Showing papers in "International Social Work in 1990"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that as broad as the term "street child" is, it may exclude some children who should properly be considered part of the same population, and this is unfortunately true.
Abstract: young people. This is unfortunately true and it might even be argued that as broad as the term is, it may, in fact, exclude some children who should properly be considered part of the same population. Principal among the reasons for this situation is the relatively recent and dramatic emergence of the phenomenon. This is not to say that street children are something new. Indeed there are numerous references, in the history and literature of many cultures, to youngsters who might be described as street children. What is different is the apparent increase in the numbers of these children that has given them a visibility difficult to ignore. It has been estimated that in Latin America alone, there may be 30 million street children (Tacon, 1981:1). The problem is at once compelling and overwhelming. Awareness and concern have extended beyond the helping professions to the general public. Dedicated individuals and organizations have invested considerable time and energy in efforts
63 citations
TL;DR: The first question is whether social work, and education for it, will still exist in the year 2000? My hope is that it will not but my expectation is that social work will.
Abstract: The first question is whether social work, and education for it, will still exist in the year 2000? My hope is that it will not but my expectation is that it will. I hope it will not because I consider that the values which underpin social work, and the skills which make it possible, will be needed by everyone who strives to live in the year 2000 and they will be needed especially by all those who are concerned with helping others. My expectation that social work will still exist is based upon a rather pessimistic view of what the world will be like ten years from
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of social work education on students in constructing social problems, and reported the findings of an empirical study which examined the effect of professional socialization on the construction of social problems.
Abstract: Within the actual setting of professional socialization, there are intended and unintended changes in values, attitudes, interests, skills, knowledge, behaviour, reference group, friends and performance. Among the many studies concerning these transformations are Sharwell (1974), Cogswell (1967), Cryns (1977), Bargal (1978), Coombs (1978), Enuch (1979), Rose (1962), Shuval (1980), Varley (1963), Wiley and Parcell (1981), Bloom (1971), Knapp and Knapp (1968), Lortie et al. (1959). A critically important, but little discussed, issue is the effect of professional socialization on the construction of social problems. Among the few notable exceptions are the Indian studies by Ramachandran (1972) and Ramachandran and Barah (1972) which examined the influence of social work education on student perceptions of urgency of social problems during the period of professional socialization; the study by Parlow and Rothman (1974) which found that social work and nursing students tended to be more concerned with various social problems than were medical, dental and pharmacy students; and the study by Change and Janeksela (1977) which measured hierarchy of urgency in social problems among various groups and found differences based on education and occupation. Since there are few data on the relationship of professional socialization to the construction of social problems, this paper examines the impact of social work education on students in constructing social problems. The paper first addresses the theory of constructing social problems, and then reports the findings of an empirical study which examined this issue. The finding that social work education, along with public media, has an important impact
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the still active practice of fortune-telling among female friends in Iceland and found that one of the ties that have bound female friendships and supportive networks in Iceland has been the ancient ritual of fortune telling.
Abstract: Conflicting evidence exists regarding the structural patterns of friendships in Iceland. According to Pinson’s earlier studies (1979) the close kinship ties between the people living on this sparsely populated island have made friendships virtually non-existent. Supportive friendship networks were thought to be comprised primarily of members of one’s large extended family system. Conversely, Pinson ( 1985) makes a case for drinking among males as a social friendship ritual in Iceland. If social drinking constitutes a friendship ’activity’ for males, one of the ties that have bound female friendships and supportive networks in Iceland has been the ancient ritual of fortune telling. Although sometimes a commercial activity, future forecasting among friends has played an important role in women’s social activities, dating back to the post-Viking era when the Icelanders were forced by the Norwegian monarchy to give up their Nordic gods and accept Christianity. This paper explores the still active practice of destiny forecasting among female friends in Iceland. The framework guiding this task is constructed from the origin of fortune telling and its diverse functions
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that if we are to achieve a genuine rather than cosmetic internationalism, it is as necessary to define and analyse that which divides as that which unites us.
