positive relationship between corporate governance and financial performance of Islamic banking sectors. The most outstanding results of this study has considerable and strong positive relationship in large board size and firm financial performance in developing countries as Pakistani circumstances.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Biology by SS II students in Yakurr local government area of Cross River state was investigated. And the results revealed that there is a positive achievement in students taught by highly qualified biology teachers and those exposed to instructional materials during lessons.
Abstract: This study was designed to determine the impact of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Biology by SS II students in Yakurr local government area of Cross River state. In order to effectively handle the study, four research questions were formulated to guide the study. The descriptive statistical method was employed so as to determine the impact of teacher’s effectiveness. Five (5) comparable secondary schools were selected to represent the population of the study. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage method to verify the research questions formulated for this study. The result of the findings revealed that there is a positive achievement in students taught by highly qualified biology teachers and those exposed to instructional materials during lessons. It was recommended that government make available to schools the basic instructional materials as this will enhance an effective teaching and learning process.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess if spiritual quotient (Here after SQ) is a solution to the unethical behavior of employees and how this SQ along with ethical values can contribute towards organizational sustainability.
Abstract: During the last decade, many organizations were collapsed and had damage their organizational sustainability reason being severe ethical crisis. One of the main reasons affecting organizational sustainability is unethical behavior in the organization. Therefore, the question arises, how this grave issue of unethical behavior of employees can be solved? This paper seeks to assess if spiritual quotient (Here after SQ) is a solution to the unethical behavior of employees and how this SQ along with ethical values can contribute towards organizational sustainability. The paper concludes that SQ is the ultimate intelligence with which people address and solve the problems associated with meaning and value. It is the intelligence that has the force to help people use their actions and lives in a wider, richer and meaning-giving context. Moreover, promoting the ethical values, most of the organizations focus on ethics training programs aimed at increasing employee’s ethical behavior in organization. Thus, the paper finally suggests that employee unethical behavior in an organization can be solved through SQ and ethical values in organization.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Advertising is not a new form of religion, even though several of its aspects could be said to be displaying religious dimensions as mentioned in this paper, however, advertising ultimately lodges posmodern man's religious creativity.
Abstract: As communication axis, communication philosophy interrogates the idea that in postmodern society communication constructs reality. The philosopher is called to achieve a new synthesis, between philosophy and media communication, to assume the condition of man of media communication. Media has a decisive influence in relation to the constitution of reality in post-modern consciousness. Communication is related to relationships, to construct interhuman relationships, changing the attitudes of the other, decisions or behavior of others, the perceptions of reality and action according to the requirements of this perception. Secularization as a positive value of modernity does not eliminate the presence of the sacred in modern political imaginary also from communication. Advertising is by exellence the bearer of a deep dimension of reality construction as art of seduction, persuasion, communication. “Advertising constructs reality”, professor Sandu Frunza’s book, published in 2014 by Tritonic Publishing, Bucharest, represents a high level analisys and point out the “reality construction” through advertising as a communication mean of regaining authenticity. Storing an imaginary universe, which allows for the sacred to be manifest in the life of postmodern man, advertising supports the human being in its self quest through reaching harmony with the surrounding things, with other people and with the world. Advertising is not a new form of religion, even though several of its aspects could be said to be displaying religious dimensions. “We can, says Sandu Frunza, however, state generically that advertising ultimately lodges posmodern man’s religious creativity. In this way, advertising does not propose to challenge or oppose in any fashion the traditional religious patterns of interpreting and living within our world. Instead, it supplies a complementary authenticity, one matching man’s status in a communication-based society”. Advertising offers an alternative view on the world, man and man’s own choice to act coherently upon this view.

