Showing papers in "International Migration Review in 1991"
1,387 citations
448 citations
TL;DR: Alba as mentioned in this paper examined the changing role of ethnicity in the lives of Amerians from a broad range of European backgrounds and identified the emergence a new ethnic group of "European Americans" that differentiates itself from racial minorities and immigrant groups from Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
Abstract: This landmark work examines the changing role of ethnicity in the lives of Amerians from a broad range of European backgrounds. Using data from in-depth interviews with more than five hundred people, Richard D. Alba shows that while the ethnic origins of white Americans have less and less import in such measurable areas as educational and occupational achievement and marriage, they are still salient in more subjective ways. He identifies the emergence a new ethnic group of "European Americans" that differentiates itself from racial minorities and immigrant groups from Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
361 citations
TL;DR: Almodovar et al. as mentioned in this paper show that the long sex scene that follows is a volcanic outburst of what both, in different ways, have been damming up until now and that explodes, not through roughness but tbrough tenderness.
Abstract: blood and sex. The long sex scene that follows is, for a change, essential. It's a volcanic outburst of what both, in different ways, have been damming up until now and that explodes, not through roughness but tbrough tenderness. Almodovar ensures that we get the point: in one ofthe shots, he multiplies tfie sex in a many-paneled mirror. (One of the film's sly jokes: Abril remembers Banderas by bis lovemaking. Only after their encounter does she recall that they had met before.) We're told (hai Carmen Maura, the leading actress of most Almodovar films, quarreled wilh him and thai he then sotighl otn Abril. Maura is a fine actress in the Irene Papas vein, but Abril is perfect for this part—supple, lovely, poutily sexy, spoiled, a hedonist waiting to be touched to the unique. Imagine Rosanna Arquette with talent. Or Rebecca de Mornay as sbe is. Banderas is open yel wary, attractive yet simple, fiery yet doglike. The interaction of lhis pair, adroitly orchestrated by the director, is tbe film's chief pleasure—.something like, thougb a good deal more resonant than, the interaction in Pretty Woman. The only other performance of note comes from the slafwart Francisco Rabal, familiar from I'indiana and Eclipse, as Abril's porno-horror director. Anotber grim Almodovar joke, anoiber bit of black fringe on his rosy romance: the director IS confined lo a wheelchair but is, he says, \"hornier than ever.\" Jose Luis Alcainc andjose Alcedo, the cinematographer and editor wbo are both Almodovar veterans, provide color and pace—Jusi sufficiently colorful and sufliciently brisk. Sbeerly in cinematic: terms, Almodovar shows more selfconfidence. No longer docs he use trick shots (for mstance, ihrough a pair of glasses lying on the floor) to show how clever be is. He puts his camera where it will be of best service, unobtrusively, to what, he says, drew bim to filmmaking in the firsl place, \"the passion of aclors.\" As a stylist he is tinusual among the accomplished because it isn't easy to describe him by visual cbaracteristics. Ratber, it's the man himself, behind (be film, who registers—light-handed, satirical, insouciant, with a reverse side that's revealingly close to the sentimental. •
354 citations
TL;DR: Culture conflict and the American dream ethnohistory of the Hmong people were discussed in this paper. But the focus was on the children facing culture conflict culture and minority achievement.
Abstract: Culture conflict and the American dream ethnohistory of the Hmong people the Hmong at La Playa becoming American through schooling seven "learning disabled" Indochinese - institutional approach to children facing culture conflict culture and minority achievement - implications for research and instructional practice.
161 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relative contribution of ethnic and class resources to Korean immigrant businesses and how the relative significance of ethnic resources changes over the course of business development was examined, and it was shown that while ethnic resources (i.e., finan? cial resources, information or business advice one can gather from family members, friends or rotating credit associations) are important at the initial stage of business, they become irrelevant or insufficient at the advanced stage.
Abstract: Contemporary Korean immigrant businesses depart from the tradi? tional patterns of immigrant businesses in two important respects. First, minority areas such as black neighborhoods are more important market places for Korean merchants than their own Korean commu? nity. Second, though ethnic solidarity and mutual cooperation among Koreans are still viable in Korean immigrant businesses, class interests and class resources are increasingly important as the basis of Korean immigrant businesses. Therefore, collective approaches to business on the basis of ascriptive ties such as extended kinship or regional ties became irrelevant for the recent Korean immigrants. Instead individ? ualistic approaches become more significant. In order to account for the role of ethnicity and class in contemporary Korean immigrant businesses, this study attempts to assess the relative contribution of ethnic and class resources to Korean immigrant businesses and to examine how the relative significance of ethnic and class resources changes over the course of business development. Empirical results tend to support the arguments that while ethnic resources (i.e., finan? cial resources, information or business advice one can gather from family members, friends or rotating credit associations) are important at the initial stage of business, they become irrelevant or insufficient at the advanced stage, and that class resources (i.e., individual human capital) become more important to determine the success level of business at the advanced stage of business development.