Abstract: overseas contacts, study, teaching, research and practice do not have to be rehearsed to the readership of this journal; and in Western Europe in particular, as we move towards the single European market in 1992, with its implications for the mutual recognition by member states of professional diplomas in regulated professions and the consequent freedom of professionals to practise anywhere in the community, international social work is becoming not only desirable, but inevitable. Though a cursory reading of this paper might incline the reader to the view that the author opposes such developments, this is decidedly not the case: indeed I am actively involved in my own country in promoting them, and it is partly from my activities in doing so and partly from a research study I have undertaken, and which I briefly report here, that this article has emerged. Its argument is that if we are to achieve a genuine rather than cosmetic internationalism it is as necessary to define and analyse that which divides as that which unites us. Though this must seem an obvious, not to say banal, point, to do so is peculiarly difficult in social work given the absence of agreement within the countries where it is practised as to what social work is, does and should be. If, as is commonly attested, it is difficult
11 citations
TL;DR: In every academic and professional field in every country, education of foreign students has been an accepted modus operandi of schools and universities in spreading their knowledge and technology bases to the people beyond their national boundaries as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Within the framework of political interdependence and technology transfer, the world community of nations has utilized the educational exchange approach throughout recorded history. In every academic and professional field in every country, education of foreign students has been an accepted modus operandi of schools and universities in spreading their knowledge and technology bases to the people beyond their national boundaries. The heightened degree of interdependence in the modern era for coexistence and survival among nations has accentuated the importance and necessity of knowledge and technology transfer throughout the world. From the early years of social work education, schools of social work in the United States have also participated in these academic and professional exchange efforts through the sharing of faculty and students. Consequently, providing appropriate education for foreign students has always been
10 citations
TL;DR: Jaffe et al. as discussed by the authors examined the effect of age and ethnic background on ethnic preferences, and presented empirical data obtained from a large number of Israeli respondents who were interviewed by means of a unique projective device.
Abstract: Eliezer D. Jaffe is Professor of Social Work, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Modern multi-ethnic societies are greatly concerned about the existence of ethnic stereotypes among the citizenry and the effect these attitudes have on individual and group behaviour in many areas of activity. Social scientists have been trying for more than four decades to measure prejudice, stereotypes and preferences in order to determine their origins and outcomes. This paper examines the effect of age and ethnic background on ethnic preferences, and presents empirical data obtained from a large number of Israeli respondents who were interviewed by means of a unique projective device. Our focus on age and ethnic origin as independent variables stems from our hypothesis that these are crucial to predicting ethnic stereotyping and ethnic preferences. The findings obtained from this research are not only of theoretical interest, but have serious practical implications for social policy and social action in pluralistic, multi-ethnic societies in general.
8 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the social work course was to consist of a social science based course making up 40 points, plus the subject social work, making up 100 points, and 40 points of these were for practical social work.
Abstract: new course was to consist of a social science based course making up 40 points, plus the subject social work. Altogether, the social work subject itself was to make up 100 points. Forty points of these were for practical social work (one semester equals 20 points). Social work therefore makes up a large part of social work education. It has been difficult, however, to develop this subject along strict lines. As teachers, we are influenced by the old division of disciplines. We want to protect our own special interests and many believe they know best what social workers should or must learn about in their undergraduate training. It has been difficult to agree on which questions and problems or themes we should concentrate on in
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate how the social development model of consultation contributed to the process of educational technology transfer, through modelling, participation, contracting, support of counterpart-initiated change, discussion of results, and joint participation in evaluation of progress.
Abstract: This paper will demonstrate how the social development model of consultation contributed to the process of educational technology transfer, through the process of modelling, participation, contracting, support of counterpart-initiated change, discussion of results, and joint participation in evaluation of progress. Illustrations of this process of consultation will include the three phases of the project: planning, implementation and evaluation. The analysis is drawn from the experiences of the two primary administrators of the Canada/Sri Lanka Social Work Education Linkage Project.’ The project was an inter-institutional co-operative venture between the University of Toronto Faculty of Social Work and the Sri Lanka School of Social Work.2 The project was jointly designed, and carried out with participation in planning, implementation and evaluation, following a social development framework. The goals of the project included objectives for both Canadian and Sri Lankan social work educators. The following statement from the original project proposal demonstrates the agreed objectives:
5 citations
TL;DR: The need for intercountry social work as a result of international migration has been emphasized by as discussed by the authors, who pointed out the need for sharing of resources in many arenas, including considerable sharing of human resources skills.