14 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to find out the relationship between respondents' attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, education, previous experience and age with intention to own a business and examine what particular factors are more influential on entrepreneurial intentions of postgraduate students in Malaysia.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship leads to massive economic benefits, such as economic growth, reduction in unemployment, and development of economies. Understanding the factors that impact on entrepreneurial intention is the primary and critical step towards predicting and developing entrepreneurial activities. Due to economic and social developments, entrepreneurial intention is gaining more importance in developing countries like Malaysia. The aim of this study is twofold; first, to find out the relationship between respondents’ attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, education, previous experience and age with intention to own a business; and second, to examine what particular factors are more influential on entrepreneurial intentions of postgraduate students in Malaysia. The study was carried out with master students. Data was collected from 380 male and female master students in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) who were in their final year of study and were considered appropriate for a decision in entrepreneurship. The analysis of the results showed that, firstly, attitude has direct effect on entrepreneurial intention but age has inverse effect. Secondly, it was concluded that these two variables were more important than others in modeling and predicting entrepreneurial intention among postgraduate students in Malaysia.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of government policies on affordable housing provision to the low-income group in Nigeria was assessed by collecting data from 44 respondents through the administration of questionnaires which was analyzed with statistical tools.
Abstract: Housing is one of the most important needs of individuals next to food and clothing. Housing needs for low income earners has reached an alarming stage in Nigeria. On the supply side, numerous government policies have earlier aimed at disabling the massive shortage through numerous housing reform programmes. Despite these preceding efforts, housing remains an illusion to an average Nigerian. This research assessed the effect of government policy on housing delivery in Nigeria. The objectives were to determine housing needs of the low income group in Nigeria and to determine the impact of government policies on affordable housing provision to the low income group. Survey method was used to collect data from 44 respondents through the administration of questionnaires which was analyzed with statistical tools. The findings from the study shows that insufficient fund is closely related to other finance related factors identified as barriers to the accessibility of public housing by the low income group who are non-public servants. Such factors as high interest rate, low per capita income, lack of security of income, lack of collateral and high cost of public houses. The study suggest the creation of a viable secondary mortgage market, improvement of land registration and allocation, compassionate urban renewal programmes, cost saving house designs amongst others.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the level of valuation variance and inaccuracy between Nigeria and UK, and found that valuation variance is high in Nigeria as compared to UK, due to lack of standards, lack of market data/comparables and lack of regulatory framework, methods/bases of valuation adopted.
Abstract: The study compared the level of valuation variance and inaccuracy between Nigeria and UK. In order to achieve the aim for the study, a survey method was employed using questionnaire administered on respondent estate surveyors and valuers in Calabar and Uyo metropolises. The study surveyed valuers opinions on the existence of valuation variance and inaccuracy, the possible causes and the margin of valuation error and data collected through questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics to find the mean score, standard deviation and percentages. The findings from the study show that valuation variance and inaccuracy is high in Nigeria as compared to UK. The possible causes include lack of standards, lack of market data/comparables, lack of regulatory framework, methods/bases of valuation adopted, client’s influence, inadequate training of valuers, imperfect knowledge of the property market, wrong assumptions on cost per square metre, lack of professional experience as well as failure to discipline valuers on cases of negligence with lack of standards ranked first with the highest frequency and mean score. The study concluded by recommending the creation of a central property database, adopting/enforcement of international valuation standards, enforcement of disciplinary measures for erring members on negligence and a defined acceptable margin of valuation error.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was carried out to find out the impacts of comic factor in TV advertisement on buying behavior of college and university students, which revealed that comic factors in TV ads affect the attention, interest, desire and action of students.
Abstract: This study was carried out to find out the impacts of comic factor in TV advertisement on buying behavior of college and university students. Questionnaire was designed and used to gauge the effects of comedy in advertisements. Sample size was 120 and it was comprised of university business students (Preston University Islamabad, International Islamic University Islamabad and Qauid-e-Azam University Islamabad). Data Analysis provided coefficient of determination R square value as 0.576. With significant Alpha figure of all variables, F value was 26.907 at 0.01 level. Outcomes revealed that comedy in TV advertisement convinces the consumer’s attention, interest, desire and action (AIDA) to buy the product. Objective of the study was achieved as it was found out that comic factor in TV ads affect the attention, interest, desire and action and hence buying behavior of students. Results also revealed that buying behavior of students due to comic factor in TV ads is gender free.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The empirical results indicate that air pollution has positive and significant effect on public and private health expenditures and imply that urbanization rate affecting the relationship between air pollution and health expenditures thatUrbanization rate plays a reinforcing role.