139 citations
119 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the International Convention seeks to accommodate these competing concerns by providing human rights protections to undocumented migrants which are substantial but less extensive than those provided to documented migrants, and through ensuring states' continuing authority in the spheres of immigration control and national "mem? bership policy."
Abstract: Pursuant to the international legal principle of territorial sovereignty, states possess extensive authority to control the ingress of foreigners into their territory, but the presence of tens of millions of irregular migrants around the world reveals that states often fail to exercise such control in practice. As a result, international society is faced with the need to establish standards of appropriate treatment for irregular migrants who are present within the territory of receiving states. In view of the precarious social condition of these individuals, the need for human rights protections in this context is particularly urgent, but the interests of states in territorial sovereignty are also at stake. The International Convention seeks to accommodate these competing concerns by providing human rights protections to undocumented migrants which are substantial but less extensive than those provided to documented migrants, and through ensuring states' continuing authority in the spheres of immigration control and national "mem? bership policy." The article concludes that, despite the unmistakable normative value of many of the Convention's protective provisions, the Convention's ability to substantially ameliorate the human rights situation of irregular migrants is significandy constrained by its over? riding commitment to the norms and structures of sovereign statehood. [WJhile the international legal protection afforded to aliens is on [the] one hand an inchoate expression of human similarities which cannot be denied, it is simultaneously an expression of national differences which are equally beyond question. (Morgan, 1988:142)
111 citations
TL;DR: Comparisons consider Afro-Caribbean immigrants as a whole and disaggregated by nation of origin, and suggests that, for most Caribbean groups, West Indian background adds little to an understanding of the earnings attainment process that cannot be obtained from other measurable characteristics.
Abstract: This article examines the 1980 earnings and earnings attainment process of Afro-Caribbean immigrants [to the United States] relative to Afro-Americans native-born whites and foreign-born whites. Controlling for gender the comparisons consider Caribbean Islanders as a whole and disaggregated by nation of origin. The results indicate that in 1980 at least fact did not justify the opinion that any West Indian subgroup had higher gross or net earnings than native-born blacks. Rather a few non-English speaking subgroups fared worse. In addition regardless of national background Caribbean-born men experienced vast earnings disparities relative to white men. This was not the case for West Indian women whose net earnings were at minimum equivalent to those of white women. Further analysis suggests that for most Caribbean groups West Indian background adds little to an understanding of the earnings attainment process that cannot be obtained from other measurable characteristics. (EXCERPT)
92 citations
86 citations
TL;DR: The foreign-born elderly in Canada include persons who immigrated as young adults but have now grown old, as well as persons who have immigrated late in life, usually under the auspices of family as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The foreign-born elderly in Canada include persons who immigrated as young adults but have now grown old, as well as persons who have immigrated late in life, usually under the auspices of family r...
TL;DR: The authors examines the historical roots of internal conflict in Africa and shows that a resort to war as a substitute for politics has pushed massive numbers of Africans beyond state borders, resulting in a refugee crisis in Africa.
Abstract: There is a refugee crisis in Africa. A resort to war as a substitute for politics has pushed massive numbers of Africans beyond state borders. This article examines the historical roots of internal...
TL;DR: Although each chain initially relied upon different modes of entry, succeeding cohorts in both chains have come to rely upon similar modes of admission because of the heavy emphasis on family reunification within the 1965 Immigration Act.
Abstract: In analyzing Filipino migration to the United States since 1965 the authors identify two distinct chains of immigrants. One derives from the Filipinos who entered the country prior to 1965; the other comes from the flow of highly trained professionals who immigrated during the late 1960s and early 1970s. "To establish the historical basis for the two patterns of immigration that unfolded in the post-1965 period the article begins with a brief examination of Filipino immigration to the United States. An analysis of the modes of entry used in both chains follows this overview. The study concludes with a discussion of the degree of convergence in these two chains and the consequences of each for contemporary Filipino-American community development." Data are from published U.S. census material and from Immigration and Naturalization Service reports and tapes dating from 1972 to 1985. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The authors applied sophisticated econometric techniques on a representative sample of Australian migrants who arrived as adults to examine the factors associated with success in securing employment and, in particular, to test how well the recent influx of refugees have done.