Abstract: Cox (1986) eloquently described the continuing need for intercountry social work as a result of international migration. There are also other opportunities and needs for international social service. We live in a global village in which national boundaries have become increasingly blurred and interdependence of countries common and accepted. Reliance of one nation on another has led to a sharing of resources in many arenas, including considerable sharing of human resources skills.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a significant interest has developed among researchers in understanding fully the dynamics of neighbourhood leaders and their participation in various residents' organizations, and satisfaction of the neighbourhood leaders is one of the key variables.
Abstract: In the last few decades, a significant interest has developed among researchers in understanding fully the dynamics of neighbourhood leaders&dquo; participation in various residents’ organizations.’ In both Hong Kong’ and Singapore4 researchers are becoming increasingly interested in the area. Such an interest has been generated by the fact that governments in both developed and developing nations have recognized the importance of mobilizing neighbourhood leaders for the betterment of the neighbourhood (UN, 1975).5 Despite increasing attention by Hong Kong and Singapore governments, the performance of residents’ organizations in the respective settings depends to a large extent on their internal dynamics. Among these internal dynamics, satisfaction of the neighbourhood leaders is one of the key variables. This is because residents’ organizations by the very nature of their work are expected to promote altruism. Hence, the involvement in these activities must necessarily produce satisfaction and psychic benefits to the neighbourhood leaders (Sharp, 1978: Kemper, 1980) who have to invest much time and effort.
TL;DR: In this article, a process for adaptation, which makes knowledge suitable for a new situation, is presented consisting of exploration and identification; examination and analysis; experimentation and evaluation; enhancement or rejection; and dissemination.
Abstract: Social work knowledge is constantly developing and changing. Social work educators share an interest in learning from each other and recognize the complexity inherent in adapting knowledge developed in one context for use in social work practice in another country (Bogo & Herington, 1986; 1988). This paper is based on the experience of the two authors in adapting concepts developed in North America for use in education for social work practice in Japan, specifically: competency-based education; university-based skills training courses; and educationally focused field practicum supervised by trained field instructors. A process for adaptation, which makes knowledge suitable for a new situation, will be presented consisting of: exploration and identification; examination and analysis; experimentation and evaluation; enhancement or rejection; and dissemination. Examples will be offered from both the perspective of an educator from Japan adapting knowledge and a Canadian educator invited to assist in adaptation. Collaboration between social work educators from outside and from within the
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a book about women in South Wales, where women were attempting to change the pattern of their lives, using feminist theory to make different choices which can threaten the existing system.
Abstract: theory, which can be used for working with clients, and an appendix on life history applications, as the book is based very much on work with individual clients. This book is therefore very useful as a reference fora clinician or a social worker and for workers involved at the point of crisis. It can also be useful for personal development for worker and client. It links the personal and political throughout and makes good use of feminist theory. However, I did feel that it underestimated the difficulties involved in making different choices which can threaten the existing system, and I would have liked more in this book about structural change rather than just personal change. I have recently been involved in a film about ’Women in South Wales’ which looks at how women were attempting to change the pattern of their lives. Indeed, on a personal level, this book could well have been used by these women as a guide to personal enhancement. However, in a country like Wales where the women earn less than their English counterparts and are therefore seen as an attractive source of cheap labour, the women found that, although they had made great changes in their personal lives, they
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative analysis of responses of Israeli welfare clients treated by students from the School of Social Work at Haifa University was conducted to determine the extent to which material learnt in the classroom in this sphere is applied by students in their field work practice.