Abstract: One of the available challenges in areas of health economics is identification of the effective factors on health expenditures. Air pollution plays important role in the public and private health expenditure but most studies have ignored the role of this category in explanation of health expenditures. On the other hand, the impact of air pollution on health expenditures is influenced by several factors. This study intends to investigate the effect of air pollution on public and private health expenditures and to identify the urbanization rate factor affecting the relationship between air pollution and public and private health expenditures. Scope of the present study is developing countries over period of 1995-2011. We used a dynamic panel and Generalized Method of Moments method. The empirical results indicate that air pollution has positive and significant effect on public and private health expenditures. Also, the results imply that urbanization rate affecting the relationship between air pollution and health expenditures that urbanization rate plays a reinforcing role.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the sources of finance (formal and informal) that are available for SMEs and also highlights the issues that create hindrance in effective flow of financial facilities to SMEs especially SEs (Small Enterprises).
Abstract: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are engines of growth for developed and developing countries. Developing countries like Pakistan must pay special attention towards its development and growth which is very essential for country’s economic growth, economic development, employment generation, income equality, poverty alleviation, entrepreneurial culture etc. But unfortunately this sector is under performing due to many barriers including improper infra-structure, regulatory requirements difficulties, shortage of skilled HR, non competitive products, lack of entrepreneurial expertise, small scope of business and risk of default but above all access to finance is the major barrier that is facing by SMEs. This research paper examines the sources of finance (formal and informal) that are available for SMEs and also highlights the issues that create hindrance in effective flow of financial facilities to SMEs especially SEs (Small Enterprises). The research paper concludes that sufficient and easy availability of finance is the key to success for SMEs in Pakistan.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Husserl as mentioned in this paper used the terms "Noema" and "noesis" to refer to correlated elements of the structure of any intentional act, i.e., the part of the act that gives the character to a thing.
Abstract: In Ideas, Husserl usesthis pair of terms, "Noema" and "Noesis" to refer to correlated elements of the structure of any intentional act. In fact in Ideas, Husserl uses the term ‘Noesis’ to refer to intentional acts or “act-quality” and ‘Noema’ to refer to what, in the Logical Investigationshad been referred to as “act-matter”. He also says that every intentional act has noetic content. This noetic content is that mental act-process which becomes directed towards the intentionally held object. Every act also has a Noematic correlate that which is meant by it. In other words, every intentional act has an "I-pole and an "object-pole. According to Husserl, noesis is the real content, namely, noesis is real character, the part of the act that gives the character to a thing. Noema is the ideal essence of the character. Husserl says also about the noema as the Sinn or sense of the act. Husserl also, refers to full noema. According to Husserl the full noema is the object of the act as meant in the act, the perceived object as perceived, the judged object as judged, and so on. In fact the full noema is a complex structure comprised of at least a noematic sense and a noematic core.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that social welfare needs to be redefined and extended while market economy must be guided by moral principles that embody fundamental human values, and argue that nation-states still serve important administrative functions in a world dominated by transnational corporate interests.
Abstract: This article explicates how 21 st Century changes in the form of globalization are of historical scale, how they play out in terms of risks and inequalities shaping human experience, and how they have changed social welfare and public policy making worldwide. After presenting facts of inequality and such consequences as planetary poverty and gender stratification, it highlights the reformulation of economic power associated with burgeoning free-market economies and accompanying diffusion of instrumental rationality, standardization and commodification. In contrast with the recent US economic downturn and global softening of labor markets which cry for greater social protection, the welfare state of the last century has been replaced by a competitive state of the 21st century, as a “nonsovereign power” mindful of its global positioning but less powerful in shaping daily life among social forces including the role of NGOs. Indicating a lag between transnational developments and the way analysts think of social policies, the paper asserts that nation-states nonetheless serve important administrative functions in a world dominated by transnational corporate interests. In considering all the challenges to justice and governance, the authors argue that social welfare needs to be redefined and extended while market economy must be guided by moral principles that embody fundamental human values.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between inflation, money supply and government spending in Iran during the period 1959-2010 and found that the growth rate of money has the highest impact on inflation while government spending, GDP growth rate and the exchange rate had no significant effect on the inflation.
