Showing papers in "International Materials Reviews in 1961"
TL;DR: In this paper, the manufacturing, processing, joining, finishing, and application of dispersion-strengthened aluminum alloys fro aluminum powder are discussed, and the mechanical and physical properties, structure, and relationship between mechanical properties and structure are given.
Abstract: The manufacture, processing, joining, finishing, and application of dispersion-strengthened aluminum alloys fro aluminum powder are discussed. The mechanical and physical properties, structure, and the relationship between mechanical properties and structure are given for the alloys. (N.W.R.)
224 citations
TL;DR: For small displacements, simple relationships between force and deformation exist for polycrystalline, quasi-isotropic materials as mentioned in this paper, where the action of external forces on an elastic medium sets up opposing forces which resist the displacement of the atoms.
Abstract: The action of external forces on an elastic medium sets up opposing forces which resist the displacement of the atoms. For small displacements, simple relationships between force and deformation exist for polycrystalline, quasi-isotropic materials.
98 citations
TL;DR: The Sintered Aluminium Products (S.A.P) theory has been widely used in the literature as discussed by the authors, with a focus on the potentialities of the light metals.
Abstract: When, some fifteen years ago, Irmann made his discovery of the Sintered Aluminium Products of high elevated-temperature strength, subsequently known as S.A.P, its importance was by no means confined to the potentialities of the new material alone; metallurgists became generally conscious of the possibility of strengthening metals with the aid of a finely dispersed, hard, and thermally stable phase. Numerous theoretical and experimental investigations conducted over the past ten years have resulted in a self-consistent theory of dispersionstrengthened materials. This theory has been largely developed at the American Universities and Technical Institutes by such workers as Grant, Lenel, and Goetzel and their associates, and has been summarized in various publications. A short survey of the whole field has recently been published by Palme, while a major contribution by Goetzel deals particularly with the potentialities of the light metals. A paper on the latest developments in the S.A.P. field was re...
97 citations
TL;DR: In this article, only those machines giving truly continuous operation when linked with other processing stages, and in full commercial use at the present time, will be described, and a review of these machines is given.
Abstract: The term “continuous casting” as now applied to a wide range of methods and machines is correctly descriptive of only a small number of techniques. In this review, only those machines giving truly continuous operation when linked with other processing stages, and in full commercial use at the present time, will be described.
12 citations
TL;DR: A review of this subject must make it clear that solidification is really a two-stage process, i.e., nucleation and growth, and that a nucleus must be present before the major part of solidification can proceed as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Any review of this subject must make it clear that solidification is really a two-stage process—nucleation and growth. These processes can be likened to the making of the base of a snowman by starting with a small snowball and rolling this in the snow until a large sphere is produced. The growth of the ball corresponds to the growth part of solidification, while the making of the original snowball corresponds to nucleation. In other words, a nucleus must be present before the major part of solidification can proceed. Nucleation is a large subject, worthy of a review in itself, and it will not be discussed in detail here.
9 citations
TL;DR: In the past few years there has been a striking advance in the development and refinement of various experimental methods for the study of imperfections in crystals as mentioned in this paper, which has resulted in the experimental confirmation of the existence and behaviour of many of these imperfections which previously could be only the subject of theory.
Abstract: In the past few years there has been a striking advance in the development and refinement of various experimental methods for the study of imperfections in crystals. This has resulted in the experimental confirmation of the existence and behaviour of many of these imperfections which previously could be only the subject of theory. In a recent review, Hirsch has described in detail how this has come about in the case of the dislocation—the crystal defect most directly related to the process of plastic deformation. He has also described some of the experimental results, such as the nature of the defects found in quenched or irradiated metals and the dislocation arrangements observed in deformed metals, which can more properly be classed as new contributions to our knowledge of the subject. Though such simple and general discoveries in the study of dislocations are of supreme importance and will doubtless continue to be made, there are indications that the more detailed and quantitative investigation...
6 citations
TL;DR: Stress-cracking is a somewhat unfortunately chosen term that appears to emphasize the obvious. All cracking must be associated with stress but, like agecracking, stress cracking was sometimes used as an alternative to the more usual seasoncracking to describe the spontaneous cracking in the atmosphere of brass parts that were in a state of internal stress.
Abstract: Stress-cracking is a somewhat unfortunately chosen term that appears to emphasize the obvious. All cracking must be associated with stress but, like age-cracking, stress-cracking was sometimes used as an alternative to the more usual season-cracking to describe the spontaneous cracking in the atmosphere of brass parts that were in a state of internal stress. In connection with the latter term, it is difficult to judge whether the word “season” referred to the period of the year in which cracking was most prevalent, i.e. to the seasonal aspect, or to the resemblance of the cracks to those appearing in timber during seasoning.
6 citations
TL;DR: Lead, being one of the most readily reducible of the metals, and its oxidized ores being easily available on the surface of the earth, has been known and used by man from remote times as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Lead, being one of the most readily reducible of the metals, and its oxidized ores being easily available on the surface of the earth, has been known and used by man from remote times. It was found by Woolley at Ur of the Chaldees and at al'Ubaid in the form of small castings and frescoes dating from the 2nd and 3rd millennia B.C. Specimens from these two places contain 99.75% lead.
4 citations
TL;DR: The applications and uses of titanium and its alloys are discussed in this paper, where a brief summary of the history, advantages, scale of production, range of alloys, fabrication problems, and economics of the metals are discussed.
Abstract: The applications and uses of titanium and its alloys are discussed. Included in this discussion is a brief summary of the history, advantages, scale of production, range of alloys, fabrication problems, and economics of the metals. Titanium and its alloys are discussed in terms of their uses in the following: aircraft, chemical, oil, automotive, and marine industries; military uses; nuclear energy; anodic polarization; platinized anodes; metal finishing processes; pulp and textile bleaching process equipment; surgery; instrumentation and electronics; and miscellaneous uses. (N.W.R.)
3 citations