Abstract: out to determine the extent to which material learnt in the classroom in this sphere is applied by students in their field work practice. Since the theoretical foundations according to which professional relationships are taught to Israeli social work students follows tradition in being based on data that have been gathered in North America and Western Europe, it seemed important to us that course content in regard to the subject should be validated in the Israeli setting. To this end a qualitative analysis was undertaken of the responses of Israeli welfare clients treated by students from the School of Social Work at Haifa University. Substantial research has been carried out to determine the efficaciousness of social work education and the extent to which the knowledge acquired in academic studies is actually applied in professional activities in the field (Gingerich, 1984; Grann et al., 1985-6; Joseph and Conrad, 1983; Magill and Werk, 1985; Tolson and Brown, 1981). The issue of client feedback, too, has been widely investigated. The results of studies in this latter area have by and large demonstrated that such self-reports by clients are useful indicators for determining the direction, quality and quantity of service (Grann
TL;DR: In this article, the MH and SWS have carried out low-cost housing programmes in Freetown, Bo, Makeni and Kenema to accommodate migrants and to accommodate the needs confronting individuals in Sierra Leone.
Abstract: ed from the National Development Plan 1974/75-1978/79:19. The steady increase in birth rates and prolonged life expectancy have contributed to an increase both in population and in social rural-urban migration (NDP, 1979), but other population factors also contribute to the social dilemmas of Sierra Leone. For one thing, adequate census data is unavailable because most individuals in the provinces did not register during the census period prior to Sierra Leone’s independence. For another, the current rapid rural-urban migration caused an uneven geographical population distribution. In fact, the severity of this imbalance led Ghana, Kenya, Egypt, Tunisia and Sierra Leone to launch a massive campaign to promote reverse migration. Social authorities have now realized that failure to address the above issues when they first became apparent has subsequently made it difficult for the SWS to project the needs confronting individuals in Sierra Leone (Jarrett, 1984:118). Housing The MH and SWS have carried out low-cost housing programmes in Freetown, Bo, Makeni and Kenema to accommodate migrants and
TL;DR: The current status of infectious diseases is examined, the current strategy used in fighting these diseases is discussed, and several ways to improve the current efforts to enhance global health are explored.
Abstract: Infectious diseases have scourged humanity for centuries and they continue to hinder the economic and social development of the world. Of all the diseases, the most devastating have been ’plagues’, which consisted of the five most feared diseases: cholera, smallpox, plague, typhus and yellow fever. When any of these diseases were contracted, between 10 and 50 percent of the victims died (Bres, 1980). Fortunately, the threats of pandemic outbreak for ’plagues’ and other diseases have been considerably lessened in this decade as a result of medical advancements and more hygienic living conditions. Today, the once dreaded disease of smallpox is completely eradicated from the earth, and progress is being made to overcome other diseases (Henderson, 1980). But any complacency resulting from the modest victory gained can lead to more danger. It was only seventy years ago that the flu pandemic of 1918-19 caused 15-20 million deaths Bres, 1980). More recently, the flu pandemic of 1957 and 1968 caused in excess of 100,000 deaths in the United States alone (Ghendon, 1988). Given the patterns of past and present disease outbreaks, the outlook for the future is uncertain. However, it is certain that eradicating all diseases is not yet a realistic possibility. This paper examines the current status of infectious diseases, discusses the current strategy used in fighting these diseases, and then explores several ways to improve the current efforts to enhance global health.
TL;DR: The funding of the Early Intervention Project for Special Children in Jerusalem is a good case in point, illuminating the role of private philanthropy in developing and institutionalizing a badly needed service to brain-damaged infants and their families.
Abstract: what can actually be accomplished. A rich body of knowledge exists concerning fundraising and resource development but this has not yet been wedded to the social work curriculum (Lauffer, 1983; Jaffe, 1988; New Israel Fund, 1987; Council on Foundations, 1985; Foundation News, 1985; Independent Sector 1986a; 1986b; The Third Sector, 1988; Ben-Meir, 1988; Tobin, 1987). The funding of the Early Intervention Project for Special Children in Jerusalem is a good case in point, illuminating the role of private philanthropy in developing and institutionalizing a badly needed service to brain-damaged infants and their families. The project was
TL;DR: In many contemporary advanced industrial countries such as Canada and the United States, the growth of single working- parent and two working-parent households has created an increasing demand for child care arrangements outside the family.