Abstract: Inflation is one of the important macroeconomic variables that has a close relationship with many of the real and monetary variables and has unfavorable effects such as loss of productivity, reduction of economic growth, and rise of economic inequality. Therefore, the reduction of inflation has always been the most important economic objective of policy makers. The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between, inflation, money supply and government spending in Iran during the period 1959- 2010. To that end, Bayesian econometric approach was used. The results of the Bayesian Model averaging method imply that the growth rate of money, economic growth rate, inflation rate, the logarithm of the ratio of liquidity to GDP, and growth in energy prices had a significant positive significant effect on inflation. Among these 3 variables, growth rate of money has the highest impact on inflation. The results showed that the growth rate of government spending, GDP growth rate and the exchange rate had no significant effect on the inflation. Therefore, the study recommends controlling the inflation through decline in liquidity growth rate, and energy prices.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of spiritual and emotional quotient in reinforcing the values of Islamic ethics is investigated, which shows that individuals who reinforce their own spiritual motivations and have developed their own emotional quotients, are more inclined to achieve competitive advantage than those who have not this intelligence.
Abstract: This paper has investigated the importance of spiritual and emotional quotient in reinforcing the values of Islamic ethics. The development of good character in Islam is the process of encountering with individual feelings that contributes to the creation of and support of good and proper feelings such as forgiveness, compassion, love, generosity, and courage and fights against negative feelings such as envy, anger, selfishness and dastardliness and suppresses them. Character-making should do many works with patience and persistence in controlling feelings resulting in negative dimensions and reinforcing feelings resulting in positive ethics. Employing and controlling feelings will result in training deserved ethics. In addition, it leads a healthy spiritual and psychic life. New research show that individuals who reinforce their own spiritual motivations and have developed their own emotional quotient, are more inclined to achieve competitive advantage than those who have not this intelligence. The main objective of this research is to investigate a new field in modern psychology including emotional quotient and spiritual quotient that is aimed at whether new psychological approaches and positive findings of studying human emotions and feelings can contribute to the Islamic ethics or not.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the research article abstracts among native English speakers and non-native (Iranian) speakers in the field of Electronic engineering and mainly focused on the rhetorical structure, i.e., the constituent moves/sub-moves.
Abstract: This paper seeks to analyze the research article abstracts among native English speakers and non-native (Iranian) speakers in the field of Electronic engineering. The analysis mainly focuses on the rhetorical structure, i.e. the constituent Moves/Sub-Moves. In addition, Verb choices and the voice and tense of the verbs in Move 2 and Move 4 respectively were examined. To this end, 25 published abstracts from each field (a total of 50 abstracts), all appearing in established, ISI journals, were selected. The model proposed by Santos (1996), composed of 5 moves along AntMover software was employed as a general guideline in order to identify Moves/SubMoves. The results compared and contrasted the dominant move patterns of each field, their unique Move/SubMoves, and the typical voice and tense of verbs employed in Move 4. It was also found that there were some variations between the abstracts written by native English speakers and nonnative speakers of English. It is hoped that with detailed analyses of abstracts, the results of this study may serve as a complement to the guidelines for novice writers to construct a proper research article abstract in electronic engineering.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Orientalism is a critique of Western texts that have represented the East as an exotic and inferior other and construct the Orient by a set of recurring stereotypical images and cliches.