Abstract: Applies sophisticated econometric techniques on a representative sample of Australian migrants who arrived as adults to examine the factors associated with success in securing employment and, in particular, to test how well the recent influx of refugees have done. After controlling for a number of other factors relevant to labor market status such as age, gender, education and premigration employment history, it is found that among new arrivals, refugees have employment probabilities which are close to 20% lower than otherwise comparable nonrefugees. With the passage of time, this differential narrows markedly but, for males at least, is never eliminated completely. It is concluded however that the persistence of a differential is not the result of discrimination but rather because refugees have relatively poor English language skills. -Author
TL;DR: Regression analysis indicates the wage differentials between Asian and national women to be significant and indicative of discrimination.
Abstract: The author examines trends in the roles of immigrant Asian women workers in Kuwait using data from published censuses and reports and from three national-level surveys conducted in 1977-1979 1983 and 1986-1987. "The study deals separately with the two major types of migrants: the domestic servants and the clerical and professional (or semiprofessional) workers....The policies of sending countries and of Kuwait are discussed to reach some conclusions about the likely future patterns of migration of Asian women workers to Kuwait." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: A major trend in contemporary international migration is the recruitment of women as migrant workers, both documented and undocumented as discussed by the authors, and their invisibility and the efforts to counter this trend are discussed.
Abstract: A major trend in contemporary international migration is the recruitment of women as migrant workers, both documented and undocumented. This article discusses their invisibility and the efforts dur...
TL;DR: Park's approach to race and ethnic relations as discussed by the authors is an example of such an approach, and Park's approach can be seen as a form of "getting it together" in the context of race and ethnicity.
Abstract: 1. Social Context and Individual Biography 2. Culture, Communication and Social Control 3. Park's Approach to Race and Ethnic Relations 4.The Emergence of an Ethnographic Tradition 5. Immigrants and the 'Ethnicity Paradox' 6. \"Bright Lights, Impending Shadows\": Afro-American Migration to Northern Cities 7. Getting it together: A Scheme of Interpretation.
TL;DR: The 1990 International Convention on the protection of the Rights of All Migrants Workers and Members of their Families (ICR-1990) as mentioned in this paper was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1990.
Abstract: Migrant workers are less protected than nationals against the actions of states and employers. These workers therefore require special global protection of their rights while employed in countries other than their own. Accordingly the UN International Labor Organization (ILO) is constitutionally charged with developing international measures to protect the interests of migrant workers from developing countries. The ILO however had little involvement in molding the International Convention on the protection of the Rights of All Migrants Workers and Members of their Families adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1990. Instead final adoption of the Convention stems largely from developing state dissatisfaction with the former 1975 ILO Migrant Workers Convention No. 143 and Mexican and Moroccan government machinations outside of the ILO in support of modifications. Convention No. 143 threatened to sever employment opportunities and hard foreign exchange remittances in North America and western Europe from illegally employed immigrant workers from developing countries. By working in the UN outside of the ILO developing nations would enjoy automatic majority and greater potential for success in reforming the Convention. Soon developing nations squelched a delay tactic proffered by the Swedes and succeeded in bringing the UN General Assembly to adopt resolution 34/172 in December 1979 which led to the establishment of an Open-Ended Working Group. This group then elaborated the 1990 Convention over 19 sessions. At the expense of the ILO and more developed nations developing nations successfully challenged and changed the international order to benefit their peoples and national economies. Finally the paper considers the interests of immigrant businesspeople and asylum seekers during or immediately upon entry to a foreign country who are not specifically covered by the Convention. While the university of international humanitarian law suggests that businesspeople be included in the Convention changes to the Convention will probably not be forthcoming. As for asylum seekers waiting for either refugee status or an interim-term engagement for work the sensitive nature of this topic in certain countries precludes the adoption of inclusive documentation.
TL;DR: In this article, an effort, by one of the drafters, to analyze the factors affecting the creation of a new international instrument, like the UN Convention on Migrant Workers, was made.
Abstract: This article is an effort, by one of the drafters, to analyze the factors affecting the creation of a new international instrument, like the UN Convention on Migrant Workers. The analysis may be ch...
TL;DR: This paper showed how, despite differences in their economic integration, the Vietnamese, Cambodians and Loatians now living in the Quebec City area (Canada) have established, over the last ten to fifteen years, a community in Quebec City, Canada.
Abstract: This article shows how, despite differences in their economic integration, the Vietnamese, Cambodians and Loatians now living in the Quebec City area (Canada) have established, over the last ten to...
TL;DR: It is shown that the ameliorative impact of secondary earners is greater for immigrant than native families; that this generalization holds for whites, blacks and Hispanics but not Asians; and that the immigrant advantage in amelIORative effects vis-a-vis natives declined noticeably over the 1960–1980 period for all but Asian families.