Abstract: In many contemporary advanced industrial countries such as Canada and the United States, the growth of single working-parent and two working-parent households has created an increasing demand for child care arrangements outside the family. Child care is ’out-ofhome, daytime, organized, (licensed), care for children’ (Kahn and Kamerman, 1976: 10). However accessible, affordable and adequate, child care facilities fall far short of demand. Child care in North America has become an important social issue. In the United States it was a major thrust of the 1988 campaign of several presidential candidates. For example, Jesse Jackson insists that, in the long run, governmental investment in child care is inuch less expensive than prisons. In Canada also, child care has become the object of many public policy initiatives. At the Canadian federal level, based on extensive nationwide hearings, the Conservative
TL;DR: Service integration has been represented by writers in the field of human services in the United States of America as the linking of service agencies by various means to provide more co-ordinated treatment/programmes and, as a mechanism for syncronizing services so as to eliminate fragmentation, to avoid service gaps and unnecessary duplication thereby leading to improved delivery of services.
Abstract: Service integration has been represented by writers in the field of human services in the United States of America as the linking of service agencies by various means to provide more co-ordinated treatment/programmes and, as a mechanism for syncronizing services so as to eliminate fragmentation, to avoid service gaps and unnecessary duplication thereby leading to improved delivery of services (Gans and Horton, 1975; Kamerman and Kahn, 1976). This description represents a culturally generic statement of a process which, in some measure, is indicated for organizations and administrative systems of varying degrees of complexity in all societies of the modern world. The needs which service integration seeks to address, while manifest in several different ways, are symptomatic of the same root problems of failure to achieve optimal use of resources whether in the form of finances, personnel, information and/or programme facilities. How the process is undertaken and the relative effectiveness of its efforts will be contingent on many factors, prime amongst which will be the prevailing system of values of any given society. Guetzbow (1966), in discussing motivating factors towards interorganizational co-operation, emphasizes the importance of ’value expectancy’. The focus here will be on three examples of such value expectancy which have been considered to be of particular significance in a certain cross-section of societies. These concern the elements of
TL;DR: The road to the welfare state, to social and financial security within a Welfare State, or the development of a country in general does not imply a straight improvement in living conditions, and often not even the continuation of satisfactory living conditions for the citizens as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: come across the bitter fact that the road to the Welfare State, to social and financial security within a Welfare State, or the development of a country in general does not imply a straight improvement in living conditions, and often not even the continuation of satisfactory living conditions for the citizens. These are the goals of welfare policies and development. There are many reasons which give a partial or perhaps comprehensive explanation for this. One is given by the system of law and
TL;DR: Rosenblatt et al. as mentioned in this paper studied the relationship between social work research and practice and found that research methods were taught and used in social work education, but not used in practice.
Abstract: s, 17: 31-7. Nuehring, E. and A. Pascone (1986) ’Single Subject Evaluation’, Social Work, 31: 359-65. Rabin, C. (1985) ’Matching the Research Seminar to Meet Practice Needs’, Journal of Social Work Education, 21: 5-12. Richmond, M. (1917) Social Diagnosis. New York: Free Press. Roberts, C. (1989) ‘Research Methods Taught and Utilized in Social Work’,Journal of Social Service Research, 13: 65-86. Roberts, R. (1980) ’The Relationship between Social Work Research and Practice’, Hong Kong Journal of Social Services, 14: 2-12. Robinson, E. ( 1988) ’An Analysis of the Implementation of Single-case Evaluation by Practitioners’, Social Service Review, 62: 285-301. Rosenblatt, A. (1986) ’The Practitioner’s Use and Evaluation of Research’, Social Work, 13: 53-9. Rosenblatt, A. and S. Kirk (1981) ’Cumulative Effect of Research Courses on Knowledge and Attitudes of Social Work Students’, Journal of Education for Social Work , 17: 26-34.
TL;DR: Moreno-Noguer et al. as discussed by the authors present a text from a North American perspective, a benefit to some, but a further limitation to a wilder readership, which will not appeal to the clinicians or public policy personnel at whom the authors claim they direct their work.
Abstract: than illummate. Such a text may find a place on the academic bookshelf, but it will not have a wide professional readership. Its analysis makes some contribution to theory. It will certamly not appeal to the clinician or public policy personnel at whom the authors claim they direct their work. The detailed statistical commentary may have a particular value to the researcher but even here, one suspects, other sources may prove more helpful. The text is written from a North American perspective, a benefit to some, but a further limitations to a wilder readership.