Abstract: Edward Said's groundbreaking text, Orientalism is a contrapuntal reading of imperial discourse about the non-Western Other. It indcates that the Western intellectual is in the service of the hegemonic culture. In this influential text, Said shows how imperial and colonial hegemony is implicated in discursive and textual production. Orientalism is a critique of Western texts that have represented the East as an exotic and inferior other and construct the Orient by a set of recurring stereotypical images and cliches. Said's analysis of Orientalism shows the negative stereotypes or images of native women as well. As a result, Orientalism has engendered feminist scholarship and debate in Middle East studies. For Said, many Western scholars, orientalists, colonial authorities and writers systematically created the orientalist discourse and the misrepresentation of the Orient. George Orwell as a Western writer experienced imperialism at first hand while serving as an Assistant Superintendent of Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927. One of Orwell's major concerns during his life was the issue of imperialism and colonialism which is reflected in his first published novel, Burmese Days. Orwell's own political purpose in this novel was to convince the reader that imperialism was morally wrong. Although he saw imperialism as one of the major injustices of his time and had declared himself against Empire, in Burmese Days, Orwell, consciously and unconsciously, repudiated his views and followed the Orientalist discourse. In this study, the authors demonstrate how Orwell maintains a white male Eurocentric imperialist viewpoint. The authors attempt to examine how the 'female subalterns' are represented in Burmese Days. While Oriental women are represented as the oppressed ones, they are also regarded as being submissive, voiceless, seductive and promiscuous.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of reward and punishment on students' learning behavior using questionnaire approach and acquired data from school teachers of D.G Khan, are selected as sample of the study.
Abstract: The current study aims to investigate the impact of reward and punishment on students' learning behavior. This paper is quantitative in nature. The study used questionnaire approach and acquired data from school teachers of D.G Khan, are selected as sample of the study. The study used convenient and simple random sampling technique for data acquisition. Moreover, paired sample T test approach is used to test correlation of variables. Hence it is concluded that both reward and punishment has positive significant impact on students' learning behavior whereas punishment has greater impact and role towards learning behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of reading body language signals in business negotiations and business meetings is examined, and it is shown that body language can reveal the opponent's, opponent's physical and emotional state as well as its evolution.
Abstract: This paper examines the importance of reading the body language signals in business negotiations and business meetings. By observing the physical changes of the human body, gestures, can lead to a more or less realistic impression about opponent, feelings of the other person, his mood, thoughts, expectations, intentions, and their changes. In non-verbal body language are very much important things : human posture, dress, accessories, gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, smile, voice intonation, laughter, eye contact, eye signs, the distance between the communicators, touch, clap, dance, and physiological responses sweating palms, forehead, paleness, resulting in acute facial, neck redness and others. Part of nonverbal communication signs, or in other words the body language signals are sent consciously (natural or play signs, signals), and the other part of the body signals is emitted into the environment unintentionally, when to the information received response is made immediately, instantly, instinctively and without thinking. Body language signals in business negotiations or business meetings are important in several aspects: reveal the other person’s, the opponent's physical and emotional state as well as its evolution; complement, reinforce or weaken the spoken language; allows those who are able to read nonverbal communication signs, to determine more or less accurately whether oral language is true.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the impact of rewards and leadership on the employee engagement in conventional banking sector of southern Punjab and conclude that satisfied workers have potential to work effectively and they always remain loyal to the organization.
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of rewards and leadership on the employee engagement in conventional banking sector of southern Punjab. Employee engagement is fully influenced by leadership, workplace culture, company reputation and reward practices. Satisfied workers have potential to work effectively and they always remain loyal to the organization. This research focuses to evaluate the impact of two covariates reward and leadership on the engagement of the employees. The data includes 50 employees of 5 banks selected from conventional banking sector located in southern Punjab. The results indicate positive impact of reward and leadership on employee engagement. The paper provides evidence to suggest that management focus to enhance skills of the employees through proper coaching, leadership, and motivation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors cover issues which are effective in planning a strategy by deaf EFL learners who are using learning strategies like cognitive, meta- cognitive and socio-affective strategies.
Abstract: This paper, through using relevant literature, covers issues which are effective in planning a strategy by deaf EFL learners who are using learning strategies like cognitive, meta- cognitive and socio-affective strategies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the ways in which the speech act of disagreement is expressed by young male and female Persian speakers and find that although both males and females were concerned about the power status of interlocutors and try to apply the appropriate strategies while expressing their disagreements, females were more cautious and used different strategies from those of males.