Abstract: This article studies immigrant-native differentials in the ability of secondary earners (family earners other than the family head) to lift families out of poverty. Using both descriptive and multivariate techniques to analyze the 1960 1970 and 1980 U.S. Census Public Use Samples it compares immigrant and native families among four key race groups: white black Hispanic and Asian. It is shown that the ameliorative impact of secondary earners is greater for immigrant than native families; that this generalization holds for whites blacks and Hispanics but not Asians; and that the immigrant advantage in ameliorative effects vis-a-vis natives declined noticeably over the 1960-1980 period for all but Asian families. The implications of these results for the overall trend in poverty among immigrants is discussed. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: International labor migration would increase within Asia because the tight labor markets and rising wages which have stimulated Japanese investment in other Asian nations have not been sufficient to eliminate migration push and pull forces.
Abstract: "A recent conference sponsored by the United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) in Nagoya, Japan examined the growing importance of labor migration for four major Asian labor importers (Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore) and five major labor exporters (Bangladesh, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand).... The conference concluded that international labor migration would increase within Asia because the tight labor markets and rising wages which have stimulated Japanese investment in other Asian nations, for example, have not been sufficient to eliminate migration push and pull forces...."
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationships between types of sponsorship and employment status among three ethnic groups of Indochinese refugees who arrived in the United States between 1978 and 1982.
Abstract: This study examines the relationships between types of sponsorship and employment status among three ethnic groups of Indochinese refugees who arrived in the United States between 1978 and 1982. A ...
TL;DR: The authors summarizes the relationship between the Migrant Workers Convention and the principal general instruments of human rights law, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Abstract: This article summarizes the relationship between the Migrant Workers Convention and the principal general instruments of human rights law. The Convention's vocabulary and complexity invite a measur...
TL;DR: Altman as discussed by the authors found that Spanish emigration had a substantial and perceptible effect on local society in Spain, as the New World quickly became an important arena of activity for people seeking new and better opportunities.
Abstract: The opening of the New World to Spanish settlement had more than the limited impact on individuals and society which scholars have traditionally granted it. Many families and young single people left the neighboring cities of Caceres and Trujillo in the Extremadura region of southwestern Spain for the Indies. By maintaining ties with home and one another, and sometimes returning, these emigrants developed patterns of involvement that on one level were linked directly to place of origin and on another would come to characterize the emigration movement as a whole. Ida Altman shows that the Indies could and did have a substantial and perceptible effect on local society in Spain, as the New World quickly became an important arena of activity for people seeking new and better opportunities. Her findings suggest interesting conclusions regarding the relationship of sixteenth-century Spanish emigration to the larger movement of people from Europe to the Western Hemisphere in modern times."
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors pointed out that despite the permanent presence of nearly 400,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (3% of the total population), the interest of broader societal circles in Islam has been evoked.
Abstract: Due to factors such as the permanent presence of nearly 400,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (3% of the total population), the interest of broader societal circles in Islam has been evoked. The government strives to integrate these minorities into the "multicultural" society. In spite of the Dutch "pillarization system" and the fact that the constitu? tion grants freedom of religion, several structural barriers inherent to the groups concerned, as well as to Dutch society, impede this integra? tion process. Due to these obstacles, the emergence of a "Dutch Islam," as well as of important fundamentalist groups among Muslims in the Netherlands, are not to be expected in the future. Furthermore, the accomplished changes in the Dutch regulations and guidelines in favor of Muslims indicate a disbalance between the pace of integration in the juridical sphere on the one hand and in the socioeconomic sphere on the other. The flexibility in the juridical sphere is mainly due to the pillarization system, while socioeconomic integration of Muslims in Dutch society is impeded by the existing prejudice and discrimination. In the course of history, the study of Islam has received considerable attention in the Netherlands. The colonial period saw a respectable number of scientific and popular publications with special focus on the situation in the former Netherlands Indies {see, Boland and Farjon, 1983). After the independence of this region and, in general, after World War II, the sociopolitical significance of Islam for Dutch scholars decreased substan? tially. In this period, the focus of the Dutch Islamic studies shifted toward Islam in Near Eastern societies. Until the 1970s, interest in Islam in Dutch society was more or less decreasing and primarily limited to the scientific community. Recently, however, the interest of broader societal circles for Islam has been evoked. One reason for this is the critical reevaluation of colonial history in general and, more specifically, of Orientalism which was responsible for the prevailing negative and prejudiced views of Islam at that time. National and international critical publications on the methods of Orientalists in the past