TL;DR: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, signed recently by 159 countries, promises, among other things, to deal with the issue of child labour as mentioned in this paper. But without an equally profound commitment to share our wealth with the ‘have-not’ nations, child labour will remain ‘an ordeal, a source of suffenng and exploitation and a fundamental abuse of human rights’ (Foreword).
Abstract: is the expansion of educational opportunities combined with feeding programmes. In Jamaica, for example, it was observed that ’the larger the ration, the greater the implicit income transfer to poor households and hence the greater the likelihood that parents will send their children to school rather than to work’ (p.16). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, signed recently by 159 countries, promises, among other things, to deal with the issue of child labour. But without an equally profound commitment to share our wealth with the ’have-not’ nations, child labour will remain ’an ordeal, a source of suffenng and exploitation and a fundamental abuse of human rights’ (Foreword). On the other hand, as long as the
TL;DR: In this paper, the pros and cons of having overseas students as members of a primarily British (or American, Canadian, or Australian, or New Zealand) social work education system are discussed.
Abstract: Education held in the University of Peking in December 1988 under the joint auspices of the University and the Asian and Pacific Association of Social Work Educators. It is based on teaching overseas students in two British universities as well as lecturing and doing advisory work in numerous Third World countries. Though I have given a good many papers in my life based on theory, this one is based on practical experience, and as my subject matter is unfolded it will be emphasized why. My paper is mainly based on teaching Asian students, but since my background of teaching and experience includes working with students.and staff from Africa, South America, the Caribbean and the Middle East, as well as Australasia, Canada and America, some case examples will be drawn from other countries. In the first part of this paper the pros and cons of having overseas students as members of a primarily British (or American, Canadian
TL;DR: The work described in this paper came about because the writers have a long-term interest in work with older people in a social service department setting and a particular commitment to working with older women.
Abstract: to adopt approaches which both destigmatize and empower women as users of social work service, and adopt a collaborative style of work. Rather than being distanced by reason of professional role and status from the women being helped, fcminist writers such as Wise (1985) have emphasized the need for involvement and change on the part of the worker as well as the client. The work described in this paper came about because the writers have a long-term interest in work with older people in a social service department setting and a particular commitment to working with older women. We felt that group work was an approach which had established
TL;DR: The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a remarkable proliferation of social programmes to address human needs in many countries as mentioned in this paper, which evolved from a crisis orientation which resulted in part from the ’waves of immigration that could not be entirely anticipated and from the security situation with four wars in a twenty-five year period' to a greater concern for planned intervention as a means of bridging the gap between available resources and social goals, e.g., Project Renewal and national insurance.
Abstract: The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a remarkable proliferation of social programmes to address human needs in many countries. During this period, social services in Israel expanded greatly. This evolved from a crisis orientation which resulted in part from the ’waves of immigration that could not be entirely anticipated and from the security situation with four wars in a twenty-five year period’ to a greater concern for planned intervention as a means of bridging the gap between available resources and social goals, e.g., ’Project Renewal’ and national insurance (Neipris, 1981: 155-6). In spite of the accomplishments, however, areas on the periphery of the nation’s economic, social and cultural development show signs of neglect and disparity especially in terms of available skilled professional workers, opportunities for professional development and training, and technological advancement. It is unlikely that the Israeli government will, in the near future, increase its spending for the expansion of social services. Social service personnel, however, are likely to encounter a call for greater
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared two training needs assessments, one conducted in Madrid, Spain and the other at a Midwestern university in the United States, to identify the training needs of people in management positions (i.e. people in policy, planning and administration roles) in social services agencies.
Abstract: This paper describes and compares two training needs assessments, one conducted in Madrid, Spain and the other at a Midwestern university in the United States. Each of the projects identified the training needs of people in management positions (i.e. people in policy, planning and administration roles) in social services agencies. First, a discussion of the necessity for and approaches to training needs assessments will be provided. This is followed by a summary of the methodology of the two studies and then a discussion of the comparative findings and implications found in the data. The project in Spain was funded by the US Spanish Joint Committee for Cultural and Educational Cooperation under the auspices of the Agreement of Friendship, Defense, and Cooperation between the United States and the Kingdom of Spain. The project