Abstract: This study seeks to investigate the ways in which the speech act of disagreement is expressed by young male and female Persian speakers. To collect the data 100 participants (50 males, 50 females,) were selected randomly from among undergraduate and graduate students of University of Isfahan and Islamic Azad University ( Najafabad b r an ch) . The focus of this study was on the role that gender and power might play in the employment of strategies to mitigate the threat of disagreement. Students were asked to complete a discourse completion test (DCT) designed by the researcher. They were supposed to read nine suggestions situations, and react to them via making disagreements. Respondents were expected to disagree with three interlocutors with higher status, three peers and three with lower status . In order to analyze the utterances of disagreement, Muntigl and Turnbull's taxonomy (1998) was employed. The results revealed that although both males and females were concerned about the power status of interlocutors and try to apply the appropriate strategies while expressing their disagreements, females were more cautious and used different strategies from those of males.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The development of literary/textual analysis is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary; intertextual, historically and socially-aware, and politically-motivated critical practices as mentioned in this paper, which implicitly inculcate that how literary analysis can be done employing political interpretations.
Abstract: The development of literary/textual analysis is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary; intertextual, historically and socially-aware, and politically-motivated critical practices. This study is an attempt to show how literary/textual analyses are relied on a number of interrelated, competing and methodological political arrangements. In brief, this article is an account of the development of critically and politically-aware practices of literary analysis and implicitly inculcate that how literary analysis can be done employing political interpretations. Hence, some key concepts for critical practice of literary analysis such as interdiscourse, intertextuality, ideology negotiation and feminist/political criticisms of literature are investigated. Finally, an example of a politically committed analysis of literature is provided to show how theoretical foundations function in practice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The problem of domestic violence has become one of the most urgent problems of modern social practices, namely, its study, fight against all forms of using violence, prevention of domestic Violence, social stigmatization.
Abstract: The problem of domestic violence has become one of the most urgent problems of modern social practices, namely, its study, fight against all forms of using violence, prevention of domestic violence, social stigmatization In connection with the actuality of the problem, it has appeared the necessity of working out complex program of prevention of domestic violence and giving help to victims of domestic violence The success of prevention of domestic violence directly depends on how deeply the society recognizes the problem of domestic violence, social stigmatization, its sequences 1 INTRODUCTION The problem of domestic violence has become one of the most urgent problems of modern social practices, namely, its study, fight against all forms of using violence, prevention of domestic violence In Russia, domestic violence has spread wider and wider Persons, killed or injured on grounds of everyday conflicts, are fixedly placed first among various categories of injured in violent crimes: 70-80% of serious violent crimes, including 30-40% of murders, are committed in the family Furthermore, women and children make up 70% of the victims of violence Annually, 10000-14000 women are killed by their husbands or lovers (Bulletin of the Informational Centre of the Independent Women’s Forum, 1997), 2000000 children experience physical violence, and 5000 children leave their houses owing to cruel treatment Furthermore, every second child never returns home (Father, Mother, Me – a Cruel Family, 2006) In accordance with the statistical data of the Ministry of Inner Affairs, domestic violence takes place in every forth Russian family (Regional Social Organization “Anna”, 2006) 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As a result of deeper penetration of violence into family life, its morality declines, relation and succession of generations, as well as humanism of family upbringing, become weaker, children’s homelessness arises, children are drawn in drinking alcohol, taking drugs, they are drawn in prostitution and criminal activity A Fromm states in his theory of people’s destructivity that “cruelty ruins soul and body, and the very life; it ruins not only the victim, but the tormentor himself”(1992, p 28)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an interesting overview about the existence of the universe is given, focusing on efforts of modern-speculative physics, considering then metaphysical considerations and some ideas of theism.
Abstract: In this paper an interesting overview about the existence of the universe is given. It will focused in particular on efforts of modern-speculative physics, considering then metaphysical considerations and some ideas of theism.